Cette recherche porte sur la pertinence et la faisabilité d’un programme de formation continue à distance des enseignants qualifiés de l’enseignement secondaire général public du Bénin. Elle a deux objectifs spécifiques : l’identification et l’analyse des besoins de formation continue des enseignants du secondaire du Bénin et l’étude des modalités administratives, pédagogiques et techniques de mise en place d’un tel programme dans le contexte béninois. Les recherches sont effectuées sur la base de la mise en œuvre de la technique du groupe nominal (TGN) qui a permis de générer un premier questionnaire soumis à un échantillon de 278 enseignants représentatifs des 1 488 enseignants qualifiés de l’enseignement secondaire général public du Bénin et trois autres questionnaires, basés sur la technique Delphi, adressés à 13 experts du système éducatif béninois. Il apparaît qu’un futur programme de formation continue à distance des enseignants du secondaire devrait comporter, principalement, les trois thèmes ci-après, classés par ordre de priorité : «Technologies de l’information et de la communication »; «Méthodes pédagogiques» et « Matière de spécialité ». L’utilisation de la technique Delphi a permis d’établir une liste de 23 items correspondant aux modalités administratives, pédagogiques et techniques pour la mise en œuvre de la formation. L’analyse des résultats de la technique Delphi et celle des réponses au questionnaire adressé aux enseignants ont permis d’opérer un choix de médias à utiliser et/ou à intégrer pour transmettre le savoir et soutenir l’apprentissage. Il ressort des résultats de la recherche que les enseignants béninois du secondaire ont d’importants besoins de formation continue et que la conception et la mise en œuvre d’un programme de formation à distance axée sur l’utilisation des TIC sont pertinentes et faisables au Bénin. Un modèle organisationnel de formation continue à distance a été proposé. / This study focuses on the relevance and feasibility using Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) for in-service training of qualified teachers of secondary general public school in Republic of Benin through a distance education program. There were two specific objectives: the identification and analysis of in-service training needs of teachers and the study of administrative procedures, educational and technological development of such a program in the context of Republic of Benin. The population of the study was made up of 1 488 qualified teachers and a sample of 278 teachers representing them in general secondary public education of the Republic of Benin. The research was conducted on the basis of the implementation of two types of questionnaire. We used the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) to generate a data bank for designing a questionnaire to collect information from qualified teachers, and three questionnaires based on the Delphi Technique were submitted to 13 experts from the Beninese education system. It was found that a future in-service training program on distance education for secondary school teachers should include mainly the following three themes, in order of priority: 1. Information Technologies and Communications; 2. Teaching methods; 3. Specific subject areas. Experts from the Beninese education system used the Delphi Technique and established a list of 23 items corresponding to the administrative procedures, and teaching techniques for the implementation of training. Analysis of the results of the Delphi technique and the answers of the questionnaire to teachers showed that the use/integration of a variety of media to transmit knowledge and support learning is very necessary. The results of the research also showed that teachers in general secondary education need continuing education which can be facilitated by the use of distance education with the aid of ICT. An organizational model of in-service training based on the use of ICT has been suggested.

Der Bereich des Controllings betrieblicher Qualifikation und Bildung stellt die Controller vor erhebliche, z.T. unlösbare Probleme: Fast alles, was die Steuerung betrieblichen Lernens anbetrifft, bezieht sich auf nur schwer meßbare latente Größen. In diesem Beitrag soll die methodologische Problematik in einem zentralen Bereich der Steuerung von Maßnahmen betrieblichen Lernens angegangen werden: die Bedarfsanalyse. Zur rationalen Steuerung betrieblicher (Weiter-)Bildung ist die Ermittlung des tatsächlich vorhandenen Bildungsbedarfs unerläßlich. Nur so kann das Kriterium der Wirtschaftlichkeit von (Weiter-)Bildungsmaßnahmen erfüllt werden. Es wird dafür die Nutzung des Verfahrens der summierten Einschätzungen nach Rensis Likert (sogenannte Likert-Skalen) zur Lösung des zugrundeliegenden Meßproblems untersucht. Der Artikel liefert einen methodischen Beitrag zur Operationalisierung und Messung des Weiterbildungsbedarfs und skizziert Ansatzpunkte für weitere Forschung, um eine Anwendung in der betrieblichen Praxis zu ermöglichen.

Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, trata do planejamento e concepção de material didático destinado ao ensino de espanhol para fins específicos em torno a gêneros de texto para a modalidade subsequente de um Instituto Federal do sul do Brasil: o curso Técnico em Transações Imobiliárias. Sendo cursos que objetivam dar formação e qualificação profissional para os estudantes, os cursos técnicos subsequentes apresentam um contexto propício para o ensino de línguas para fins específicos (ELFE). Para cursos de ELFE, é essencial realizar uma análise de necessidades que sirva como base para o planejamento e concepção de materiais voltados para atender às demandas acadêmicas ou profissionais específicas dos estudantes (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Assim, com o interesse de conceber uma proposta didática de ensino de espanhol com base em gêneros de texto para esse tipo de curso, considerou-se a questão dos gêneros desde a etapa de análise de necessidades. Os pressupostos teóricos utilizados para embasar essa análise advêm da sociorretórica, em especial, a proposta teórico-metodológica de estudo do sistema de atividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) para a identificação e compreensão dos gêneros de texto que circulam em determinado contexto sociocomunicativo. Para a etapa de análise e didatização das características dos gêneros identificados, utilizou-se o quadro teórico-metodológico do interacionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD), mais especificamente a proposta de didatização das capacidades de linguagem necessárias para a produção e/ou recepção de gêneros de texto, por meio da elaboração de sequências didáticas (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). O corpus foi constituído por meio da aplicação de questionários e da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, notas de campo e coleta de exemplares de gêneros de texto. Entre os procedimentos metodológicos adotados para analisar o sistema de atividades dos corretores imobiliários, utilizou-se a proposta metodológica de Bazerman (2005) e as técnicas e procedimentos da teoria fundamentada nos dados para codificar, categorizar e relacionar as informações (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ, 2009). Já para a análise das características didatizáveis dos gêneros de texto identificados, utilizaram-se as sugestões metodológicas do quadro do ISD (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). Os resultados apontaram que a análise do sistema de atividades dos corretores imobiliários de Porto Alegre e a identificação dos gêneros de texto em espanhol que podem ser utilizados por esses profissionais, no atendimento a clientes hispanofalantes, geraram relevante subsídio informativo para: (a) conhecer as capacidades de linguagem que constituem os gêneros de texto nessa língua, especialmente as de nível pré-textual; (b) orientar o planejamento de um material didático de espanhol para corretores, organizados por meio de sequências didáticas; (c) elaborar enunciados e atividades que explorem as capacidades de linguagem características dos gêneros levando em conta as situações sociocomunicativas necessárias para a sua produção e/ou recepção. Foi possível concluir que a relação de intersecção e complementaridade entre o estudo do sistema de atividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) e a proposta de didatização do ISD tem potencial para subsidiar o planejamento de material didático para ELFE, organizado em sequências didáticas. / This qualitative research focuses on the design and conceptualization of learning materials aimed at the teaching of Spanish for specific purposes based on genres for the subsequent modality course of a Federal Institute in the southern of Brazil: the course of Technician in Real Estate. Because vocational education courses aim to train and professionally qualify students, they provide the right context for the teaching of languages for specific purposes (LSP). For courses of LSP, it is essential to carry out a needs analysis that supports the design and conceptualization of learning materials aimed to meet the specific professional and academic needs of students (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Thus, with the intent to conceptualize a didactic proposal for the teaching of Spanish based on genres for vocational education courses, the concept of genres have been considered since the needs analysis stage in the research. The theoretical foundations used to support such an analysis come from the Rhetorical Genre Studies, specially, the theoretical and methodological proposal of the study of activity systems (BAZERMAN, 2005) to identify and comprehend the genres that circulate in a specific socio-communicative context. For the stage of analysis and didactization of the characteristics of the identified genres, the theoretical and methodological framework of the Sociodiscursive Interactionism (SDI) has been used, more specifically the proposal of didactization of language capacities needed for the production and/or consumption of genres, based on the production of didactic sequences (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). The corpus was generated through surveys and semi-structured interviews, field notes and the gathering of exemplars of genres. Among the methodological procedures adopted to analyse the activity systems of the real estate agents, Bazerman’s methodological proposal (2005) and the techniques and procedures of grounded theory to code, categorize and relate pieces of information were used (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ, 2009). In relation to the analysis of the didactic characteristics of the genres identified, the methodological suggestions of the SDI framework were used (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). The findings indicate that the analysis of the activity systems of real estate agents of Porto Alegre and the identification of the genres in Spanish that can be used by such professionals, to engage with Hispanic-speaker clients, generated relevant informative subsidy to: (a) know the language capacities, especially those of the pre-textual level of analysis, that constitute the genres in Spanish; (b) guide the design of Spanish teaching material for real estate agents based on didactic sequences; (c) produce instructions and activities that explore the language capacities characteristic