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[pt] Embora constitua uma preocupação prática e teórica há muito mais tempo, a partir do fim da Guerra Fria, a Resolução de Conflitos tornou-se concomitantemente mais importante e mais complexa. A explosão de conflitos em grande medida represados durante as décadas anteriores, desencadeados por controvérsias sociais no geral muito enraizadas, forçou uma reinvenção da disciplina. Multiplicam-se demandas práticas por maior inclusão e transparência na condução de processos de paz, de modo que hoje dificilmente uma negociação que não faça acenos à população terá grandes chances de ser vista como legítima. Ao passo que especialistas começam a se debruçar sobre formas de promover a inclusão sem ao mesmo tempo entulhar a mesa de negociações de pontos de vista distintos, vai-se comprovando aos poucos que a paz inclusiva é também a paz durável. Esta pesquisa objetiva contemplar essa discussão por um ângulo menos usual - o da representação política. Ao invés de pensar na inclusão como instrumento de criação da representatividade, averiguaremos o papel da representação em possibilitar (ou não) a inclusão. Argumenta, portanto, que é preciso pensar a inclusão através da representação, e não o contrário. Para isso, será erguida uma ponte teórica entre os campos da Resolução de Conflitos e da Ciência Política. Acredita-se, em última análise, que a representação concretizada pelas mesas de negociação ajuda a explicar o surgimento de padrões de inclusão e exclusão em processos de paz. / [en] While it constitutes a practical and theoretical concern for a much longer time, after the Cold War, Conflict Resolution became simultaneously more important and more complex. The explosion of conflicts largely suppressed over the previous decades, unleashed by ingrained social controversies, forced reinvention upon the discipline. Practical demands for greater inclusion and transparency in the handling of peace processes multiplied, which explains why today hardly ever a negotiation that does not consider popular needs will have great chances of being seen as legitimate. While specialists start to tackle ways to promote inclusion without, at the same time, hoarding the negotiation table with too many different points of view, it is becoming increasingly clearer that an inclusive peace is also a durable peace. This research aims to contemplate this discussion through a less usual lens - the one of political representation. Instead of thinking about inclusion as an instrument to achieve representativeness, we will evaluate the role of political representation in allowing (or not) for inclusion. It argues, thus, that it is necessary to reflect on inclusion through representation, not the other way around. In order to do that, it will build a theoretical bridge between the fields of Conflict Resolution and Political Science. Ultimately, the political representation put forth by negotiation tables may help explain the emergence of inclusion and exclusion patterns during peace processes.

La plupart des travaux portant sur la politique et la contestation de l’énergie nucléaire étudient des enjeux de mobilisations locaux et nationaux. Cette thèse a pour but de montrer que si les théories de la « nouvelle gouvernance » défendent l’hypothèse d’un dépassement de l’État, elles ne permettent pas de suffisamment saisir les dilemmes et les blocages de la transnationalisation de la cause anti-nucléaire. A partir de travaux de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, des réseaux et de la sociologie politique, cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre la genèse et les modalités de la coopération et de la concurrence des Verts européens, des ONG environnementales telles que Greenpeace et Les Amis de la Terre, et des groupes locaux et nationaux. De la première conférence internationale des Nations Unies sur l'environnement de Stockholm en 1972 à la conférence sur le changement climatique de Copenhague en 2009, cette thèse étudie pourquoi et comment les militants se saisissent d’opportunités politiques internationales ou européennes. Elle explicite deux dilemmes de la coopération transnationale, à savoir la diversité des contraintes nationales des champs politiques et le degré d’institutionnalisation des groupes de contestation. Elle analyse enfin comment les militants établissent les règles de fonctionnement d’un capital social transnational comme « bien collectif » qui facilite la production, la circulation et la réception de différents types de ressources et de compétences sociales pour les militants. Loin de céder aux sirènes de l’avènement d’une « société civile transnationale », ce travail insiste sur la grande hétérogénéité pdes militants, profondément ancrés dans des champs politiques nationaux. Cette situation explique que l’activisme transnational en Europe demeure provisoire et discontinu. / Most of the work about the politics and contention of nuclear energy deal with local and national issues. This thesis aims to show that « new governance » theories, speaking about the decline of the state, cannot capture properly enough the various dilemmas and conflicts that prevent the rise and dynamic of the transnationalisation of the antinuclear cause. Based on social movement sociology, network sociology and political sociology, this work studies the incremental cooperation between green political parties, environmental NGO’s such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth, and last but not the least, local and national protest groups from the beginning of the 1970’s to the end of the 2000’s. From the first United Nation International Conference on the Environment of Stockholm in 1972 to the International Conference on Climate Change of Copenhagen in 2009, this thesis show why and how transnational activists perceive and size political international and European opportunities. It shows as well how activists face two kinds of dilemmas that prevent further transnational cooperation: the widediversity of constraints of political fields and the degree of institutionalization of antinuclear groups. It focuses on how antinuclear activists become able to build up rules of transnational social capital, understood as a “collective good” that may well facilitate the production, circulation and reception of different types of social resources and competences for activists. Far from turning a blind eye on the contradictions of what could be seen as a « transnational civil society », this work emphasizes the heterogeneity of activists, who remain deeply rooted into national political fields. This situation explains why transnational activism in Europe is still temporary and discontinuous.

