The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and phytosterol promotes the reduction of cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. However, such compounds are susceptible to oxidation, which hampers their application. First, the aim of this work was to encapsulate echium oil (Echium plantagineum L.), source of omega-3 fatty acids, with hydrophilic phenolic compounds (sinapic acid and rutin) by double emulsion followed by complex coacervation in order to evaluate the best hydrophilic phenolic compound. In this case, sinapic acid showed better performance as antioxidant. Then, the second objective of this work was to study the microencapsulation of echium oil by complex coacervation using gelatin-arabic gum and gelatin-cashew gum as wall materials and sinapic acid and transglutaminase as crosslinkers. In this step, it was possible to observe that sinapic acid, besides to be an antioxidant, could also act as crosslinker. So, the third objective was to study the effect of sinapic acid in echium microparticles obtained by emulsion followed by spray or freeze drying using arabic gum as carrier agent in order to compare different encapsulation techniques. In addition to these methods, the fourth objective was to compare these techniques already mentioned to the combination of microfluidic devices and ionic gelation in order to encapsulate echium oil. In this case, sinapic acid and quercetin were also incoporated in the microcapsules. All the microcapsules/ microparticles obtained in the mentioned different techniques presented characteristics feasible for application and also promoted the protection of the oil. However, the encapsulation by complex coacervation and the addition of sinapic acid as crosslinkers was the method choosen for the coencapsulation of echium oil and phytosterols since presented the better results. Moreover, the treatment GA075 (microcapsule with gelatin-arabic gum as wall materials and 0.075g sinapic acid/ g gelatin) promoted the better protection to the encapsulated compounds. In this way, this treatment was applied into yogurt and compared to the one with the compounds nonencapsulated and the yogurt control. The yogurt containing microcapsules, presented a pH range from 3.89-4.17 and titratable acidity range from 0.798-0.826%, with good sensorial acceptance. It was possible to apply the microcapsules in yogurt, without compromising the rheological properties and physicochemical stability of the product, obtaining a functional product rich in omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols and phenolic compound. / O consumo de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e fitosterol promove a redução dos níveis de colesterol e triacilglicerol. No entanto, esses compostos são susceptíveis à oxidação, o que dificulta sua aplicação. Primeiramente, o objetivo deste trabalho foi encapsular o óleo de echium (Echium plantagineum L.), fonte de ácidos graxos ômega-3, com compostos fenólicos hidrofílicos (ácido sinápico e rutina) por emulsão dupla seguida de coacervação complexa com intuito de avaliar o melhor composto fenólico hidrofílico. Neste caso, o ácido sinápico apresentou melhor desempenho como antioxidante. Em seguida, o segundo objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a microencapsulação do óleo de echium por coacervação complexa utilizando as combinações gelatina-goma arábica e gelatina-goma de caju como materiais de parede e ácido sinápico e transglutaminase como agentes de reticulação. Nesta etapa, foi possível observar que o ácido sinápico, além de ser um antioxidante, também pode atuar como agente de reticulação. Assim, o terceiro objetivo foi estudar o efeito do ácido sinápico em micropartículas de óleo de echium obtidas por emulsão seguida de atomização ou liofilização utilizando goma arábica como agente carreador, com a finalidade de comparar diferentes técnicas de encapsulação. Além desses métodos, o quarto objetivo foi comparar essas técnicas já mencionadas com a combinação de dispositivos microfluídicos e gelificação iônica utilizando o óleo de echium como composto bioativo. Neste caso, o ácido sinápico e a quercetina também foram incorporados nas microcápsulas. Todas as microcápsulas/ micropartículas obtidas pelas diferentes técnicas mencionadas apresentaram características viáveis para aplicação e também promoveram a proteção do óleo. No entanto, a encapsulação por coacervação complexa e a adição de ácido sinápico como reticulante foi o método escolhido para a coencapsulação de óleo de echium e fitosteróis, uma vez que apresentou melhor resultado. Além disso, o tratamento GA075 (microcápsula com gelatina-goma arábica como materiais de parede e 0,075g de ácido sinápico/ g gelatina) promoveu a melhor proteção aos compostos encapsulados. Desta forma, este tratamento foi aplicado em iogurte e comparado com o mesmo adicionado dos compostos não encapsulados e o iogurte controle. O iogurte contendo microcápsulas apresentou faixa de pH de 3,89-4,17 e acidez titulável de 0,798-0,826 %, com boa aceitação sensorial. Foi possível a aplicação das microcápsulas no iogurte, sem comprometer as propriedades reológicas e a estabilidade físico-química do produto, obtendo um produto funcional rico em ácidos graxos ômega-3, fitosteróis e compostos fenólicos.

