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Fungal pretreatment of unextracted and pressurized hot water extracted Eucalyptus Grandis wood chipsDyantyi, S. D. (Simphiwe David) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScFor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Unextracted (control) and PHWe Eucalyptus grandis wood chips were pulped at 15% active
alkali (AA) and 1% antraquinone (AQ). Another batch of wood chips were then inoculated
with fungal co-cultures of Aspergillus flavipes and Pycnoporus sanguineus. FCCi wood chips
were incubated for four weeks; one PHWe inoculated experimental treatment was incubated
for three weeks. The full pulping cycle (160 min) was used to digest the experimental
treatments with the exception of one lot of PHWe wood chips that were pulped for 150
minutes. A further experimental treatment of PHWe wood chips was cooked at a reduced AA
charge of 14% and 1% AQ. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data from all the
experimental treatments was conducted and the differences within the experimental treatments
were determined using Statistica (v7, 1984–2006). The F-value (Fischer distribution) and the
p-value as well as a non-parametric test known as the Mann-Whitney procedure was tested at
the 95% confidence limit. For a further enhancement of the 95% confidence limit the screened
yield data was tested by the Bootstrap method. Scanning electron micrographs clearly
demonstrated the changed structure and appearance of the chip cross-sectional area after the
different pretreatments.
Although the mean average results of all the screened pulp yields showed no significant
statistical difference (p> 0.05), differences in screened yield of up to 2.5% were obtained. All
the weighted means of the rejects showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Other pulp
properties like shive content, chemical consumption, Kappa number, handsheet brightness and
strength tests showed mixed results i.e. rejected or accepted the hypothesis (p> or =or < 0.05).
The hypothesis that the combined PHWE and FCCI of wood chips would further increase the
pulp yield had to be rejected. It is however anticipated that the combination of PHWE with
successive co-culture fungal pretreatment would be very beneficial in obtaining higher pulp
yields for fully bleached chemical pulp. Further research would be required to test this
assumption. This investigation confirmed the expected beneficial effects of combined PHWE
and FCCI pretreatments of wood chips on the strength properties. In addition the combined
treatment also improved the initial bonding strength potential of the unbeaten fibres. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onbehandelde en met onder druk, warm water uitgeloogde Eucalyptus grandis houtspaanders
is respektiefwelik met 15% aktiewe alkali (AA) en 1% antrakinoon (AQ) verpulp. Hierdie is
dan met swamkokulture van Aspergillus flavipes en Pycnoporus sanguineus inokuleer en
respektiewelik vir drie en vier weke inkubeer. Onder druk uitgeloogde houtspaanders is ook
vir 150 minute verpulp by 15% AA 1% AQ en by ‘n verminderde AA van 14%.
Pulpevaluasies is uitgevoer op alle eksperimentele behandelinge. Alle onder druk uitgeloogde
en met swamkokultuur inokuleerde houtspaanders het ‘n laer pulpopbrengs, uitskot,
skilferinhoud, Kappanommer en ‘n hoër RAA en helderheid opgelewer in vergelyking met die
vars houtspaanders. Die vars en warm water uitgeloogde houtspaanders het soortgelyke
pulpopbrengs opgelewer.
‘n Variansieanalise (ANOVA) van die data van alle eskperimentele behandelings is uitgevoer
gebruikmakende van Statistica (V7, 1984 – 2006). Die F-waarde (Fischer-verspreiding) an die
p-waarde so wel as ‘n parametriese toets (Mann-Whitney prosedure) is getoets by ‘n 95%
betroubaarheidsgrens. Vir ‘n verdere verhoging van die 95% betroubaarheidsgrens van die
pulpopbrengs, is die beskikbare data weer getoets met die Bootstrap-metode.
Alle gemiddelde pulpopbrengswaardes het geen beduidende statistiese verkil opgelewer nie
(p>0.05), alhoewel verskille van tot 2.5% in pulpopbrengs verkry is. Alle gemiddelde
uitskotwaardes het ‘n beduidende verskil getoon (p<0.05). Die ander pulpeienskappe soos
skilferinhoud, verbruik aan chemikalieë, Kappagetal, handvel helderheid en sterktewaardes
het gemengde resultate opgelewer maw verwerping of aanvaarding van die hipotese p> or =or
< 0.05. Die hipotese dat die gekombineerde PHWE en FCCI van die houtspaanders die
pulpopbrengs verder sou verhoog moes verwerp word. Daar word egter verwag dat die
kombinasie van PHWE met opeenvolgende swamkokultuur behandeling baie voordelig sou
wees op die pulpopbrengs van ‘n ten volle gebleikte chemiese pulp. Verdere navorsing is
nodig om hierdie veronderstelling te toets. Die ondersoek het die verwagte woordelige effek
van die gekombineerde PHWE en FCCI voorbehandelings van die houtspaanders op die
papierstrkte-eienskappe bevestig. Bo en behalve dit, het die gekombineerde behandeling ook
die aavanklikte bindsterkte potensiaal van die ongeklopte vessels verbeter.