of genres based on the socio-communicative situations needed for their production and/or consumption. The study allowed the conclusion that the relation of intersection and complementarity between the study of activity systems (BAZERMAN, 2005) and the proposal of didactization of SDI have potential to subsidize the design of learning materials for the teaching of languages for specific purposes. / Esta investigación, de naturaleza cualitativa, trata de la planificación y creación de un material didáctico destinado a la enseñanza de español para fines específicos acerca de géneros de texto para un curso de Gestor Técnico Inmobiliario, en un Instituto Federal del sur de Brasil. Siendo cursos que tienen por objetivo impartir formación y cualificación profesional, esos cursos técnicos presentan un contexto favorable para la enseñanza de lenguas para fines específicos (ELFE). Para cursos de ELFE, es esencial realizar un análisis de necesidades que sirva como base para la planificación y creación de materiales dirigidos a atender las demandas académicas o profesionales específicas de los estudiantes (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Con el interés de crear una propuesta didáctica de enseñanza de español con base en géneros de texto para ese tipo de curso, se consideró el tema de los géneros desde la etapa de análisis de necesidades. Las concepciones teóricas utilizadas para fundamentar ese análisis vienen de la socio-retórica, especialmente, de la propuesta teórico-metodológica de estudio del sistema de actividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) para la identificación y comprensión de los géneros de texto que circulan en determinado entorno sociocomunicativo. Para la etapa de análisis y didactización de las características de los géneros identificados, se utilizó el cuadro teórico-metodológico del interaccionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD), más específicamente la propuesta de didactización de las capacidades de lenguaje necesarias para la producción y/o recepción de géneros de texto, a través de la elaboración de secuencias didácticas (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). El corpus fue constituido por medio de la aplicación de cuestionarios y de la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas, anotaciones de campo y colecta de ejemplares de géneros de texto. Entre los procedimientos metodológicos adoptados para analizar el sistema de actividades de los agentes inmobiliarios, se utilizó la propuesta metodológica de Bazerman (2005) y las técnicas y procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada en los datos para codificar, categorizar y relacionar las informaciones (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ,2009). Para el análisis de las características didácticas de los géneros de textos identificados, se utilizaron las sugestiones metodológicas de cuadro ISD (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998;CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). Los resultados muestran que el análisis del sistema de actividades de los agentes inmobiliarios de Porto Alegre y la identificación de los géneros de texto de español que pueden ser utilizados por esos profesionales, en la atención a clientes hispanohablantes, produjeron relevante contribución informativa para: (a) conocer las capacidades de lenguaje que constituyen los géneros de texto en este idioma, especialmente las de nivel pre-textual; (b) orientar la planificación de un material didáctico de idioma español para agentes inmobiliarios, organizados a través de secuencias didácticas; (c) elaborar enunciados y actividades que busquen desarrollar las capacidades de lenguaje características de los géneros tomando en cuenta las situaciones sociocomunicativas necesarias para su producción y/o recepción. Fue posible concluir que la relación de intersección y complementariedad entre el estudio del sistema de actividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) y la propuesta de didactización del ISD tiene potencial para apoyar la planificación de material didáctico para ELFE, organizado en secuencias didácticas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaERS_DISSERT.pdf: 1409095 bytes, checksum: 47d94589cef732af65add0f419e0a74b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-06 / This study presents the results of a survey conducted in the area of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in order to identify (1) the learning needs of students in a course in Tourism, their desires and lacks, at a federal university, with respect to use of English; (2) the needs of the present situation of teachers and the coordinator of that course as to the language; (3) the needs of the target situation of professionals (graduates) and companies with respect to this language. This research is a case study (STAKE, 1998; YIN, 2009) and was used for data collection, instruments such as questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and document on the Tourism Course. To this end, it was adopted the theoretical basis for the constructs of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) Ingl?s para Fins Espec?ficos (IFE) in Brazil, also known as Ingl?s Instrumental, whose foundation is based on the work by Hutchinson and Waters (1987), Robinson (1991), Dudley-Evans and St. John (1998), Celani, Deyes, Holmes, Scott (2006), among others, since this work is devoted to a specific area, Tourism. Results show that students opined the ability to prioritize reading and speaking into the classroom. Professionals reported that the latter is an indispensable tool for entering the labor market, yet they feel unprepared and need to attend English language courses in private language schools. The testimony of company executives also point to this deficiency. Finally, the present situation of teachers reveals that, while advocating the use of English in the classroom, this is not because students prefer their mother tongue. There is also an evident lack of needs analysis. Eventually, the coordinator said that there is some uncertainty as to the methodology, content and language skills worked, and the lack of interaction among teachers of English. It was concluded, therefore, it is important to conduct a needs analysis so that one can redesign a course that meets the different contextual needs: students, teachers, coordination, represented by the institutional needs, and the labor market / Este