Trata-se de explorar o tema da identidade pessoal no Tratado da natureza humana (1739-1740) de Hume, segundo três pontos de vista: a simpatia, a imaginação e as paixões. De início, mediante o estudo da relação entre as ideias de eu e de outro no princípio da simpatia, procuramos mostrar como esse princípio carrega em si um significado mais profundo do que a mera comunicação de paixões ou afetos usualmente privilegiada entre os intérpretes. Com efeito, se examinarmos a dependência entre o indivíduo e seu semelhante, encontramos no mecanismo simpático um conflito quanto à natureza da identidade pessoal: o eu é, ao mesmo tempo, a percepção mais forte que se pode ter no pensamento, e, sem a exterioridade, nas palavras de Hume, o eu é na realidade nada. A fim de esclarecer o conflito, propomos o seguinte: num primeiro momento, investiga-se a imaginação, em virtude da qual uma ficção do eu é engendrada no pensamento; num segundo, a sucessão de paixões, em que um eu de prazer e dor é produzido. Sem a intenção de privilegiar a imaginação ou as paixões como princípio de formação da identidade, ou mesmo de especular a respeito de uma articulação exaustiva entre elas, pretendemos apreender sob os três pontos de vista (incluindo a simpatia) o que haveria de essencial à identidade: uma ordem que se estabelece a partir da desordem, e que se encontra a todo momento por ela ameaçada. / This work explores the theme of personal identity in Humes Treatise of human nature (1739-1740), according to these three points of view: sympathy, imagination and passions. First of all, through the study of the relation between the self and the ideia of other in the principle of sympathy, we intend to show that this principle carries within itself a meaning more significant than a mere communication of passions or affects usually adopted by the commentators. In effect, if we examine the dependency between the individual and his similar, we find in the mechanism of sympathy a conflict regarding the nature of personal identity: the self is, at the same time, the liveliest perception we can have in the thought, and, without the exteriority, according to Humes words, the self is in reality nothing. In order to overcome the conflict, we propose: first, the investigation of the imagination, through which a fiction of the self is created in the thought; second, the succession of passions, where a self of pleasure and pain is produced. Without the intention of favouring the imagination or the passions as the principle of the formation of identity, neither with the intention of speculating about an exhaustive articulation between these two, we intend to consider by the three points of view (including that of sympathy) what would be the essential about personal identity: an order that is established by the disorder, and that is at all times threatened by that very disorder.