No presente trabalho, analisaremos as ideias jurídicas de José de Alencar (1829-1877), procurando demonstrar que este não foi somente um dos mais proeminentes vultos das letras pátrias e um dos mais destacados publicistas, políticos e oradores do Brasil de seu tempo, mas também um importante jurista. Embora o jurisconsulto José de Alencar seja inegavelmente menor do que o literato e mesmo que o homem de Estado, não deixa ele de ter sua relevância, merecendo, pois, ser mais conhecido e reconhecido do que tem sido. Em nossa exposição de suas ideias em diversos campos do Direito, nos concentramos mais naquelas que reputamos mais importantes social, política e historicamente, particularmente naquelas referentes à relação entre a Lei Natural e a Lei Positiva, à Constituição Imperial, ao Poder Moderador, à representação política, à abolição da escravatura, à codificação civil e à propriedade. / In this work we will analyse the juridical ideas of José de Alencar (1829-1877), seeking to demonstrate that he was not only one of the most prominent figures of the Brazilian literature and one of the most distinguished journalists, political writers, politicians and orators of the Brazil of his time but also an important jurist. Although the jurisconsult José de Alencar is unquestionably smaller in importance than the writer and even the man of State he does not lack relevance, thus deserving to be more known and recognised. In our exposition of his ideas in different fields of law we will concentrate more on those that we consider more important socially, politically and historically, particularly on the ones which refer to the relation between Natural Law and Positive Law, the Imperial Constitution, the Moderator Power, the political representation, the abolition of slavery, the civil codification and the property.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Violeta Sarti Caldeira.pdf: 838453 bytes, checksum: 8553ccb1807643d05e31ac351d215923 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-01 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / This research analyzed the political effects of the introduction of collective rights in the Brazilian Law and the manner in which these rights are treated in the Judiciary. After more than twenty years from the creation of the Law n. 7.347/85, regarding the Ação Civil Pública (ACP), still we do not have a critical assessment and more conclusive analysis on how the Judiciary is processing collective actions. We intend to fill this gap. The objectives of this research are twofold: a) analyze the way in which the ACP is understood and processed by the Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, through the court s jurisprudence; b) analyze the representation of collective interests in the Judiciary, with an emphasis in the extraordinary legitimacy attributed, by law, to non-governmental and governmental organizations. On a broader perspective, our intent is to evaluate the judicial sphere of collective conflict resolution as an important part of the institutional framework of Brazilian democracy, contributing for the understanding of the regime after the democratization of the late 80 s / Essa pesquisa buscou analisar os efeitos políticos da introdução dos direitos difusos e coletivos na legislação brasileira e a forma como estes direitos vêm sendo tratados pelo Judiciário. Depois de mais de vinte anos da elaboração da Lei 7.347/85, sobre a Ação Civil Pública (ACP), ainda não dispomos de balanços empíricos abrangentes e de análises mais conclusivas sobre como o Judiciário veio processando ações coletivas. Pretendemos contribuir para o preenchimento desta lacuna. São dois os objetivos que norteiam a pesquisa: a) análise da forma como a ACP veio sendo entendida e processada pelo Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, por meio da análise da jurisprudência deste tribunal; b) exame da representação de interesses coletivos pela via judicial, com ênfase na legitimação extraordinária atribuída a associações civis e órgãos públicos. Num horizonte mais amplo, nossa intenção é avaliar a esfera judicial de solução de conflitos coletivos como parte importante do desenho institucional da democracia brasileira, contribuindo para uma avaliação do seu funcionamento desde a reinauguração desse regime nos anos 1980

