Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten Einflüsse magnetischer Felder, insbesondere mit hohen Gradienten der magnetischen Flussdichte, auf Korrosionsprozesse am Beispiel Eisen quantifiziert und deren Wirkungsmechanismus erklärt werden. Als ein besonders in technisch relevanten gering konzentrierten sauren wässrigen Lösungen bedeutsamer Effekt wurde eine sekundäre Wirkung der Feldgradientenkraft über den Mechanismus der Wahrung der Ladungsneutralität auf den pH-Wert an der Elektrodenoberfläche identifiziert. Somit konnte ein signifikanter Magnetfeldeinfluss auf die formal ladungstransferkontrollierte Korrosionsreaktion nachgewiesen werden. Um die komplexen Korrosionsvorgänge an mehrphasigen NdFeB-Magneten mit paramagnetischer intergranularer Nd-reicher Phase aufklären zu können, war zunächst eine vertiefte Analyse der freien und anodischen Korrosionsreaktionen des Neodyms notwendig. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse erlauben den Magnetfeldeinfluss bei der Korrosion aufmagnetisierter NdFeB-Magnete zu verstehen.

No description available.

La modélisation toxicocinétique est un outil efficace pour évaluer le devenir de contaminants dans l’organisme animal ou humain. Elle peut, entre autres, servir à reconstituer une exposition à ces contaminants dans le cadre d’études de biosurveillance de l’exposition populationnelle. Ce mémoire porte sur le développement d’un modèle toxicocinétique qui permet de relier des doses d’exposition aux métaux rares, aux concentrations dans le sang et les tissus ainsi qu’aux quantités excrétées de l’organisme. Ce modèle a été développé pour des terres-rares abondantes dans l’environnement et jusqu’ici peu étudiées: l’yttrium (Y), le cérium (Ce), le praséodyme (Pr) et le néodyme (Nd). Il est utile pour reconstruire des doses absorbées à partir de données dans des matrices biologiques accessibles comme l’urine et le sang et aider à mieux interpréter des données de biosurveillance de l’exposition à des contaminants. De nouvelles données expérimentales obtenues à partir d’études expérimentales chez le rat combinées à des données de la littérature ont servi à développer le modèle. Celui-ci comprend 20 compartiments représentant différents organes, la circulation sanguine, l’urine et les fèces. Les paramètres du modèle incluent des coefficients de transfert entre les compartiments, qui décrivent la vitesse de transfert d’un compartiment à l’autre et donc la cinétique de ces métaux. Un système d’équations différentielles a été utilisé pour décrire les échanges entre les compartiments. Une fois les paramètres déterminés à partir de la littérature et par ajustement aux données expérimentales acquises, le modèle a donné une bonne adéquation aux données expérimentales disponibles sur les profils temporels des quatre métaux dans le sang, l’urine et les fèces, ainsi que sur les niveaux présents dans les organes au sacrifice. Ce modèle a ensuite servi à dériver un niveau biologique correspondant à une dose critique établie à partir d’études de toxicité chez le rat, soit la dose maximale sans effet nocif observé (NOAEL) chez le rat utilisée par la U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) pour établir des doses de référence par ingestion provisoires (p-RfD) chez l’humain à ne pas dépasser pour prévenir des effets sur la santé. Le modèle a ainsi été utilisé pour dériver les niveaux urinaires de métaux rares dans des collectes de 24 h et les concentrations urinaires correspondantes suite à la simulation d’une exposition quotidienne répétée par voie orale à cette dose critique (NOAEL) chez l'animal jusqu'à ce que l'état d'équilibre soit atteint. Afin d’obtenir une valeur biologique limite chez l’humain définie comme « équivalent biologique ou BE (de l’anglais : Biomonitoring Equivalent) », le facteur d’incertitude de 1000 utilisé par la U.S. EPA pour extrapoler le NOAEL animal à une dose de référence RfD chez l’humain a été utilisé pour les éléments disponibles. Les niveaux urinaires pouvant servir d’équivalents biologiques (BE) ont ainsi été établis à 0.03 et 0.07 µg/L pour le Pr et Nd uniquement. Les niveaux biologiques de métaux rares dans des populations exposées (niveaux urinaires ici) peuvent donc être directement comparés avec ces BE pour vérifier si des mesures devraient être prises pour réduire l’exposition. L’approche de modélisation peut être appliquée à d’autres terres rares dans une approche plus complète d’évaluation des risques associés à l’exposition à ces contaminants émergents. Il est aussi possible de recalculer les BE pour de nouvelles doses critiques. / Toxicokinetic modeling is an effective tool for evaluating the fate of contaminants in the animal or human body. It can, among other things, be used to reconstruct exposure to these contaminants in biomonitoring studies of population exposure. This thesis focuses on the development of a toxicokinetic model allowing to link exposure doses of rare earth elements (REEs) to concentration in blood and tissues as well as to amounts excreted from the body. This model was developed for abundant REEs in the environment and so far poorly studied: yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd). It is useful to reconstruct doses absorbed from data in accessible biological matrices such as urine and blood and to help better interpret biomonitoring data for exposure assessment to contaminants. New data obtained from experimental studies in rats combined with data from the literature were used to develop the model. It consists of 20 compartments representing different organs, blood circulation, urine and faeces. The model parameters include transfer coefficients between compartments, which describe the rate of transfer from one compartment to another and therefore the kinetics of these metals. A differential equation system was used to describe the exchanges between the compartments. Once the parameters were determined from the literature and by adjustment to the experimental data acquired, the model gave a good match to the data available on the temporal profiles of the four metals in blood, urine and faeces, as well as levels present in the organs at sacrifice. This model was then used to establish a biological level corresponding to a critical dose established from toxicity studies in rats, i.e. the maximum “no observed adverse effect level” (NOAEL) dose in rats used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to establish provisional ingestion reference doses (RfD) in humans not to be exceeded to prevent health effects. The model was thus used to derive the urine levels of REEs in 24-h urine collections and the corresponding urine concentrations following the simulation of repeated daily oral exposure to this critical dose (NOAEL) in animals up until a state of equilibrium was reached. In order to obtain a biological limit value in humans defined as "biological equivalent or BE", the uncertainty factor of 1000 used by the U.S. EPA to extrapolate the animal NOAEL to a RfD reference dose in humans was used. Urinary levels that can serve as biological equivalents (BE) were thus established at 0.03 and 0.07 µg/L for Pr and Nd. Biological levels of REEs in exposed populations (urinary levels here) can therefore be directly compared with these BEs to verify whether measures should be taken to reduce exposure. The modeling approach can be applied to other REEs in a more detailed risk assessment approach associated with exposure to these emerging contaminants. It is also easily possible to recalculate the BEs for new critical doses.