estudo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa desenvolvida na ?rea de Ingl?s para Fins Espec?ficos (IFE) com o objetivo de identificar (1) as necessidades de aprendizagem dos alunos de um curso de Turismo, seus desejos e car?ncias, numa universidade federal, quanto ao uso do ingl?s; (2) as necessidades da situa??o atual dos professores e do coordenador do referido curso quanto ao idioma; (3) as necessidades da situa??o-alvo dos profissionais (egressos) e empresas com rela??o a essa l?ngua. Esta pesquisa ? um estudo de caso (STAKE, 1998; YIN, 2009) e foram utilizados, para levantamento dos dados, como instrumentos de coleta: question?rios, entrevistas semiestruturadas, al?m de documento sobre o curso de Turismo. Para tanto, foram adotados como aporte te?rico os construtos do English for Specific Purposes (ESP) Ingl?s para Fins Espec?ficos (IFE) tamb?m conhecido no Brasil como Ingl?s Instrumental, cuja fundamenta??o baseia-se nos trabalhos de Hutchinson e Waters (1987), Robinson (1991), Dudley-Evans e St. John (1998), Celani, Deyes, Holmes, Scott (2006), dentre outros, visto que este trabalho ? voltado para uma ?rea espec?fica, o turismo. Os resultados demonstram que os alunos opinaram pela habilidade em leitura e priorizaram a oralidade em sala de aula. Os egressos relataram que esta ?ltima ? uma ferramenta indispens?vel para sua entrada no mercado de trabalho; mesmo assim, sentem-se despreparados, necessitando frequentar escolas de l?ngua. O depoimento dos dirigentes de empresas tamb?m aponta para essa defici?ncia. Por ?ltimo, a situa??o atual dos professores denota que, embora defendam o uso da l?ngua inglesa em sala de aula, isso n?o acontece, porque os alunos preferem a l?ngua materna. Tamb?m ficou evidenciada a inexist?ncia de an?lise de necessidades. Por fim, a coordenadora informou que h? certa indefini??o quanto ? metodologia, aos conte?dos e ?s habilidades lingu?sticas trabalhadas, al?m da falta de intera??o entre os professores de ingl?s. Conclui-se, portanto, que ? relevante realizar uma an?lise de necessidades para que se possa redesenhar um curso que atenda ?s diferentes necessidades contextuais: de alunos, professores, coordena??o, representada pelas necessidades institucionais, profissionais e o mercado de trabalho

Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, trata do planejamento e concepção de material didático destinado ao ensino de espanhol para fins específicos em torno a gêneros de texto para a modalidade subsequente de um Instituto Federal do sul do Brasil: o curso Técnico em Transações Imobiliárias. Sendo cursos que objetivam dar formação e qualificação profissional para os estudantes, os cursos técnicos subsequentes apresentam um contexto propício para o ensino de línguas para fins específicos (ELFE). Para cursos de ELFE, é essencial realizar uma análise de necessidades que sirva como base para o planejamento e concepção de materiais voltados para atender às demandas acadêmicas ou profissionais específicas dos estudantes (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Assim, com o interesse de conceber uma proposta didática de ensino de espanhol com base em gêneros de texto para esse tipo de curso, considerou-se a questão dos gêneros desde a etapa de análise de necessidades. Os pressupostos teóricos utilizados para embasar essa análise advêm da sociorretórica, em especial, a proposta teórico-metodológica de estudo do sistema de atividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) para a identificação e compreensão dos gêneros de texto que circulam em determinado contexto sociocomunicativo. Para a etapa de análise e didatização das características dos gêneros identificados, utilizou-se o quadro teórico-metodológico do interacionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD), mais especificamente a proposta de didatização das capacidades de linguagem necessárias para a produção e/ou recepção de gêneros de texto, por meio da elaboração de sequências didáticas (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). O corpus foi constituído por meio da aplicação de questionários e da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, notas de campo e coleta de exemplares de gêneros de texto. Entre os procedimentos metodológicos adotados para analisar o sistema de atividades dos corretores imobiliários, utilizou-se a proposta metodológica de Bazerman (2005) e as técnicas e procedimentos da teoria fundamentada nos dados para codificar, categorizar e relacionar as informações (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ, 2009). Já para a análise das características didatizáveis dos gêneros de texto identificados, utilizaram-se as sugestões metodológicas do quadro do ISD (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). Os resultados apontaram que a análise do sistema de atividades dos corretores imobiliários de Porto Alegre e a identificação dos gêneros de texto em espanhol que podem ser utilizados por esses profissionais, no atendimento a clientes hispanofalantes, geraram relevante subsídio informativo para: (a) conhecer as capacidades de linguagem que constituem os gêneros de texto nessa língua, especialmente as de nível pré-textual; (b) orientar o planejamento de um material didático de espanhol para corretores, organizados por meio de sequências didáticas; (c) elaborar enunciados e atividades que explorem as capacidades de linguagem características dos gêneros levando em conta as situações sociocomunicativas necessárias para a sua produção e/ou recepção. Foi possível concluir que a relação de intersecção e complementaridade entre o estudo do sistema de atividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) e a proposta de didatização do ISD tem potencial para subsidiar o planejamento de material didático para ELFE, organizado em sequências didáticas. / This qualitative research focuses on the design and conceptualization of learning materials aimed at the teaching of Spanish for specific purposes based on genres for the subsequent modality course of a Federal Institute in the southern of Brazil: the course of Technician in Real Estate. Because vocational education courses aim to train and professionally qualify students, they provide the right context for the teaching of languages for specific purposes (LSP). For courses of LSP, it is essential to carry out a needs analysis that supports the design and conceptualization of learning materials aimed to meet the specific professional and