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Violeta Sarti Caldeira.pdf: 838453 bytes, checksum: 8553ccb1807643d05e31ac351d215923 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-01 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / This research analyzed the political effects of the introduction of collective rights in the Brazilian Law and the manner in which these rights are treated in the Judiciary. After more than twenty years from the creation of the Law n. 7.347/85, regarding the Ação Civil Pública (ACP), still we do not have a critical assessment and more conclusive analysis on how the Judiciary is processing collective actions. We intend to fill this gap. The objectives of this research are twofold: a) analyze the way in which the ACP is understood and processed by the Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, through the court s jurisprudence; b) analyze the representation of collective interests in the Judiciary, with an emphasis in the extraordinary legitimacy attributed, by law, to non-governmental and governmental organizations. On a broader perspective, our intent is to evaluate the judicial sphere of collective conflict resolution as an important part of the institutional framework of Brazilian democracy, contributing for the understanding of the regime after the democratization of the late 80 s / Essa pesquisa buscou analisar os efeitos políticos da introdução dos direitos difusos e coletivos na legislação brasileira e a forma como estes direitos vêm sendo tratados pelo Judiciário. Depois de mais de vinte anos da elaboração da Lei 7.347/85, sobre a Ação Civil Pública (ACP), ainda não dispomos de balanços empíricos abrangentes e de análises mais conclusivas sobre como o Judiciário veio processando ações coletivas. Pretendemos contribuir para o preenchimento desta lacuna. São dois os objetivos que norteiam a pesquisa: a) análise da forma como a ACP veio sendo entendida e processada pelo Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, por meio da análise da jurisprudência deste tribunal; b) exame da representação de interesses coletivos pela via judicial, com ênfase na legitimação extraordinária atribuída a associações civis e órgãos públicos. Num horizonte mais amplo, nossa intenção é avaliar a esfera judicial de solução de conflitos coletivos como parte importante do desenho institucional da democracia brasileira, contribuindo para uma avaliação do seu funcionamento desde a reinauguração desse regime nos anos 1980

La recherche sociale présentée se focalise sur la participation et la représentation politique indienne à l'intérieur d'un district électoral. Le district électoral 04, siégé à Zacapoaxtla à la Sierra Norte de Puebla, est habité par des populations nahuas et totonaques. Le regard anthropologique nous rend les outils qualitatifs pour analyser le rapport entre l’État et les groupes indiennes de la région comprenant les échelles inframunicipale, municipale et du district. Il s'agit d'une étude de cas qui permet de comprendre la complexité du vote dans un contexte rural afin de dévoiler les phénomènes de multipartisme et alternance politique. / The research is focus on the participation and representation of indigenous people in a federal electoral district recently developed (2005) within electoral processes. The 04 federal electoral district based in Zacapoaxtla is located in the Sierra Norte de Puebla, inhabited by nahuas and totonacs groups. The anthropological point of view offers qualitative instruments for the understanding of the interaction between the State and the indigenous people through different analysis scales: infra-municipal, municipality and district. It is a case study that allows the understanding of the complexity of the vote in rural areas, with the purpose of comprehending the phenomenon of pluralist political arena and political alternation. / La investigación se enfoca en la participación y representación política indígena en un distrito electoral federal de nueva creación (2005) en el contexto de los procesos electorales. El distrito electoral 04 con cabecera en Zacapoaxtla se ubica en la Sierra Norte de Puebla, habitado por grupos nahuas y totonacos. La mirada antropológica ofrece las herramientas cualitativas para el análisis de la relación del Estado con los grupos indígenas a través de distintas escalas como: inframunicipal, municipal y distrital. Es un estudio de caso que permite entender la complejidad del voto en un contexto rural, con la intención de comprender los fenómenos de multipartidismo y alternancia política.