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Integration of hydrothermal processes on a forest-based biorefinery siteHäreskog, Linnea January 2018 (has links)
The pulp and paper industry (PPI) is a business that produce large amounts of residues annually. Besides bark, large quantities of sludge are produced from the various parts of the industrial process. The sludge that comes from the biological wastewater purification process is denoted biosludge and is known as a particularly problematic waste product. It is of interest to reduce the amount of sludge from the PPI or to find new ways of handling the produced sludge. The common way to treat the PPI sludge is by incineration in the site’s bark boiler. The material is however difficult to dewater and often does more harm than good in the boilers. Different technologies to try and dewater the sludge further have been investigated previously, one that has recently been noted is hydrothermal treatment. The technology described in this thesis work is called hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) which uses water as a reaction media to turn the sludge into a coal-like material called hydrochar. The hydrochar has a higher heating value than the initial sludge and is more hydrophobic which makes it easier to dewater. This Master’s thesis describes the process technologies of the HTC process and presents some of the recent work done within the area. The properties of different residues from the PPI are presented before the integration of an HTC process on the biorefinery site in Domsjö, Sweden is discussed using previously published articles. A survey concerning sludge from industries within a 500 km range of the Domsjö biorefinery site is made to investigate whether residual streams similar to the ones at the Domsjö site are available in the vicinity. The results show that an HTC process demands energy in the form of steam and/or electricity. A previously made pinch and total site analysis show that the most accessible steam at the Domsjö biorefinery site, that most appliances and process steps uses, is at 7 bars. There are also steam levels of 20 and 32 bar in the area, which is within the range an HTC plant requires. The HTC process water demands further treatment which puts an extra stress on the already existing water purification process. The Domsjö biorefinery site produces 6000 tonnes of biosludge per year. Several HTC companies produce units that normally treat 20000-50000 tonnes of sludge per year, which indicates that additional sludge could be added to reach full capacity. The survey shows that there are similar materials available in the surroundings. It is concluded that further investigations concerning the sludge materials must be made before real implementation consequences can be calculated.
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Compostos bioativos em frutas cítricas : quantificação, avaliação da atividade antioxidante, parâmetros de cor e efeito da pasteurização /Moura, Lilian Maria. January 2010 (has links)
Orientador: Célia Maria de Sylos / Banca: João Bosco Faria / Banca: Thais Borges Cesar / Banca: Samara Ernandes / Banca: Rodrigo Rocha Latado / Resumo: As frutas cítricas são muito consumidas e apreciadas, não só devido ao seu paladar agradável como também ao valor nutricional que possuem. O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador mundial de laranjas, suco de laranja concentrado congelado e de suco de laranja pasteurizado (NFC - Not From Concentrated), sendo o estado de São Paulo o maior produtor. Já outras frutas cítricas como limão Siciliano, Grapefruit e Lima da Pérsia possuem uma produção nacional ainda pequena e parte do consumo interno é importada. Outro grupo de laranjas ainda pouco estudado é o das laranjas de polpa vermelha que apresentam o carotenóide licopeno na sua composição. Os compostos antioxidantes (carotenóides, compostos fenólicos, flavonóides) apresentam atividade anti-radical livre e alguns deles também são responsáveis pela cor das frutas. Considerando a importância das frutas cítricas com relação aos seus benefícios para a saúde, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a atividade anti-radical livre (DPPH• e ABTS•), compostos bioativos (carotenóides, flavanonas e ácido ascórbico) e parâmetros de cor de quatro variedades de frutas cítricas de polpa clara (Lima da Pérsia, Grapefruit, Limão Siciliano e Hamlin); comparar estes mesmos parâmetros entre duas variedades de polpa vermelha (Sanguíneas de Mombuca e baía Cara Cara) e uma de polpa clara (Pera Rio), colhidas no início, meio e fim de safra; e verificar o efeito da pasteurização nos compostos bioativos presentes no suco de laranja de polpa vermelha e de clara. As variedades Baía Cara Cara (CN486) e Pera Rio foram cultivadas na cidade Cordeirópolis/SP e a Sanguínea de Mombuca (CV 93) em três diferentes cidades do Estado de São Paulo, São Bento do Sapucaí, Cordeirópolis e Mogi Mirim. A variedade limão Siciliano apresentou o maior teor de ácido ascórbico (78,86mg), Grapefruit e Hamlin apresentaram o maior conteúdo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Citrus fruits are widely consumed and enjoyed, not only because of its pleasant taste but also the nutritional value they have. Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of oranges, frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) and orange juice NFC (Not from Concentrated), and the state of Sao Paulo largest producer. Yet other citrus fruits like lemon, grapefruit and Sweet Lime still have a small domestic production and share of domestic consumption is imported. Another group of oranges still less studied are the red pulp of oranges that have the carotenoid lycopene in its composition. The antioxidants (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids) have anti-free radical activity and some of them are also responsible for the color of the fruit. Considering the importance of citrus fruits in relation to their health benefits, the objectives were to evaluate the anti-free radical (DPPH • and ABTS •), bioactive compounds (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and flavanones) and parameters of color four varieties of citrus pulp clear (Sweet Lime, Grapefruit, Lemon and Hamlin), to compare these same parameters between two varieties of red pulp (of Blood and Mombuca Baía Cara Cara) and a clear pulp (Pera Rio) taken at the beginning, middle and end of harvest, and check the effect of pasteurization on bioactive compounds in orange juice pulp and red light. Varieties Baía Cara Cara (CN486) and Pear River were grown in the city Cordeirópolis / SP and Blood of Mombuca (CV 93) in three different cities of São Paulo, São Bento do Sapucaí, Cordeirópolis and Mogi Mirim. The Sicilian lemon variety had the highest content of ascorbic acid (78.86 mg), Grapefruit and Hamlin had the highest content of total carotenoids of the four fruits (13.58 and 11.32 mg / mL) and the antioxidant capacity was higher in fruit that had best levels of carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The hesperidin was present in three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
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Efeito do laser de baixa intensidade sobre células odontoblastóides in vitro e complexo dentino-pulpar in vivo /Oliveira, Camila Fávero de. January 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa / Banca: Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto / Banca: Cristina Kurachi / Banca: Edson Alves de Campos / Banca: Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio / Resumo: O laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) tem sido amplamente utilizado no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária. Pesquisas in vivo demonstraram que o LBI pode promover um aumento na síntese de matriz de dentina e menor grau de inflamação pulpar. Entretanto, o mecanismo que rege este processo permanece desconhecido. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o metabolismo de células odontoblastóides em cultura quando submetidas à irradiação direta ou transdentinária (indireta) com LBI e seus efeitos sobre o complexo dentino-pulpar. Células odontoblastóides MDPC-23 foram cultivadas em placas de acrílico de 24 compartimentos ou sobre a superfície pulpar de discos de dentina, com 0,4 mm de espessura e obtidos de terceiros molares, adaptados em câmaras pulpares artificiais. As células foram irradiadas diretamente por 3 vezes (a cada 24 horas) com 2, 4, 10, 15 ou 25 J/cm2 e submetidas a avaliação de metabolismo (MTT), síntese de proteína total e de fosfatase alcalina. Os dois melhores parâmetros de irradiação direta foram utilizados para o ensaio de irradiação transdentinária (indireta) das células. Como resultado da etapa direta de irradiação, foi demonstrado que tanto os valores do MTT quanto os níveis de proteína total e fosfatase alcalina apresentaram valores estatisticamente superiores nas doses de 15 e 25 J/cm2 (Mann-Whitney p<0.05). Assim, estas doses foram usadas no teste de irradiação indireta, obtendo-se aumento do metabolismo, síntese de proteína e fosfatase alcalina estatisticamente superior apenas para a dose de 25 J/cm2 (Mann-Whitney p<0.05). Desta maneira, foi possível concluir, dentro das condições experimentais, que os maiores valores de bio-estimulação das células MDPC-23 ocorreram quando estas foram irradiadas com 25 J/cm2. Para avaliação dos efeitos do LBI sobre o complexo dentinopulpar, foram confeccionadas cavidades... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Low level laser (LLL) has been widely used for treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. In vivo studies have shown increased synthesis of dentin matrix and less severe pulpal inflammation in teeth irradiated with LLL. However, the mechanisms that guide this process remain unknown. This study evaluated the metabolism of cultured odontoblastlike cells submitted to direct or transdentinal LLL irradiation as well as its effects on pulp tissue of first molars of rats. The odontoblast-like cells MDPC-23 were cultured (12,500 cells/cm2) on either 24-well acrylic plates or the pulpal surface of dentin discs adapted to artificial pulp chambers. In the first experiment, the cells received direct irradiation for 3 times (every 24 hours) with the following energy doses: 2 J/cm2, 4 J/cm2, 10 J/cm2, 15 J/cm2, and 25J/cm2. Then, the irradiated cells were evaluated concerning their metabolism, synthesis of total protein (TP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The two best direct irradiation parameters obtained in this first protocol were selected to be used in the second experiment, in which the MDPC-23 cells were irradiated through 0.4mm dentin discs obtained from human teeth (indirect irradiation). For the direct assay, the MTT values as well as the TP and ALP levels were significantly higher at the doses of 15 and 25 J/cm2 (Mann-Whitney; p<0.05). When both of these energy doses were used for the indirect irradiation assay, it was observed a statistically significant increase in cell metabolism and synthesis of TP and ALP only for 25 J/cm2 (Mann-Whitney; p <0.05). Under the experimental conditions, it may be concluded that the highest biostimulation values were obtained when the MDPC-23 cells were irradiated with 25 J/cm2. For evaluation of the effects of LLL on the pulp dentin complex, class I cavities were prepared in the first superior molars of rats. After this, the cavities were immediately irradiated... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