academic needs of students (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Thus, with the intent to conceptualize a didactic proposal for the teaching of Spanish based on genres for vocational education courses, the concept of genres have been considered since the needs analysis stage in the research. The theoretical foundations used to support such an analysis come from the Rhetorical Genre Studies, specially, the theoretical and methodological proposal of the study of activity systems (BAZERMAN, 2005) to identify and comprehend the genres that circulate in a specific socio-communicative context. For the stage of analysis and didactization of the characteristics of the identified genres, the theoretical and methodological framework of the Sociodiscursive Interactionism (SDI) has been used, more specifically the proposal of didactization of language capacities needed for the production and/or consumption of genres, based on the production of didactic sequences (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). The corpus was generated through surveys and semi-structured interviews, field notes and the gathering of exemplars of genres. Among the methodological procedures adopted to analyse the activity systems of the real estate agents, Bazerman’s methodological proposal (2005) and the techniques and procedures of grounded theory to code, categorize and relate pieces of information were used (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ, 2009). In relation to the analysis of the didactic characteristics of the genres identified, the methodological suggestions of the SDI framework were used (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). The findings indicate that the analysis of the activity systems of real estate agents of Porto Alegre and the identification of the genres in Spanish that can be used by such professionals, to engage with Hispanic-speaker clients, generated relevant informative subsidy to: (a) know the language capacities, especially those of the pre-textual level of analysis, that constitute the genres in Spanish; (b) guide the design of Spanish teaching material for real estate agents based on didactic sequences; (c) produce instructions and activities that explore the language capacities characteristic of genres based on the socio-communicative situations needed for their production and/or consumption. The study allowed the conclusion that the relation of intersection and complementarity between the study of activity systems (BAZERMAN, 2005) and the proposal of didactization of SDI have potential to subsidize the design of learning materials for the teaching of languages for specific purposes. / Esta investigación, de naturaleza cualitativa, trata de la planificación y creación de un material didáctico destinado a la enseñanza de español para fines específicos acerca de géneros de texto para un curso de Gestor Técnico Inmobiliario, en un Instituto Federal del sur de Brasil. Siendo cursos que tienen por objetivo impartir formación y cualificación profesional, esos cursos técnicos presentan un contexto favorable para la enseñanza de lenguas para fines específicos (ELFE). Para cursos de ELFE, es esencial realizar un análisis de necesidades que sirva como base para la planificación y creación de materiales dirigidos a atender las demandas académicas o profesionales específicas de los estudiantes (HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1996). Con el interés de crear una propuesta didáctica de enseñanza de español con base en géneros de texto para ese tipo de curso, se consideró el tema de los géneros desde la etapa de análisis de necesidades. Las concepciones teóricas utilizadas para fundamentar ese análisis vienen de la socio-retórica, especialmente, de la propuesta teórico-metodológica de estudio del sistema de actividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) para la identificación y comprensión de los géneros de texto que circulan en determinado entorno sociocomunicativo. Para la etapa de análisis y didactización de las características de los géneros identificados, se utilizó el cuadro teórico-metodológico del interaccionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD), más específicamente la propuesta de didactización de las capacidades de lenguaje necesarias para la producción y/o recepción de géneros de texto, a través de la elaboración de secuencias didácticas (SCHNEUWLY, 1998; 2004; DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004a, DOLZ; NOVERRAZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). El corpus fue constituido por medio de la aplicación de cuestionarios y de la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas, anotaciones de campo y colecta de ejemplares de géneros de texto. Entre los procedimientos metodológicos adoptados para analizar el sistema de actividades de los agentes inmobiliarios, se utilizó la propuesta metodológica de Bazerman (2005) y las técnicas y procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada en los datos para codificar, categorizar y relacionar las informaciones (STRAUSS; CORBIN, 2008; CHARMAZ,2009). Para el análisis de las características didácticas de los géneros de textos identificados, se utilizaron las sugestiones metodológicas de cuadro ISD (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 1998;CRISTOVÃO et al., 2010; CRISTOVÃO; STUTZ, 2011). Los resultados muestran que el análisis del sistema de actividades de los agentes inmobiliarios de Porto Alegre y la identificación de los géneros de texto de español que pueden ser utilizados por esos profesionales, en la atención a clientes hispanohablantes, produjeron relevante contribución informativa para: (a) conocer las capacidades de lenguaje que constituyen los géneros de texto en este idioma, especialmente las de nivel pre-textual; (b) orientar la planificación de un material didáctico de idioma español para agentes inmobiliarios, organizados a través de secuencias didácticas; (c) elaborar enunciados y actividades que busquen desarrollar las capacidades de lenguaje características de los géneros tomando en cuenta las situaciones sociocomunicativas necesarias para su producción y/o recepción. Fue posible concluir que la relación de intersección y complementariedad entre el estudio del sistema de actividades (BAZERMAN, 2005) y la propuesta de didactización del ISD tiene potencial para apoyar la planificación de material didáctico para ELFE, organizado en secuencias didácticas.

