The system frequency of a synchronous power system varies with the imbalance of energy supplied and the electrical energy consumed. When large generating blocks are lost, the system undergoes a frequency swing relative to the size of the loss. Limits imposed on the magnitude of frequency deviation† prevent system collapse. Operation of frequency responsive plant to control frequency, results in lower machine efficiencies. Changes to the generation mix on the British transmission system have occurred in the past ten years, when the response requirement was last reviewed. Future increased levels of wind turbines‡ will alter the operational characteristics of the system and warrant investigation. A process to optimise the response requirements while maintaining statutory limits on frequency deviation has been identified. The method requires suitable load and generator models to replicate transmission system performance. A value to substitute for current load sensitivity to frequency has been presented from empirical studies. Traditional coal fired generator models have been improved with additional functions to provide a comparable response with existing units. A novel combined cycle gas turbine model using fundamental equations and control blocks has also been developed. A doubly fed induction generator model, based on existing literature, has been introduced for representing wind turbine behaviour in system response studies. Validation of individual models and the complete system against historic loss events has established confidence in the method. A review of the current system with the dynamic model showed that current primary response requirements are inadequate. The secondary response requirements generally show a slight reduction in the holding levels. Simulations including extra wind generation have shown that there is potential to reduce the primary response requirement in the future. The secondary response requirements are maintained with added wind farms.

Ontario, as the rest of the world, is moving towards a clean energy sector and green economy and to this effect, the Government of Ontario has set a goal of phasing out all coal-fired generation by the end of the year 2014. Wind energy is one of the most mature renewable energy technologies; it is clean and abundant. With Canada’s wind profile and wind energy potential, Ontario has focused on increasing the wind generation penetration in its electrical grid to compensate for the phasing out of coal-fired generation. In this thesis, long-term statistical trend analysis of wind generation patterns in Ontario is carried out, using wind generation data sets of Ontario wind farms during 2007 – 2010, on hourly, monthly, seasonal, and yearly time-scales. The analysis carried out, includes, long-term total wind generation capacity factor (CF) trends on yearly, seasonal, and monthly scales. To arrive at a better understanding of the wind generation intermittency and variability in Ontario, long term wind generation variability trends are presented. The correlation between the CFs of Ontario’s wind farms is determined using the Pearson Product- Moment Correlation Coefficient and examined against their distances from one another to understand the effect of geographic diversity for wind farms on total wind generation. The electricity system demand for on- and off-peak periods is analyzed to examine the contribution of wind generation during these periods. These analyses provide critical inputs and guidelines to planners and policy makers on the role that wind can play in the supply mix of Ontario when coal-fired generating units are replaced with wind generation. Expansion of wind generation capacity requires a closer examination of the location and quality of wind resources and a detailed understanding of its operational impacts on the transmission grid. A transmission network model is further developed in the thesis, for Ontario, based on the 500 kV and 230 kV transmission corridors with their planned enhancements for the three specific years under study- 2010, 2015 and 2025. The zonal supply mix of generation resources included are, nuclear, wind, hydro, gas-fired and coal-fired generation. An optimal power flow model is developed considering the future years’ demand and generation scenarios, and used in a deterministic case study. Subsequently, Monte Carlo simulations are carried out considering the variability and uncertainty of wind generation. Both case studies examine the effect of different wind generation penetration levels on the Ontario electrical grid and analyze long-term wind generation impacts. Wind generation is characterized by its variability and uncertainty. Hence, wind penetration in the electricity grid presents major challenges to power system operators. Some of these challenges are tackled by this thesis, such as the operating reserves required for different levels of wind penetration to maintain the system’s adequacy, the operating costs as a result of wind generation’s intermittent nature, and the impact on power losses as a result of wind generation’s dependability on its location. Moreover, the associated Green-House-Gas emissions with different penetration level are determined. The results quantify the impact of the different wind generation penetration levels on the Ontario’s power system.