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Manejo de dentes permanentes com rizogênese incompleta e necrose pulpar / Managing immature necrotic permanent teethNicoloso, Gabriel Ferreira January 2017 (has links)
A perda da vitalidade pulpar, em consequência de injurias traumáticas, lesões cariosas profundas e malformações dentárias, pode interromper o desenvolvimento radicular em dentes permanentes jovens. O tratamento endodôntico em dentes com rizogênese incompleta constituise num desafio ao clínico para a realização de tratamentos convencionais, devido principalmente à dificuldade de debridamento das paredes dentinárias e do adequado selamento apical. Além disso, em função das paredes dentinárias delgadas e uma proporção coroa-raiz inadequada, a ocorrência de fraturas no trans e pós-operatório não é um evento raro. Existem diferentes estratégias terapêuticas para o manejo destes dentes com rizogênese incompleta, incluindo os procedimentos de apicificação e revascularização da polpa. O objetivo desta tese foi revisar sistematicamente a literatura para avaliar a efetividade dos procedimentos de apicificação e revascularização da polpa em relação aos desfechos clínicos, radiográficos e de retenção dentária. Dois revisores de maneira independente revisaram a literatura e avaliaram os artigos. A busca foi realizada na literatura via PubMed/MEDLINE e Embase até junho de 2017 para selecionar estudos de caso-controle e coorte. Um total 231 artigos foram localizados nas bases de dados, dos quais 3 permaneceram após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade. Após a seleção dos artigos, os dados de cada estudo foram coletados e o risco de viés avaliado. Foram obtidas estimativas de efeito comparando o sucesso clínico e radiográfico e retenção dentária entre o plug apical de agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) versus revascularização da polpa (BC) e hidróxido de cálcio (CH). As duas meta-análises comparando tanto o MTA vs BC para os desfechos clínicos e radiográficos (Z=0.164, p=0.869, RR=1.010, 95%CI:0.895-1.140, I=0%) e retenção dentária (Z=0.855, p=0.393, RR=1.050, 95%CI:0.939-1.173, I=0%) ou MTA vs CH para os desfechos clínicos e radiográficos e retenção dentária (Z=-1.596, p=0.110, RR=0.816, 95%CI:0.635-1.048, I=0%) não demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Todos estudos incluídos na revisão sistemática foram considerados de alta qualidade metodológica. Em conclusão, a técnica de revascularização da polpa, por possibilitar o desenvolvimento radicular adicional, deve ser a primeira opção de tratamento em dentes permanentes com rizogênese incompleta que apresentem proporção coroa-raiz inadequada, entretanto, o plug apical de MTA parece apresentar resultados mais fidedignos em relação ao sucesso em geral, e assim, nos casos de dentes permanentes que apresentem proporção coroaraiz satisfatória, esta técnica de ser a primeira opção de tratamento. / The loss of pulp vitality, as a consequence of traumatic injuries, deep carious lesions and dental malformations, may interrupt the root development in young permanent teeth. The endodontic treatment in immature teeth constitutes a challenge to the practitioner to perform conventional treatments, mainly due to difficulty of dentinal walls debridement and adequate apical sealing. In addition, due to the thin dentinal walls and inadequate crown-root proportion, occurrence of trans and postoperative fractures is not a rare event. There are different therapeutic strategies to manage these immature teeth including apexification and pulp revascularization procedures. The aim of this thesis was to systematically review the literature to evaluate the effectiveness of apexification and pulp revascularization procedures regarding the clinical, radiographic and tooth retention outcomes. Two reviewers independently performed the screening and evaluation of articles. The literature was screened via PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases until June 2017 to select case-control and cohort studies. A total of 231 articles were retrieved from the databases, in which only 3 remained after the eligibility criteria. After the selection of the articles, the data of each study was extracted and bias risk assessed. Pooled-effect estimates were obtained comparing the clinical and radiographic success and retention rates among the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical plug vs pulp revascularization (BC) and calcium hydroxide (CH). The two meta-analysis comparing either MTA vs BC for clinical and radiographic outcomes (Z=0.164, p=0.869, RR=1.010, 95%CI:0.895-1.140, I=0%) and tooth retention rates (Z=0.855, p=0.393, RR=1.050, 95%CI:0.939-1.173, I=0%) or MTA vs CH for clinical and radiographic outcomes and tooth retention rates (Z=-1.596, p=0.110, RR=0.816, 95%CI:0.635-1.048, I=0%) showed no statistically significant differences. All studies included in the systematic review were classified as high quality. In conclusion, the revascularization treatment, as it allows additional root development may be the first treatment option in immature necrotic permanent teeth that have inadequate crown-root ratio, however, the MTA apical plug seems to provide more predictable outcomes regarding the overall success, and thus, in cases of permanent teeth having adequate crown-root proportion, it should be the first treatment option.