Durante o processo de escolarização ocorre uma cisão entre a construção do conhecimento e a construção da identidade pessoal. No caso da Matemática, é possível observar com maior nitidez a disjunção dos dois fenômenos em função do discutível caráter objetivo da disciplina. Ao contrário do que poderíamos pressupor, as dificuldades enfrentadas pela maior parte de nossos alunos não são de ordem técnica, mas de ordem afetiva: quando alguém se dispõe a aprender, os obstáculos, ainda que difíceis, podem ser superados. O que fazer, então, quando o aluno desistiu da Matemática? Como restabelecer essa relação? Como recuperar a pessoa que se perdeu diante da imparcialidade dos números e das fórmulas? Tendo essas questões no horizonte, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de realizar uma investigação teórica para compreender adequadamente a construção da identidade pessoal e a construção do conhecimento. Nossa intenção é demonstrar que as narrativas têm o poder de articular os dois processos, uma vez que os significados, na perspectiva de Jerome Bruner, são negociados e estabelecidos narrativamente e que a concepção da identidade, na perspectiva de CharlesTaylor, requer uma compreensão narrativa da vida. Sintonizados com Paul Ricoeur e Julián Marías, investigamos as relações de interdependência existentes entre a identidade pessoal, a linguagem, a narrativa, a ação humana e a Ética. Verificamos, também, como ocorre a manutenção do si-mesmo, ao longo do tempo, nos planos biológicos e cultural, assim como o papel da ficção para a auto-compreensão. Quanto à construção do conhecimento, percorremos um caminho que se iniciou com a construção da realidade, passou pela questão dos conceitos e culminou no estudo da narrativa como forma de conhecimento; nesse caso, juntaram-se às nossas referências os pensamentos de Ortega y Gasset e de José Antônio Marina. Em se tratando da Matemática, constatamos que muitos dos seus conceitos se fundamentam em histórias de movimento e manipulação de objetos, além disso, as narrativas representam a possibilidade de inserir a disciplina no contexto das realizações humanas, dotando-a de um significado mais dramático. Com Kieran Egan, vimos como seria uma aula no formato de história. Finalmente, selecionamos algumas sugestões que podem ser um ponto de partida para o trabalho com as narrativas nas aulas de Matemática. Se educar significa construir significados para nossos conteúdos, compor tacitamente um cenário de valores e semear projetos, concluímos que as narrativas são imprescindíveis, pois, por meio delas, abarcamos essas três dimensões. / A splitting between knowledge and personal identity occurs during everybody´s school days. In the case of Mathematics, it is possible to notice clearly the separation of both phenomena, because of the debatable objectivity of the matter. Contrary to what is taken for granted, the difficulties that our students face are not technical but of affective origin: when someone wants to learn even the most difficult obstacles can be overcome. So, what should we do when the students give Mathematics up? How to restore their relationship with Mathematics? How to recover someone who has gotten lost facing numbers and mathematical formulae? Taking such questions in consideration, the target of this paper is a theoretical investigation to adequately understand the building up of the personal identity and the building up of the knowledge. Our intent is to demonstrate that the narratives can articulate both processes, so that the meanings, according to Jerome Bruner, are negotiated and established via narratives, because the concept of identity, in Charles Taylor´s opinion, demands a narrative understanding of the life. Supported by Paul Ricoeur and Julian Marías, we have checked the interdependence amongst the personal identity, the language, the narrative, the human action and Ethics. We have also checked how someone´s self is preserved throughout life, historically and culturally, as well as the role of fiction for the self-understanding. Concerning the construction of knowledge, we dealt with the construction of the reality, afterwards we dealt with the matter of concepts, and culminated with the study of the narrative as a way to attain knowledge. At this point, our conclusions came together with Ortega y Gasset´s and Jose Antonio Marina´s findings. As far as Mathematics is concerned, we ascertained that many concepts are based on stories of action and manipulation of objects; besides, the narratives mean a possibility to insert Mathematics in the fields of human achievements, with a more dramatic meaning. And Kieran Egan taught us how a Mathematics class, shaped as a story, could be. Finally, we have presented some suggestions which could be a starting point to use the narratives in the Mathematics classes. We have concluded that the narratives are indispensable because with them we can assemble the construction of meanings for the contents of our teachings, to quietly build a set of moral values and to seed projects.

Orientador: Antonio Trajano Menezes Arruda / Banca: Mariana Cláudia Broens / Banca: André Leclerc / Resumo: Este trabalho consiste num esforço para compreender a noção filosófica de identidade pessoal ao longo do tempo. O procedimento para atingir tal compreensão é o de analisar e discutir as principais soluções, encontradas na literatura, que foram propostas para o problema da identidade pessoal. Este problema é descrito como a dificuldade de fundamentar e explicar a nossa crença de que uma pessoa em um dado momento de sua vida e ela em um outro momento são a mesma pessoa, a despeito das grandes alterações biopsicossociais pelas quais ela passa. A primeira solução proposta para este problema é aquela que centra a identidade pessoal em critérios substanciais, que podem ser físicos ou metafísicos. A segunda solução analisada é aquela que recorre à noção de continuidade, seja física, seja psicológica, para buscar explicar como as pessoas permanecem as mesmas ao longo do tempo. Uma terceira solução investigada propõe o entendimento do problema em questão como um problema passível de ser resolvido pela análise linguístico-conceitual; nesta parte, discutimos as seguintes idéias: concepção cética de identidade pessoal, auto-referência, auto-consciência e perspectiva de primeira pessoa. E, por fim, utilizando as noções de auto-organização e de emergência, discutimos as possíveis contribuições da sistêmica na busca de uma solução para o problema. / Abstract: This work consists of an effort to understand the philosophical notion of personal identity over time. The means to reach this understanding is to analyse and to discuss the most important solutions found in the literature that were proposed to the problem of personal identity. This problem is described as the difficulty of grounding and explaining our belief that a person in a given moment of her life and herself in another moment are one and the same person, despite all the great biopsychosocial changes which she undergoes. The first proposed solution to this problem makes substantial criteria, whether physical or metaphysical, central to personal identity. The second solution appeals to the notion of continuity, whether physical or psychological, to explain how people remain the same over time. A third solution suggests that the problem can be solved through linguistic-conceptual analysis; here, we discuss such ideas as the sceptical conception of personal identity, selfreference, self-consciousness and the first-person perspective. And, finally, with the help of the notions of self-organization and emergence, we discuss possible contributions of systemic theory to solving the problem. / Mestre