The analysis and characterization of the steady-state security of a bulk-power electric system is investigated in a region-wise or set-theoretic framework. The study is divided into three parts: a detailed examination of the theoretical aspects of general security regions; a formulation and analysis of the problem of characterizing a set of secure operating points by a simple, explicit function; and an investigation into the secure loadability of a power system. Based on the results of the theoretical study, general approximate relations expressing dependent load flow variables in terms of the nodal injections are derived. Their degree of accuracy and extent of validity are investigated through analytical and simulation-based analyses. The general problem of characterizing subsets of a security region by simple, explicit functions is formulated as an optimization problem. For the case where the subsets are expressed by ellipsoids, two algorithms are developed and tested. The problem is then extended to include embedding the largest ellipsoid of a £ixed orientation inside a security region. The application of explicit security sets to the problem of predictive security assessment is studied in detail. A number of explicit security subsets overlapping along the predicted daily trajectory is used to define a "security corridor". This predicted corridor has the property that as long as the actual trajectory stays within it, very little computation is needed to assess the system security. The secure loadability of a power system is first studied in the demand space by considering the orthogonal projection of security sets into that space. It is then studied in the voltage space in the context of existence of a secure load flow solution to a given loading condition. Properties of the set of secure voltage solutions are explored by enclosing it with a linear set. Furthermore, it is shown that, under favorable conditions, one can easily characterize a subset of the set / L'analyse et la caracterisation de la securite en regime permanent pour un reseau et transmission ont ete etudiees dans le contexte de la theorie des ensembles. L'etude est divisee en trois parties: un examen detaille: des aspects theoriques des regions de securite generale; la formulation et l'analyse de probleme de la caracterisation d'un ensemble de points de fonctionnement par une fonction simple, sous forme explicite, et l'etude de la capacite de charge d'un reseau. Une analyse theorique a permis de deriver des relations approximative generales, exprimant les variables dependantes de l'ecoulement de puissance en terme des injections de noeud. Le degre de precision de ces approximations ainsi que leurs limites d'application sont determinees a l'aide de simulations et d'analyses theoriques. Le probleme general de la caracterisation des sous-ensembles d'une region de securite par des fonctions simples et sous forme explicite est formule comme probleme d'optimisation. Dans le cas ou les sous-ensembles sont exprimes par des ellipsoides, deux algorithmes sont developpes et verifies. Le probleme est alors elargi de facon a inclure le plus grand ellipsoide d'orientation fixe a l'interieur d'une region de securite. L'application d'ensembles de securite au prob1eme de l'evaluation preventive est etudiee en detail. On utilise un certain nombre d'ensembles de securite se recoupant long de la trajectoire journaliere prevue de facon a definir un corridor de securite. Ce corridor prevu possede la propriete qu'aussi longtemps que la trajectoire y est confinee, un minimum de calculs est requis pour evaluer la securite du systeme. Le chargement securitaire d'un reseau est en premier lieu etudie en considerant la projection orthogonale des ensembles de securite sur cet espace. Il est ensuite etudie dans l'espace des tensions, dans le contexte de l'existence d'une solution pour une charge donnee. Les proprietes de l'ensemble des solutions securitaires sont explorees en l'enchas

For reliable service, a power system must remain stable and capable of withstanding a wide range of disturbances especially for the large interconnected systems. In the last decade and a half and in particular after the famous blackout in N.Y. U.S.A. 1965, considerable research effort has gone in to the stability investigation of power systems. To deal with the requirements of real power systems, various stabilizing control techniques were being developed over the last decade. Conventional control engineering approaches are unable to effectively deal with system complexity, nonlinearities, parameters variations and uncertainties. This dissertation presents a non-linear control technique which relies on prediction of the large power system behaviour. One example of a large modern power system formed by interconnecting the power systems of various states is the South-Eastern Australian power network made up of the power systems of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) for the total power system has been shown to be successful in addressing many large scale nonlinear control problems. However, for application to the high order problems of power systems and given the fast control response required, total MPC is still expensive and is structured for centralized control. This thesis develops a MPC algorithm to control the field currents of generators incorporating them in a decentralized overall control scheme. MPC decisions are based on optimizing the control action in accordance with the predictions of an identified power system model so that the desired response is obtained. Energy Function based design provides good control for direct influence items such as SVC (Static Var Compensators), FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) or series compensators and can be used to define the desired flux for generator. The approach in this thesis is to use the design flux for best system control as a reference for MPC. Given even a simple model of the relation between input control signal and the resulting machine flux, the MPC can be used to find the control sequence which will start the correct tracking. The continual recalculation of short time optimal control and then using only the initial control value provides a form of feedback control for the system in the desired tracking task but in a manner which retains the nonlinearity of the model.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wyoming, 2005. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Oct. 16, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-120).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 329-349).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. / Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 21, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. / Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed February 18, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (p.43).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [67]-70).