This review deals with the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on attention in children diagnosed with ADHD. This is a theoretical work, which has a descriptive-analytical character and is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part describes in detail the information related to the topic. The practical part includes a review of selected articles according to the criteria set by us. Subsequently, the results and a final discussion are processed, where the results of research are compared and the most effective food supplements are evaluated in comparison with placebo. We deal with the shortcomings and limitations of the processed articles, where we determine possible recommendations for future research work and compare the obtained results with the current state of research. Keywords: ADHD, attention, attention disorders, Conner's Rating Scale, fatigue, omega-3, physical activity, perception

Orientador: Mauro Pedrine [Unesp] Santamaria / Resumo: A destruição periodontal resulta principalmente da resposta inflamatória exacerbada do hospedeiro frente ao desafio bacteriano. Por isso, pesquisas envolvendo a modulação da resposta do hospedeiro têm sido desenvolvidas com o objetivo de facilitar a resolução da inflamação, bem como promover reparação tecidual e estabilidade periodontal. Recentemente, o uso de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de ômega-3 (AGP Ω-3) e ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) foi relacionado à produção de mediadores lipídicos mais bioativos e à melhores resultados clínicos no tratamento de periodontite crônica. Desse modo, pesquisas envolvendo modulação das respostas inflamatórias de portadores de periodontite agressiva (PAg) podem ser de grande valia. Assim, o objetivo dos presentes estudos clínicos controlados randomizados foi avaliar a utilização da suplementação de 900 mg AGP Ω-3 e 100 mg de AAS por 180 dias como adjuvantes ao tratamento de PAg generalizada (PAgG). (1) Selecionou-se 38 pacientes com PAgG os quais receberam debridamento subgengival associado a AGP Ω-3 e AAS (n=19) ou placebo (n=19). Ambos os grupos apresentaram diminuição (p<0,05) em todos os parâmetros clínicos avaliados, bem como em IL-1β, sem diferença entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). O nível de TIMP-2 diminuiu significantemente no grupo controle, porém se manteve estável no grupo teste. Concluiu-se que a nova terapia proposta não trouxe benefícios clínicos no tratamento não-cirúrgico de PAgG. (2) Selecionou-se 34 pacientes com PAgG previa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Les omégas trois ont un bénéfice prouvé dans la prévention de maladie cardiovasculaire et l’inflammation. Un apport optimal peut être réalisé avec des modifications diététiques simples permettant d’avoir un enrichissement des membranes cellulaires et un effet métabolique. Le tissu adipeux de part son rôle important dans la genèse du syndrome métabolique semble être une cible importante du traitement par oméga trois. Les patients avec une maladie rénale chronique (MRC) ont un risque cardiovasculaire accru et cumulent les perturbations métaboliques comme le syndrome métabolique et un état micro inflammatoire. Des doses supra physiologiques d’oméga trois ont été utilisés dans le passé dans des études de prévention rénale ou traitement de dyslipidémie. Or l’effet métabolique en fonction de la dose d’oméga 3 n’est pas connu. En accord, avec les études chez le sujet sain, en fonction de la dose administrée, les omégas 3 ont un impact différent métabolique et sur l’expression génique. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour vérifier la faisabilité et l’impact métabolique d’une modification de régime afin de diminuer le rapport n-6/n-3, ainsi que l’effet à long terme des omégas trois chez ces patients. Par ailleurs, les mécanismes impliqués dans les différences de dose réponse devront être caractérisés sur un modèle animal / Omega 3 fatty acids play an important modulatory role in metabolic and inflammatory responses, the progression of atherosclerosis and gene expression. Recent studies suggest their beneficial impact on adipocyte morphology and function. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased cardiovascular morbi-mortality and suffer from a cluster of metabolic disorders. On the basis of previous studies there are reasons to suggest that omega 3 supplementation may offer a host of benefits to CKD patients. Unfortunatly, published studies on the effect of such supplementation are characterized by supra physiological omega 3 doses, that may be difficult to implement for extended periods in one hand and in the other hand the metabolic effect of different doses of omega 3 hasn’t been studied in detail. Simple dietary modifications can help achieve the recommended n-6/n-3 ratio in healthy subjects. In CKD patients supplementation with n-3 shows a differential dose response effect. Further studies are required to test the faisability and metabolic impact of dietary modifications in order to decrease n-6/n-3 ratio and to assess the long term effect of omega supplementation in CKD patients. Finally the molecular pathways implicated in this differential dose response should be assessed in animal models