<p>Title: Morning papers, evening papers or webb magazines? - a qualitative study about young adults attitudes about the different magazine types.Number of pages: 45Author: Antonella MarinoTutor: Göran SvenssonCourse: Media and communication studiesPeriod: Autumn term 2009University: Division of Media and communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University.Purpose/aim: The aim of this essay is to find out how young adults of the age of 20-30 discusses about the different types of news papers: morning papers, evening papers and Webb magazines. I have chosen four needs for my essay which are surveillance, emotional release/ entertainment, personal identity and interactivity. The purpose is to find out the differences between morning papers, evening papers and webb magazines. Which magazine type satisfies my four chosen needs in a best way? Which other conditions influence the young adults choices of magazine type? I will also try to find out if the new idea interactivity can be equivalent to the other three needs.Material/Method: I have used three groups for discussion for my essay. The three groups contained 4-5 people. Everyone was in the age of 20-30. I brought some friends of mine to the groups, who instead brought there friends. So everyone in the group knew someone, but not everybody.Main results: There were bigger differences between the attitudes towards morning- and evening papers than between them and the webb magazines. The young adults had positive attitudes towards morning papers, but very negative attitudes towards evening papers. The webb magazines depended on which type of magazine it was. If it was a morning paper in a webb version the attitudes were positive. So the morning papers and their versions in the webb satisfied the needs of the young adults in a best way. But of course the results were different, some of the young adults preferred the evening papers for entertainment and webb maqazines for surveillance and interactivity. The other conditions that influence the choices of the young adults for reading different types of papers were for example their personal attributes, their social situation but even occasions. I found interactivity equivalent to the other needs.Key words: morning papers, evening papers, webb magazines, young adults, surveillance, personal release/entertainment, personal identity and interactivity.</p>

<p>Identity includes an individual´s self-image and the consciousness about their self. It is about being the same person despite changes in their life situation. The identity often get´s fragile because of the disease. Beacuse of the individual´s feeling of lost identity there may arise a conflict between the person and people in his or her surroundings. They may no longer see the sick person in the same way as they used to. The purpose of this study was to highlight how disease in everyday life and admission to a hospital affects the identity. The study was carried out as a litterature based study. There were especially two categories that were important, the social dimension of identity and the personal dimension of identity. The personal identity is mostly related to the fact that the person is admitted to hospital and the concept of autonomy, integrity, dignity and empowerment. The social identity is more about the relationship to family, friends and colleagues, but it is also related to the nurse-¬¬¬¬¬patient relationship. The different parts of identity in relation to itself and to others do have a common influence. A large part of the personal freedom is deprived during a stay in the hospital. It is important that the nurse pays attention to the patient´s individual personality and habits. This will make that person feel well respected and it will also make it easier for the individual to maintain his or her identity. It is important to highlight how disease affects the identity, both in the nurseprofession and in the education to become a nurse. More research in the areas identity and caring is needed.</p>

This book is a contribution to the debate of the metaphysics and value of death. The metaphysical problems of death are closely connected with the debate of personal identity. In Chapter Two, I defend the view that human persons are human organisms. This view, often called "Animalism," is apparently incompatible with a standard account of personal identity over time, "the Psychological View." I try to show how the Animalist can accommodate the intuitions that seem to support the Psychological View. In Chapter Three, I discuss the thesis that human persons cease to exist when they die, a thesis that has bearing on several metaphysical and ethical questions. Recently, many materialists have attacked the thesis, arguing that human persons continue to exist after death as corpses. In opposition to this popular view, I argue that human animals, and hence human persons, do go out of existence at death. Epicureans deny that death is an evil for the one who dies. Their arguments are based on what will be called "the missing subject problem." In Chapter Four, I aim to show that Epicureanism survives the objections that have been put forward in current literature. But I also argue that a more convincing case can be made against the Epicurean view. Anti-Epicureans typically base the view that death is sometimes bad for the deceased on the "deprivation approach." This approach seems to have the unsavory consequence that prenatal non-existence, too, is a great evil. Recently, proponents of the deprivation approach have suggested a number of ways of avoiding this implication. In Chapter Five, I argue that all these attempts fail, and that it is preferable to accept the consequence. In Chapter Six I turn to the question of the reasonableness of the special concern that most people have for their own deaths. I claim that this issue should be treated in the light of the more general question of the justifiability of special concern about one's own future. It is often held that such concern is justified if and only if "Non-Reductionism" about personal identity is correct. I argue, on the contrary, that it is unjustified whether or not Non-Reductionism is true.