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Efeito da fototerapia com LED azul e vermelho sobre o metabolismo de células pulpares em cultura /Almeida, Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de. January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Josemeri Hebling / Banca: / Co-orientador: Fernanda Gonçalves Basso / Banca: Carla Raquel Fernanda mendonça / Banca: Francisco Wanderley Garcia de Paula e Silva / Banca: Andréa Abi Rached Dantas / Banca: Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso Garcia / Resumo: Objetivou-‐se avaliar os efeitos da fototerapia de baixa intensidade realizada com diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) nos comprimentos de onda azul (455 nm) e vermelho (630 nm) sobre o metabolismo de células pulpares. Quatro estudos foram desenvolvidos. No estudo 1 foi avaliado o efeito do LED vermelho sobre células MDPC-‐23, utilizando-‐se dose de energia fixa (DE) de 2J/cm2, com variação da densidade de potência (DP) em 20 e 40mW/cm2 e frequência de exposição. Vinte e quatro horas após a irradiação foram avaliadas a viabilidade celular, o número de células viáveis e a dosagem de proteína total. No estudo 2 investigou-‐se o efeito da luz azul sobre células MDPC-‐23. Foram utilizadas DE de 2J/cm2 e 4J/cm2 e DP de 20 mW/cm2 e foram avaliadas a viabilidade, número de células viáveis, morfologia celular em MEV e expressão gênica de fosfatase alcalina (Alp), colágeno (Col-‐I) e proteína da matriz dentinária (Dmp-‐1). O estudo 3 deterrminou os efeitos transdentinários da luz azul e vermelha sobre células MDPC-‐23. As DPs foram ajustadas em 40 e 80mW/cm2 para luz vermelha e azul, respectivamente. Após irradiação foram avaliadas a viabilidade celular, atividade de fosfatase alcalina, produção de proteína total e colágeno. No estudo 4 foram investigados os efeitos bioestimuladores da luz azul sobre cultura primária de polpa humana. Foram utilizadas DE de 2 e 4J/cm2 com DP de 20mW/cm2... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The overall aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the low level phototherapy using light emitting diodes (LEDs) at the blue (455nm) and red (630nm) wavelengths on the metabolism of pulp cells in culture. Four studies were performed. In the first study, the effect of red LEDs on MDPC-‐23 cells was investigated, using a fixed energy dose of 2J/cm2 and varying the density of potency in 20 and 40mW/cm2 and the frequency of irradiation. Cell viability, number of viable cells and production of total protein were analyzed after 24h from the irradiation. In the second study it was evaluated the effect of the blue light on MDPC-‐23 cells. The energy doses of 2 or 4J/cm2 with a dose of potency of 20mW/cm2 were delivered to the cells. Cell viability, number of viable cells, cell morphology in SEM and gene expression for alkaline phosphatase (Alp), collagen (Col-‐I) and dentin matrix protein (Dmp-‐1) were analyzed. The third study investigated the transdentinal effects of a blue and red light on MDPC-‐23 cells. The densities of potencies were adjusted in 40 and 80mW/cm2 for the blue and red lights, respectively. After irradiation of the cell culture, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, production of total protein and collagen were determined. Lastly, the biostimulatory effect of the blue light on a primary culture of human pulp was investigated in the fourth study. .. (Complete abstract electronic access below) / Doutor
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Modélisation et simulation de l'atelier de régénération de l'usine Kraft / Modelling and simulation of the recovery in a kraft pulp mill.Picot, Jean-Baptiste 21 December 2012 (has links)
L’atelier de régénération d’une usine kraft permet d’extraire des liqueurs noires les élémentschimiques nécessaires à la cuisson du bois et de les régénérer sous leur forme active, ainsi quede valoriser la fraction organique dissoute sous forme de chaleur. Les opérations unitaires enoeuvre sont nombreuses, complexes, et souvent mal décrites. Ce travail vise à permettre unemeilleure compréhension de la régénération, par la réalisation de modèles fiables décrivant lesphénomènes et processus dans chaque opération unitaire, leur implémentation algorithmiqueet leur exploitation par la simulation du procédé global. / Chemical recovery at the kraft mill is the process whereby the valuable inorganic elements areextracted from spent kraft liquors and regenerated under their form effective to the cooking ofthe wood and energy is producted from the dissolved organic fraction. Many unit operations areinvolved, often poorly described. This work aims at a better understanding of the recovery processes.Reliable models describing the physical phenomena were proposed for each operation andimplemented as a computer algorithm. The whole chemical recovery unit was then simulated.