No description available.

Ce travail de thèse est dédié à l'étude des transitions radiatives dans les matériaux de nitrure et d'oxyde de silicium dopés aux ions de terres rares (Er3+, Nd3+). La caractérisation optique des films minces élaborés par évaporation thermique est basée sur la spectroscopie de photoluminescence. Les études menées s'inscrivent dans la recherche de processus d'excitation indirecte des ions Er3+ et Nd3+ dans des matrices à base de silicium. Dans les nitrures et oxynitrures de silicium, un processus de transfert d'énergie permettant l'excitation indirecte des ions Er3+ est mis en évidence. Pour les couches minces amorphes, le couplage est attribué à des états électroniques localisés dans la bande interdite de la matrice. Pour les films recuits à haute température, les nanocristaux de silicium (nc-Si) jouent un rôle majeur dans l'excitation indirecte de l'erbium. Dans les matrices d'oxyde de silicium, l'existence de processus d'excitations directe et indirecte des ions Nd3+ est démontrée. Pour les films amorphes, l'excitation indirecte du Nd se fait via des états électroniques localisés dans la bande interdite de la matrice. Pour les films recuits au-delà de 1000 °C, les nc-Si jouent le rôle de sensibilisateurs pour les ions Nd3+. Les résultats suggèrent que l'excitation indirecte des ions Nd3+ grâce aux états localisés dans la bande interdite de la matrice pourrait être plus efficace que l'excitation via les nc-Si / This thesis is devoted to the study of radiative transitions in rare-earth (Er, Nd) doped silicon oxide and silicon nitride thin films. The optical characterization of thin films prepared by thermal evaporation is based on photoluminescence spectroscopy. In this work, we investigate indirect excitation processes of Er3+ and Nd3+ ions in silicon based materials. In silicon nitride and silicon oxinitride, an energy transfer leading to the indirect excitation of Er3+ ions is demonstrated. For amorphous samples, the sensitization of Er3+ ions is attributed to localized electronic states in the matrix bandgap. For samples annealed at high temperature, silicon nanocrystals play a major role in the indirect excitation of erbium. In silicon oxide thin films, we evidences that both direct and indirect excitation processes of Nd3+ ions occur. For amorphous samples, indirect excitation occurs thanks to localized electronic states in the matrix bandgap. For samples annealed at temperatures above 1000 °C, silicon nanocrystals are sensitizers of Nd3+ ions. Results suggest that indirect excitation thank to localized states in the matrix bandgap could be more efficient than indirect excitation thanks to silicon nanocrystals