Title: Morning papers, evening papers or webb magazines? - a qualitative study about young adults attitudes about the different magazine types.Number of pages: 45Author: Antonella MarinoTutor: Göran SvenssonCourse: Media and communication studiesPeriod: Autumn term 2009University: Division of Media and communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University.Purpose/aim: The aim of this essay is to find out how young adults of the age of 20-30 discusses about the different types of news papers: morning papers, evening papers and Webb magazines. I have chosen four needs for my essay which are surveillance, emotional release/ entertainment, personal identity and interactivity. The purpose is to find out the differences between morning papers, evening papers and webb magazines. Which magazine type satisfies my four chosen needs in a best way? Which other conditions influence the young adults choices of magazine type? I will also try to find out if the new idea interactivity can be equivalent to the other three needs.Material/Method: I have used three groups for discussion for my essay. The three groups contained 4-5 people. Everyone was in the age of 20-30. I brought some friends of mine to the groups, who instead brought there friends. So everyone in the group knew someone, but not everybody.Main results: There were bigger differences between the attitudes towards morning- and evening papers than between them and the webb magazines. The young adults had positive attitudes towards morning papers, but very negative attitudes towards evening papers. The webb magazines depended on which type of magazine it was. If it was a morning paper in a webb version the attitudes were positive. So the morning papers and their versions in the webb satisfied the needs of the young adults in a best way. But of course the results were different, some of the young adults preferred the evening papers for entertainment and webb maqazines for surveillance and interactivity. The other conditions that influence the choices of the young adults for reading different types of papers were for example their personal attributes, their social situation but even occasions. I found interactivity equivalent to the other needs.Key words: morning papers, evening papers, webb magazines, young adults, surveillance, personal release/entertainment, personal identity and interactivity.

Identity includes an individual´s self-image and the consciousness about their self. It is about being the same person despite changes in their life situation. The identity often get´s fragile because of the disease. Beacuse of the individual´s feeling of lost identity there may arise a conflict between the person and people in his or her surroundings. They may no longer see the sick person in the same way as they used to. The purpose of this study was to highlight how disease in everyday life and admission to a hospital affects the identity. The study was carried out as a litterature based study. There were especially two categories that were important, the social dimension of identity and the personal dimension of identity. The personal identity is mostly related to the fact that the person is admitted to hospital and the concept of autonomy, integrity, dignity and empowerment. The social identity is more about the relationship to family, friends and colleagues, but it is also related to the nurse-¬¬¬¬¬patient relationship. The different parts of identity in relation to itself and to others do have a common influence. A large part of the personal freedom is deprived during a stay in the hospital. It is important that the nurse pays attention to the patient´s individual personality and habits. This will make that person feel well respected and it will also make it easier for the individual to maintain his or her identity. It is important to highlight how disease affects the identity, both in the nurseprofession and in the education to become a nurse. More research in the areas identity and caring is needed.

Ought we to enhance our cognitive capacities beyond the normal human range? There is no denying that it might be a good idea to level out differences between people with respect to cognitive capacities, and there is no denying that some persons' reaching beyond normal capacities may have some good side-effects on society at large (but also bad side-effects, of course). But is there any direct gain to be made by having ones cognitive capacities enhanced? Will this as such make our lives go better? No, I argue, or, at least, there doesn't seem to exist any evidence suggesting that it would. And it doesn't matter whether we consider the question from a narrow hedonistic perspective, from a more refined hedonistic perspective, from a desire-satisfaction view, or if we adopt some reasonable objective list view of what makes a life go well. Only on an extremely perfectionist — and implausible —view of what makes our lives go well could any direct value in cognitive enhancement find support. Finally, there are no good reasons to do with our sense of identity to enhance even our capacity to remember. So, cognitive enhancement as such would not make our lives go any better. / <p>Author count: 1</p>

Certain contemporary philosophers (e.g. Dainton, 2008; Strawson, 1999; Foster, 2008) have thought that the first-person, qualitative aspect of conscious experience should be taken seriously when it comes to our thinking about personal identity through time. These philosophers have thus argued that experiential continuity is essential to a person’s ability to persist identically through time. This is what I will call ‘the phenomenological theory’. In this thesis I describe the phenomenological theory and then discuss three problems that have plagued the history of this theory: the bridge problem, the token problem, and the ontological problem. I will argue that a recent version of the phenomenological theory proposed by Barry Dainton and Timothy Bayne (2005) provides satisfactory answers to two of these problems, but not the third. I will conclude this thesis by proposing a superior version of the phenomenological theory—one that can handle all three problems.