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Estudo exploratório de extração de celulose a partir de resíduos vegetais do processo produtivo de conserva de palmito (Archontophoenix alexandrae)Scheffler, Liziane da Luz Seben January 2011 (has links)
No Brasil, tanto o agronegócio quanto a fabricação de celulose trazem resultados relevantes para a economia. Sob uma perspectiva de sustentabilidade, as indústrias beneficiadoras de materiais vegetais geram grande volume de resíduos, os quais podem servir de fonte de celulose, configurando-se numa alternativa atraente para gerar lucros e diminuir impactos ambientais negativos. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é realizar um estudo exploratório de extração de celulose a partir de resíduo do processo produtivo de empresa beneficiadora de material vegetal, sob perspectiva das dimensões ambiental e econômica da sustentabilidade. O estudo foi desdobrado em cinco etapas: i) identificação na literatura das diretrizes para os processos produtivos sustentáveis, por meio das abordagens que tratam da sustentabilidade; ii) identificação dos processos industriais de extração de celulose e suas características operacionais; iii) definição da empresa para realização do estudo, a sazonalidade e o volume disponível dos resíduos vegetais provenientes do processo de beneficiamento de vegetais; iv) adaptação do processo industrial de extração de celulose para uso com resíduos vegetais e atendimento às restrições da fábrica definida para o estudo e v) realização de testes de extração com o uso de projeto de experimentos para posterior caracterização da polpa de celulose obtida do resíduo. Neste último, foi empregado um Projeto Fatorial Composto de Segunda Ordem (PSCO) com Metodologia de Superfície Resposta (MSR) para analisar a influência dos fatores controláveis sobre as variáveis de resposta. Os fatores controláveis foram definidos de acordo com dados da literatura específica e foram analisadas as variáveis de resposta que caracterizam polpa de celulose, aplicáveis a fins sanitários, como Número Kappa, capacidade de absorção, velocidade de absorção e densidade. Resultados indicaram que limitações quanto ao uso de altas temperaturas no processo de extração é um fator relevante, para atingir maiores teores de deslignificação. Os estudos mostraram a influência do uso de aditivo de processo, antraquinona, carga alcalina e tempo de polpeamento, bem como, tratamento de hidrólise ácida no resíduo na qualidade da polpa. / Agribusiness and pulp production bring both relevant results to the Brazilian economy. In a sustainable perspective, the wastes of Industries that benefit vegetable materials may serve as pulp’s source, configuring itself as an attractive alternative for profit generation and reduction of negative environmental impacts. The aim in this dissertation is to carry out an exploratory study of pulp extraction from the waste of productive process of a firm which processes vegetal material, under the perspective of environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability. The study was unfolded in five steps: i) identification, in literature, the guidelines for sustainable productive processes, through approaches that embrace sustainability; ii) identification of industrial processes of pulp extraction and respective operational features; iii) definition of an industrial unit to perform the study, as well as the seasonality and the availability of vegetal wastes coming from the vegetable process; iv) adaptation of the industrial process of pulp extraction for using with vegetable wastes, and attendance to constraints of the current process in the industrial unit chosen for the study; and v) the performance of extraction tests using a project of experiments for further characterization of the cellulose pulp resulting from the waste. It was employed a Factorial composite second-order design in a Surface Response Methodology (SRM) in order to analyze the influence of the controlled variables over the response variables. Variables of the extraction process were defined according with the specific literature’s data, and response variables, adequate to the cellulose pulp characterization as Kappa Number, capability, absortion speed and apparent density were analyzed. Results indicate that constraints related to the high temperature used in the equipment available for extraction is a relevant factor in the process for obtaining higher contents of delignification. Studies show the influence of using additive process, anthraquinone, load time and alkaline pulping, as well as treatment of hydrolysis in the waste of pulp quality. The remarkable difference in the quality of vegetable waste after hydrolysis treatment indicates that a pretreatment stage of such waste is interesting, since the fiber is resistant and requires high alkali and addictive charges.