Le but de cette étude était de considérer la possibilité de la mise en œuvre de l’approche d'apprentissage par problèmes (APP), Problem Based Learning (PBL), comme une méthodologie d'enseignement, épistémologiquement solide, pour enseigner l'anglais de spécialité (ASP), en particulier, dans le domaine académique de la médecine, English for Academic Medical Purposes (EAMP). Dans un premier temps, l'étude a examiné si PBL est compatible avec l'enseignement des langues et a cherché à déterminer les avantages que cette méthode peut apporter à l'enseignement de l'ASP. L'étude a également tenté de résoudre des problèmes d'apprentissage en anglais qui ont été identifiés dans les Collèges de Santé de l’Année préparatoire (Branche Féminine) au sein de l'Université de Hail, Arabie Saoudite. Une analyse des besoins a été menée dans l'institution pour mieux identifier ces problèmes d'apprentissage. En conséquence, PBL a été mis en œuvre pour déterminer si cette approche est capable de fournir une solution possible à la question, puisque PBL a été initialement mis en œuvre en médecine pour faire face à des problèmes similaires. Cela a entraîné un changement dans les niveaux macro-méthodologique et micro-méthodologique, comme Demaizière (1996 ; 66) les appelle. Dans la partie empirique, une étude longitudinale a été menée avec 13 étudiantes qui ont été observées dans une période de 8 semaines au cours de cinq PBL tutoriels, qui a eu lieu pendant quinze séances. En général, les résultats étaient en faveur de la mise en œuvre de cette approche dans l'enseignement de l'anglais médical. Ils ont également montré que PBL peut améliorer l'autonomie des apprenants ; leurs permettre de développer des stratégies d'apprentissage ; les aider à exploiter leurs compétences linguistiques ; et d'apprendre le contenu orienté vers leur domaine. / The purpose of this study was to consider the implementation of Problem Based Learning (PBL) as an epistemologically sound teaching methodology to teach English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and particularly English for Academic Medical Purposes (EAMP). The study examined whether PBL is compatible with language teaching and determined the benefits that this methodology can bring to ESP. The study also attempted to solve problems with English learning that were identified in the Preparatory Year Health Colleges (Female Branch) within Hail University, Saudi Arabia. A needs analysis was conducted in the institution to examine the English learning situation and better identify these learning problems. Then PBL was implemented to determine if it provided a possible solution to the issue. This entailed a change in the macro-methodological and micro-methodological levels, as Demaizière (1996) called ‘le niveau macromethodologique’ and ‘le niveau micromethodologique’ (p.66). In the empirical part of this study, a longitudinal study was conducted with 13 students who were observed through a period of 8 weeks and over five PBL tutorials, which took place over fifteen sessions. During these fifteen sessions, learners’ behaviors or indicators of autonomy were observed at the group level for the first and third session of each PBL tutorial and at the individual level in session 2. In general, the results favored the implementation of this approach in teaching English for Academic Medical Purposes (EAMP). They also showed that PBL can improve learners’ autonomy; enable learners to develop learning strategies; help learners harness their language skills; and learn content oriented to their field.