No description available.

Le syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) est une pathologie caractérisée par des épisodes d’hypoxie intermittente (HI) nocturnes et est un problème de santé publique par sa prévalence dans la population générale (5-20%) et ses nombreuses complications métaboliques et cardiovasculaires. La répétition des épisodes d’HI est considérée comme le facteur principal responsable de cette morbidité cardiovasculaire dont l’athérosclérose fait partie. Le traitement de référence du SAOS par la pression positive continue présente dans certains cas une efficacité limitée, en particulier sur les conséquences cardiovasculaires qui nécessitent d’autres thérapeutiques plus spécifiques. Les mécanismes reliant SAOS et athérosclérose ne sont pas encore totalement connus. Cependant, des perturbations du métabolisme des acides gras (AG) en lien avec le processus athéromateux ont déjà été rapportées au cours du SAOS. Elles concernent en particulier le métabolisme de l’acide arachidonique (AG n-6) avec une augmentation d’eicosanoïdes pro-inflammatoires. Par ailleurs, les AG n-3 peuvent avoir une influence sur le développement et la progression des maladies cardiovasculaires, notamment grâce à une modification de la balance AG n-6 / AG n-3. Ainsi l’objectif de ce travail a donc été dans un premier temps de caractériser expérimentalement l’effet d’une supplémentation en AG n-3 sur le développement de l’athérosclérose dans le contexte d’HIC, et d’évaluer cliniquement la distribution AG n-6 / AG n-3 au niveau érythrocytaire chez des patients atteints d’un SAOS. Nous avons démontré que la supplémentation en AG n-3 permet de prévenir l’accélération de l’athérosclérose dans le contexte de l’HIC et est associée à une modulation de l’expression de certains médiateurs inflammatoires. Ces résultats prometteurs incitent à envisager une étude interventionnelle chez les patients SAOS. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au métabolisme des AG, via la β-oxydation mitochondriale, et aux métabolites intermédiaires produits, les acylcarnitines (ACs). Ces métabolites sont de plus en plus étudiés dans le contexte des pathologies cardiovasculaires. Nous avons étudié l’impact du SAOS sur la β-oxydation et ses conséquences sur la fonction vasculaire. L’étude de ces métabolites semble prometteuse et permettra peut-être l’émergence de marqueurs biologiques en relation avec l’état cardiovasculaire des patients. / Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a disease characterized by recurrent episodes of nocturnal intermittent hypoxia (IH). OSA is a major public health problem due to its frequency in general population (5 to 20%) and its numerous metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Repetitive apneas lead to IH which is responsible of early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. Gold standard treatment of OSA, that is to say continuous positive airway pressure, has poor effects on OSA cardiovascular consequences in some patients, underlining the need of alternative therapeutic strategies. Underlying mechanisms linking OSA to atherosclerosis are still poorly understood. Nevertheless, a link between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) metabolism changes and atheromatous process has already been report during OSA syndrome. Arachidonic acid (n-6 PUFA) metabolism leads to increased biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids during OSA. Moreover, n-3 PUFAs influence cardiovascular complications progression especially by modifying n-6 FA / n-3 FA balance. The aim of this work was first to evaluate the influence of n-3 PUFAs supplementation on a CIH induced atherosclerosis progression model, and to clinically evaluate erythrocyte n-6 PUFA / n-3 PUFA distribution in OSA patients. We have shown that n-3 PUFAs supplementation prevents atherosclerosis acceleration in CIH exposed mice and is associated with a modulation of inflammatory mediators. These promising results encourage us to consider an interventional clinical study in OSA patients. In a second time, we have studied FA mitochondrial β-oxidation metabolism via acylcarnitines (ACs) metabolites. These ACs are increasingly studied especially in cardiovascular diseases context. OSA impact on β-oxidation metabolism and its vascular function consequences have been evaluated. ACs study is promising and will perhaps allow biological markers emergence in relation to cardiovascular pattern.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Our laboratory has previously identified the clock gene D-box Binding Protein (DBP) as a candidate gene for bipolar disorder and alcoholism using a Convergent Functional Genomics (CFG) approach. In subsequent work, we established mice with a homozygous deletion of DBP as a stress-reactive genetic animal model of bipolar disorder and co-morbid alcoholism. In the present study, we found that the omega-3 fatty acid, DHA, may have mood stabilizing capabilities in stressed DBP knockout mice, and reduces alcohol consumption in these mice as well as in the alcohol preferring (P) rats. Given their potential health benefits and their relative lack of negative side-effects, omega-3 fatty acids may become an important supplement for bipolar patients and co-morbid alcoholics, a potential that warrants continued research.