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Avaliação histológica e imunolocalização de STRO-1 e BMP-4 em molares de ratos com polpa vital ou necrose pulpar induzida durante o desenvolvimento radicularBöttcher, Daiana Elisabeth January 2012 (has links)
Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar morfologicamente os tecidos pulpar e periapical de molares de ratos com a polpa vital e expostos ao meio bucal durante o desenvolvimento radicular, além de detectar a localização do STRO-1 e do BMP4 nos mesmos. Métodos: Foram utilizados 24 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar com quatro semanas de idade. A fim de induzir a necrose, foi realizada a exposição pulpar dos primeiros molares inferiores esquerdos em condições não-assépticas e deixando a polpa exposta ao ambiente oral (grupo teste). Os molares inferiores do lado direito não sofreram intervenção e serviram como grupo controle. A eutanásia dos animais foi realizada nos tempos de 7, 10, 13 e 16 semanas de vida (o equivalente a 3, 6, 9 e 12 semanas após a intervenção). Após, as mandíbulas foram dissecadas e processadas para a análise histológica através de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Imunohistoquímica. Foram comparadas, entre os grupos, em cada um dos períodos, a reação inflamatória periapical, as características do tecido pulpar (células inflamatórias, vascularização, odontoblastos, degeneração, destruição tecidual), fechamento do forame e presença de reabsorções. Resultados: Todos os dentes do grupo teste apresentaram necrose pulpar e a interrupção do desenvolvimento radicular. Enquanto isso, os dentes do grupo controle apresentaram o desenvolvimento normal dos tecidos dentários. Quanto à imunohistoquímica, foi constatada a marcação pelo BMP-4 no tecido pulpar dos dentes do grupo controle. Não houve, no entanto, marcação nos dentes do grupo teste. Para o STRO-1, a marcação foi mais evidente na região dos vasos sanguíneos, tanto no grupo controle, quanto no grupo teste. Para nenhum dos anticorpos, foi constatada marcação na região da papila apical. Conclusão: No presente estudo, a técnica imunohistoquímica não foi suficiente para a avaliação da presença de células-tronco na região da papila de dentes com rizogênese incompleta e necrose pulpar. É possível que a presença de infecção e a reação inflamatória tenham bloqueado a expressão do STRO-1 e do BMP-4. / Objective: the aim of this study was to characterize the features of live and necrotic dental pulps of molar teeth in rats with developing roots, and to assess the expression of STRO-1 and BMP-4. Methods: twenty-four 4-month-old male Wistar rats were used. To induce necrosis, the pulps of the first lower left molars were exposed to the oral environment. The lower right molars served as the control non-operated group. Euthanasia of animals was carried out at 7, 10, 13 and 16 weeks and the jaws were dissected and processed for histological analysis by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry. The periapical inflammatory reaction, the characteristics of the pulp tissue (inflammatory cells, vascularity, odontoblasts, degeneration, tissue destruction), closure of the foramen and presence of resorptions were described at each period. Results: all teeth from the test group presented pulp necrosis, occurring discontinuation of root development. Meanwhile, the teeth of the control group showed normal development of dental tissues. BMP-4-positive cells were detected in the pulp of teeth from the control group. However, there was no expression in teeth of the test group. For STRO-1, expression was more evident in the blood vessels, both for the control group and for the test group. Apical papilla evidenced no BMP-4 nor STRO-1 expression. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry was not sufficient to evaluate the presence of stem cells in the apical papilla region of nonvital immature teeth. It is possible that the inflammatory process has blocked the expression of STRO-1 and BMP-4., Probably, infection has negatively modulated this expression.