Para a espectroscopia de alta resolução e metrologia óptica em geral, é desejável um laser com linha espectral estável e de alta potência de saída para bombear diferentes tipos de ressonadores, como osciladores paramétricos óticos (OPO Optical Parametric Oscillator). Os lasers de frequência única disponíveis estão no alcance de potência de saída de 10 Watts, enquanto que, dependendo da aplicação e do tipo de OPO, é desejável uma maior potência (> 20 W). Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um laser de frequência única e alta potência com base em módulos de bombeio por diodos e tendo como meio ativo o granada de alumínio de ítrio dopado com neodímio (Nd:YAG). Dois bastões de Nd:YAG bombeados transversalmente por diodo, foram utilizadas em uma configuração de ressonador em anel com saída polarizada de onda continua (CW continuous-wave), qualidade de feixe modo transversal eletromagnético (TEM00) e potência de saída de 105,2 W. A potência de saída alcançada é, a nosso entender, a mais alta para lasers em anel no modo fundamental transversal polarizado contínuo usando módulos Nd:YAG comuns com bombeamento lateral. O ressonador permitiu a sintonização de potência em uma grande faixa dinâmica e obteve excelente qualidade de feixe, usando uma placa de meia onda entre os dois bastões para compensação de birrefringência. A operação de frequência única foi alcançada usando cristal de granada de térbio-gálio (TGG-Terbium Gallium Garnet), dois imãs e um etalon, com uma potência de saída de 51,60 W e uma largura a meia altura da curva (FWHM) espectral de aproximadamente 17 MHz. / For high resolution spectroscopy, a high power, stable line output laser is desirable for pumping different types of optical parametric oscillator resonators (OPO). Single-frequency lasers are in the range of 10 watts of output power, while, depending on the application and the OPO type, higher power (> 20 W) is desirable. In this work a single frequency high power laser based on diode pumping modules with Nd:YAG as the active medium was developed. Two Nd:YAG bars transversally pumped by diodes were used in a configuration of a CW polarized ring resonator with beam quality TEM00 and output power of 105,2 W. The output power achieved is, to our knowledge, the highest for continuous polarized fundamental mode ring lasers using standard Nd:YAG modules with side pumping. The resonator allowed the tuning power in a large dynamic range and obtained excellent beam quality using a half-wave plate between the two rods for birefringence compensation. The single frequency operation was achieved using a TGG (Terbium Gallium Garnet) crystal, two magnets and an etalon, with an output power of 51.60 W and a 17 MHz full width at half maximum (FWHM) spectral width.

<p>Chromatography is a powerful technique, essential in chemical analyses and preparative separation in industry and research. Many different kinds of chromatographic material are needed, due to the large variety of applications. Detailed methods of characterisation are needed to design new chromatographic materials and understand their properties. In this thesis, confocal Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have been applied to micrometer-size chromatographic beads, for which these techniques have not been used earlier. New methodology, optimized for use with the chromatographic beads, has been developed and evaluated. </p><p>Confocal spectroscopy has been used to determine distributions of functional groups within single chromatographic beads. This distribution is of great importance in determining the chromatographic properties, since the material is porous and the solute molecules can diffuse inside the beads. Most of the confocal experiments have been performed with Raman spectroscopy; fluorescence spectroscopy, using Nd³⁺ ions or dye-labelled proteins as fluorescence probes, has been used for comparison. </p><p>The concentration of adsorbed analytes is very low within the beads. SERS was therefore used to enhance the Raman signal. SERS-active surfaces were prepared by incorporating gold nano-particles into the interior of the bead. TEM measurements showed that the gold nano-particles could be observed throughout, and it was possible to record analyte spectra from different positions within the bead. Enhanced spectra could be obtained both for small test molecules and for larger bio-molecules, although the spectra for the smaller analytes were much more intense.</p>

Chromatography is a powerful technique, essential in chemical analyses and preparative separation in industry and research. Many different kinds of chromatographic material are needed, due to the large variety of applications. Detailed methods of characterisation are needed to design new chromatographic materials and understand their properties. In this thesis, confocal Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have been applied to micrometer-size chromatographic beads, for which these techniques have not been used earlier. New methodology, optimized for use with the chromatographic beads, has been developed and evaluated. Confocal spectroscopy has been used to determine distributions of functional groups within single chromatographic beads. This distribution is of great importance in determining the chromatographic properties, since the material is porous and the solute molecules can diffuse inside the beads. Most of the confocal experiments have been performed with Raman spectroscopy; fluorescence spectroscopy, using Nd3+ ions or dye-labelled proteins as fluorescence probes, has been used for comparison. The concentration of adsorbed analytes is very low within the beads. SERS was therefore used to enhance the Raman signal. SERS-active surfaces were prepared by incorporating gold nano-particles into the interior of the bead. TEM measurements showed that the gold nano-particles could be observed throughout, and it was possible to record analyte spectra from different positions within the bead. Enhanced spectra could be obtained both for small test molecules and for larger bio-molecules, although the spectra for the smaller analytes were much more intense.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:00/11446-0