Purpose: To 1) critically appraise available randomized controlled trials (RTCs) addressing the efficacy of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids as a secondary prevention agent of hypertriglyceridemia, and 2) make recommendations for clinical practice. Data Sources: All RCTs identified from several databases from 1993-2003 were reviewed by two independent reviewers who extracted data from each study and used the previously tested Boyack and Lookinland Methodological Quality Index (MQI) to determine study quality. Results: Ten studies reported long-chain ω-3 fatty acids to be effective in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. The average decrease in triglycerides (TG) was 29%, total cholesterol (TC) 11.6%, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) 30.2%, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 32.5%. One study found LDLs to increase by 25%. The average increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was 10%. The overall average MQI score was 36% (26%-54%). Many of the RCTs had serious shortcomings including short duration, lack of a power analysis, no intention to treat analysis, no report of blind assessment of outcome, and lack of dietary control as a confounding variable. Conclusions/Implications: Overall study methodology was weak. Although the evidence supporting the use of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in the secondary prevention of hypertriglyceridemia is reasonably strong, until there are larger RCTs of stronger methodological quality, it is not recommended to treat hypertriglyceridemia with ω-3 fatty acid supplementation in lieu of lipid lowering medications.

Background. Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may have different effects on cognitive health due to their anti- or pro-inflammatory properties. Methods. We aimed to prospectively examine the relationships between n-3 and n-6 PUFA contents in serum phospholipids with incident all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease dementia (AD). We included 1264 non-demented participants aged 84 ± 3 years from the German Study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe) multicenter-cohort study. We investigated whether fatty acid concentrations in serum phospholipids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA), were associated with risk of incident all-cause dementia and AD. Results. During the follow-up window of seven years, 233 participants developed dementia. Higher concentrations of EPA were associated with a lower incidence of AD (hazard ratio (HR) 0.76 (95% CI 0.63; 0.93)). We also observed that higher concentrations of EPA were associated with a decreased risk for all-cause dementia (HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.61; 0.94)) and AD (HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.51; 0.85)) among apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) non-carriers but not among APOE ε4 carriers. No other fatty acids were significantly associated with AD or dementia. Conclusions. Higher concentrations of EPA were associated with a lower risk of incident AD. This further supports a beneficial role of n-3 PUFAs for cognitive health in old age.

No description available.