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Células-tronco da polpa de dentes decíduos humanos : isolamento relacionado à rizólise dentáriaBernardi, Lisiane January 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi de tentar isolar e cultivar células da polpa de dentes decíduos humanos hígidos com diferentes graus de rizólise e avaliá-las após a expansão in vitro para parâmetros apresentados por células-tronco. Para tanto, o tecido pulpar foi obtido a partir de 30 dentes de crianças de 6 a 12 anos. A exodontia dos dentes foi indicada pelo cirurgião-dentista responsável pelo tratamento da criança. Os responsáveis pelos pacientes assinaram um termo de doação de material biológico aprovado pelo comitê de ética da UFRGS. Do total de dentes, 21 estavam em processo avançado de rizólise (grupo I), sendo que 17 possuíam raiz totalmente reabsorvida e 4 apresentavam cerca de de raiz residual. Os 9 dentes restantes não apresentavam reabsorção visível (grupo II). Todos os dentes extraídos foram imersos em meio de cultura para o transporte ao laboratório. Na capela de fluxo laminar, o tecido pulpar foi removido e incubado com colagenase tipo I e submetido a dissociação mecânica. A suspensão obtida foi semeada em placa de 12 poços e o meio de cultura trocado após 24 horas e após a cada 4 dias até a confluência de 90% ser atingida, quando eram realizadas as passagens. Na quinta e décima passagens, as células foram avaliadas pela citometria de fluxo quanto a seu fenótipo para CD29, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD90, CD117, CD133, CD146, CD184, STRO-1 e HLA-DR e para determinar a presença/ausência da expressão gênica de OCT4, por meio de RT-PCR. Nas mesmas passagens, as células foram submetidas a avaliação do seu crescimento in vitro e foram induzidas à diferenciação adipogênica, osteogênica e condrogênica. O isolamento das células foi considerado com sucesso em 25 amostras nas quais células aderidas foram verificadas após 24h. Apenas 17 destas atingiram confluência de 90%. Não foi possível estabelecer cultura do grupo II (n=9). O estabelecimento das culturas e a capacidade de proliferação foram independentes da quantidade de tecido pulpar remanescente coletado. As células nas quinta e décima passagens foram positivas para CD29, CD44 e CD90 (>95%) e para a expressão gênica de OCT-4. Positividade moderada foi vista para CD117 e CD133 e expressão inferior a 3% para CD34, CD45, HLA-DR, CD184 e STRO-1 em todas as análises. Foi pequena também, a marcação de CD146. O CD146 está relacionado com as células-tronco localizadas nos pericitos, sendo descrito como possível nicho das células-tronco pulpares. Todas as culturas foram capazes de diferenciação nas 3 linhagens celulares citadas. Portanto, as células isoladas eram células-tronco, pois foram aderentes ao plástico, positivas para marcadores característicos de células-tronco mesenquimais e pluripotentes. Considerando os baixos níveis de expressão de CD146, nós podemos sugerir que o nicho perivascular não é o único provedor das células-tronco pulpares. A facilidade de obtenção das células parece estar ligada ao processo de rizólise, visto que as células do tecido pulpar do grupo I apresentaram-se capazes de proliferação in vitro, enquanto que no grupo II esta não foi suficiente para permitir o estabelecimento das culturas. / The aim of this study was to isolate and grow cells from the pulp of human sound deciduous teeth with different levels of resorption, and evaluate stem cell parameters after growing them in vitro. Pulp tissue was removed from 30 different patients, aged from 6 to 12. A free informed term of consent was signed by the patient’s next of kin, approved by UFRGS’s Ethical Committee. From all the teeth, 21 were in advanced levels of resorption (group I): 17 had completely reabsorbed roots and 4 had ⅓ of residual roots. The 9 teeth left did not show any visible re-absorption (group II). The teeth were immersed in culture medium to be transported to the lab. In aseptic conditions, pulp tissue was removed, incubated with type I collagenase and mechanically dissociated. The suspension was seeded onto 12 well plates and the medium was changed every 4 days until the culture reached 90% confluence, when a passage was performed. The phenotype of the cells was analyzed on fifth and tenth passages, by flow cytometry for the following markers: CD29, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD90, CD117, CD133, CD146, CD184, STRO-1 and HLA-DR; and RT-PCR for OCT-4. On the same passages, cells were differentiated into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Cell isolation was successful in 25 samples, where adherent cells were observed after 24h. Only 17 of these samples reached 90% confluence. It was not possible to establish cell culture from group II teeth (n=9). Cell growth and ability to proliferate in vitro were not dependent on the amount of pulp tissue that was collected. Cells on both fifth and tenth passages were positive for CD29, CD44 and CD90 (>95%) and also for the expression of OCT-4. Moderate labelling was observed for CD117 and CD133, while an expression lower than 3% for CD34, CD45, HLA-DR, CD 184 and STRO-1 was detected. Low amounts of CD146 were found in all analysis. CD146 is related to pericytes stem cells and therefore can be pulp stem cells niche. All cultures were able differentiate into all 3 cell types. According to these findings, the isolated pulp cells can be considered stem cells: they were adherent to plastic, positive for stem cell related markers and pluripotent. Considering the cells expressed low levels of CD146, we can infer that the perivascular niche isn’t the only source of pulpar stem cells. The easiness to obtain cells seems to be related to the root resorption process, because the cells from group I were able to proliferate in vitro, while group II cells were not.
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