Il existe actuellement un nombre considérable d'instruments qui précisent quels sont les principes et les dispositifs propices à la mise en place d'une politique encourageant l'intégration linguistique des migrants adultes en Europe. Cette thèse examine ces outils et elle essaie de montrer leur pertinence dans le cas de la communauté autonome de Cantabrie en Espagne, un territoire qui a vu augmenter sa population étrangère de manière considérable et inhabituelle pendant les premières années de ce siècle. Pour ce faire, un état des lieux des formations linguistiques destinées aux migrants adultes existant dans la région a été établi. Le document qui combine des procédures mixtes de collecte de données a été analysé postérieurement en prenant en compte des variables considérées comme essentielles. Le travail inclut également une série de propositions qui se veulent une invitation à l'adoption d'une approche plurilingue pour aborder la problématique de la formation et de l'intégration linguistiques des migrants adultes. Le destinataire primaire de ce travail est l'ensemble des acteurs de la politique linguistique de la région. Or, cette thèse entend avoir comme destinataires également tous les professionnels qui d'une manière ou d'une autre et sous d'autres latitudes travaillent sur l'intégration linguistique des migrants adultes, particulièrement ceux qui cherchent à améliorer la qualité des dispositifs mis en place ou à concevoir de nouvelles planifications pour des territoires qui sont dépourvus de ces mécanismes. / There is currently a considerable number of instruments that specify the principles and the mechanisms favorable to implement a policy for encouraging linguistic integration of adult migrants in Europe. This thesis examines these tools and tries to show their relevance in the case of the autonomous community of Cantabria in Spain, a region that has seen its foreign population increased dramatically and unusually during the early years of this century. A study on the situation of existing language courses for adults migrants in the region was conducted. The document which combines data collection procedures was subsequently analyzed taking into account a group of variables considered essential. The work also includes a series of proposals that constitue an invitation to adopt a multilingual approach in order to address the issue of linguistic training and integration of adult migrants. The primary recipient of this work is the language policy setters in the region. However, this thesis also intends to have as recipients any professional working in one way or another on the linguistic integration of adult migrants, particularly those seeking to improve the quality of the systems implemented or devising new plans for territories where there is lack of these programmes.

La volonté d'apporter un nouveau concept dans l'enseignement du français à l'université au Liban issu des recherches les plus récentes effectuées en Français sur Objectifs Spécifiques, les dernières mises à jour du Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues ainsi que le souci de l'appuyer par une expérience d'une dizaine d'années sur le terrain et de plusieurs séminaires de formation dans ce domaine, ont amené à effectuer ce travail de recherche basé sur la conciliation de la théorie et de la pratique. Notre travail part de la conviction que si l'étudiant trouvait une réponse à ses demandes, voire à ses besoins que ce soit au niveau universitaire ou professionnel dans un cours de langue, il s'intéresserait beaucoup plus à la langue en question. Partant d'une observation de la méthodologie du Français sur Objectifs Spécifiques, passant par une observation sociolinguistique du terrain libanais permettant de mieux définir les besoins linguistiques de l'étudiant au Liban, ce travail de thèse aboutit à une conception d'une nouvelle méthode d'enseignement du français en proposant une élaboration didactique d'un dossier de français des affaires, considéré comme langue de spécialité. / My aim to provide a new concept in teaching French at a Lebanese university is the result of extensive research on French for Specific Purposes based on the Common European Framework for Languages as well as my concern of providing support based on valuable years of experience and many seminars followed in this field. All of those factors contributed to my endeavor to make a worthy attempt at combining theory with practice. My whole work rests on a belief I have long sustained if students could find a language course that would meet their academic or professional needs, they would be keener on learning that language. While studying the methodology adapted by French for Specific Purposes, carrying out a sociolinguistic analysis of the Lebanese community, and analyzing the linguistic needs of the Lebanese students, I managed to come up with a new concept for teaching Business French and to devise a different didactic approach that would be more effective when put into practice.

Cette étude se focalise sur le cadre large du français non-généraliste et plus précisément du français de spécialité visant le domaine de l’hôtellerie et du tourisme. Elle a pour objectif de montrer dans quelle mesure l’enseignement du français de l’hôtellerie et du tourisme offert dans les universités publiques kényanes répond aux besoins des apprenants. Elle prend une approche systémique centrée sur l’apprenant. Des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives ont été employées pour le recueil des données. Une analyse des besoins des apprenants a été effectuée auprès des apprenants. Les perspectives des besoins des apprenants par différents acteurs, à savoir, les enseignants et les professionnels ont été également sollicitées. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe des besoins par rapport à tous les paramètres étudiés et que ces besoins sont transversaux plutôt que liés à la spécialité. Des recoupements des perspectives des différents acteurs des besoins des apprenants ont été notés ainsi que des divergences. Par rapport aux enseignants, ces divergences se rapportent à l’ampleur des besoins tandis que pour les professionnels, celles –ci portent sur la variété des besoins recensés. Les résultats de nos enquêtes nous montrent que l’analyse des besoins reste une pratique valable en français de spécialité et que dans un cas idéal, elle doit être centrée sur les apprenants. / This study focuses on the larger sphere of non-general French and more precisely on French for specific purposes targeting the hospitality and tourism sector. Its objective is to show to what extent the French for hospitality and tourism courses offered in Kenyan public universities meet the needs of learners. The study takes a learner centred systemic approach. Quantitative and qualitative data-collection methods were used. An analysis of learners’ needs was conducted with the learners. The views of different actors, namely, teachers and industry professionals were also sought. The results indicate the existence of needs in all parameters studied. These needs were mainly general in nature rather than specific to the area of specialisation. Similarities and differences were also noted in the views of the various actors. As far as the teachers are concerned, these differences pertained to the magnitude of needs noted while for the professionals, they had to do with the variety of needs identified. This study shows us that needs analysis remains a valid exercise in French for specific purposes and that such an exercise should ideally be centred on the learner.