Cette thèse analyse la socialisation politique de 92,6% des eurodéputés polonais au Parlement européen pendant leur premier mandat entre 2004 et 2009. Son objectif est de comprendre ce processus en détail dans cette institution par définition, supranationale et pro-européenne - et donc de préciser concrètement quels acteurs politiques (première partie) se conforment à quoi, pourquoi, où, en combien de temps, comment, grâce à qui ou quoi (seconde partie) et jusqu’à quel point (troisième partie). L’étude montre que la socialisation politique pendant les cinq premières années n’est pas un processus très puissant car elle provoque seulement l’ajustement aux spécificités formelles et informelles de la vie quotidienne et, possiblement, l’approfondissement plus ou moins léger des attitudes et du comportement de base (dans un sens pro- ou anti- européen, en fonction de l’orientation). Autrement dit, elle transforme les novices en experts mais pas en natifs. Soit elle n’intervient que partiellement et il serait alors préférable de qualifier ce qui se passe réellement tout simplement d’intégration politique et non de socialisation politique soit elle nécessite plus de cinq ans, en commençant par l’acquisition des spécificités europarlementaires, puisque cette étape-ci prend déjà parfois même tout le mandat. / This thesis analyses the political socialization of 92.6% of the Polish Members of the European Parliament during their first mandate from 2004 to 2009. Its aim is to understand in full this process in this institution which is by definition supranational and pro-European and therefore to specify concretely which political actors (first part) comply with what, why, where, how long, how, thanks to whom or what (second part) and to what extent (third part). The study shows that political socialization in the first five years is not a very powerful process as it causes only the adjustment to everyday formal and informal specificities and, possibly, a more or less weak deepening of initial attitudes and behavior (in a pro or anti-European sense, according to the orientation). In other words, the process turns newcomers into experts without making them natives. It either occurs only in part, in which case it would be preferable to characterize what actually happens simply as political integration and not as political socialization, or it takes more than five years, starting with the acquisition of Euro-parliamentary specificities, as this stage sometimes already takes the whole mandate.

Les sociétés caribéennes de legs plantationnaire sont souvent associées à des sociétés « matrifocales » à tendance matriarcale où les femmes seraient détentrices d’un potentat féminin et les hommes dépossédés de leur autorité « naturelle ». Les femmes sont certes dotées d'une autorité féminine mais la « matrifocalité » ne nie pas des rapports de pouvoir inégaux entre les hommes et les femmes. Le champ politique en constitue un terrain d'expression privilégié. Le décalage paradoxal entre le pouvoir prêté aux femmes et leur position dans le système politique sert de point de départ à ce travail de thèse qui cherche à étudier les relations entre ordre social et représentation politique du point de vue du genre. Il analyse l'évolution de la représentation des femmes dans les assemblées politiques centrales en Guadeloupe (Conseil départemental et Conseil régional) et en Jamaïque (Chambre des représentants et Sénat) depuis 1944 au prisme des renégociations permanentes entre les contraintes structurelles des deux contextes politiques étudiés et les contraintes symboliques intériorisées par leurs acteur.rices.s porteur.se.s d'une histoire sociale particulière, ainsi que les modalités de professionnalisation politique des représentantes recouvrant une hétérogénéité de trajectoires personnelles, professionnelles et politiques. La méthode de recherche adoptée mobilise des sources archivistiques par le recueil de données de type statistique et monographique, donnant lieu à la réalisation d'une base de données sur les femmes siégeant dans les assemblées politiques et d'une typologie de leurs trajectoires, ainsi que la réalisation d’une série d'entretiens semi-directifs biographiques auprès de certaines d’entre elles afin d'approfondir l'analyse de leurs trajectoires. La perspective comparatiste entre la Guadeloupe et la Jamaïque souligne les spécificités de leurs systèmes de représentation politique en dépit de leurs similitudes socioculturelles. / The Caribbean plantation societies are often described as “matrifocal” or even matriarchal societies in which women hold a female power which deprives their male counterparts of their “natural” authority. Women indeed possess a female power but “matrifocality” does not prevent men from holding more power than women in some domains. The study of the political arena is insightful in this regard. This thesis considers the paradoxical gap between the power women are believed to have in society and their position within the political system, and studies the relationship between the Caribbean social order and its gendered political representation. It analyzes the evolution of women’s representation in the central political assemblies of Guadeloupe (Departmental Council and Regional Council) and Jamaica (House of Representatives and Senate) since 1944, drawing on the permanent evolutions between the structural constraints of the two studied political systems and the symbolic constraints interiorized by the parliamentarians that carry a specific social history; as well as their diversified pathways to political professionalization, echoing their different personal, professional and political trajectories. The research method uses archival data, through the collection of statistical and monographic data which enabled the construction of a database of women seated in the political assemblies of Guadeloupe and Jamaica, as well as interviews conducted with some of them in order to deepen the analysis of their trajectories. The comparative study between Guadeloupe and Jamaica highlights the specificities of their political representation systems despite their similar sociocultural history.