The aims of this study to reveal (1) the description of characteristic vocational teacher, (2) the criterion competency, (3) the account of important competency, (4) the description of actual competency performance, (5)the identification of competency gaps, (6) the determination of training priority order, (7) the recommendations regarding with training methods and training organizerThis study employed a mixed method with exploratory sequential combination. The research subjects comprised the Vocational Technical Teachers with ICT expertise program especially for Network and Computer Engineering expertise competence. This study devised competency needs for training program incorporating Training Needs Analysis. The data were collected through FGD, questionnaires and an interview guide. The data were analysed using Fuzzy Delphi method to determine criterion competency by screening process. Analytic Hierarchy Process method was conducted for determining the important competency. 360-degree rater as evaluation teaching performance. Importance Performance Analysis diagram were used for describing the competency gaps. The determination of Training Priority Order based on quadrant in IPA diagram. The results of this study showed that: (1) Vocational teachers from multiple expertise program are still lack of ICT knowledge and practice mastery especially in network engineering field because they had no ICT educational background. They still look confused and nervous in teaching and practicing in front of the class. (2) criterion competency consists of pedagogy-andragogy aspect with 11 domain areas and 34 sub-domain, professional aspect with 3 domain areas and 7 sub-domain, vocational aspect with 3 domain areas and 8 sub-domain and technology aspect with 4 domains. (3) the order of importance in terms of competency aspect is pedagogy-andragogy with weight of 0.466, vocational around 0.300, professional with weight of 0.172, technology approximately 0.063. (4) the lowest performance in pedagogy-andragogy aspect is ability in guidance and supervision internship program with 3.19 total performance, Whereas in professional aspect is the competency in application of vocational content with 3.35 total performance, in vocational aspect is competency in networking and collaboration with 2.82 total performance and In technology aspect is ability using and utilizing ICT for self-development with 3.56 total performance. (5) the competency gaps fall into the vocational knowledge & skills, application of content, content knowledge, networking and collaboration, continuing professionalism development and entrepreneurship. (6) TPO based on competencies needs has described in IPA diagram most of training needs is located in vocational and professional aspect. (7) In House Training, specific training, and short courses training were recommended as effective training methods. The training organizers may come from P4TK BMTI, P4TK BOE, Private Institutions, Universities/LPTK, Industry.:CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background B. Problem Identification C. Research Focus D. Formulations of the Problem E. Research Objectives F. Significances of the Research CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Theoretical Review 1. The Concept of Vocational 2. Philosophy of Vocational Education 3. Theory and Assumption of Vocational Education 4. The Theory of Adult Learning 5. Adult Learning Frameworks in Vocational Education 6. Andragogy in Vocational Education 7. Employability Skills 8. Human Resource Management –Vocational Teacher 9. The Professional of Vocational Teacher 10. Needs Analysis 11. Competencies Needs Analysis 12. Training Needs Analysis 13. Fuzzy Delphi Technique 14. Analytic Hierarchy Process 15. Vocational Teacher Performance Evaluation 16. Importance Performance Analysis B. Conceptual Framework C. Relevance Research D. Research Question CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Approach B. Qualitative Method 1. Research Location 2. Source of Data 3. Data Generating Technique 4. Analysis Data Technique 5. Data Credibility 6. Preliminary Findings Formulation C. Quantitative Method 1. Data Collecting Technique 2. Research Instruments 3. Analysis Data Technique D. Time and Place Research E. Data Analysis in Qualitative Quantitative Method CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings 1. Vocational Teacher Conditions 2. Teachers Competency with Balinese Local Wisdom 3. The Criterion Competencies of Vocational Teacher 4. The Importance Competencies of Vocational Teacher 5. The Actual Competency of Vocational Teacher 6. Competency Gaps Analysis using IPA 7. Training Priority Order B. Discussion C. Limitation of Research CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions B. Recommendations REFERENCES