Utifrån min egen skolgång och känslan av att musikskapande aktiviteter bortprioriterats för att skapa utrymme för sådana moment som ger ”mest kunskap” har jag med denna studie valt att undersöka just användandet av musikskapande aktiviteter i grundskolans musikundervisning. Den tidigare forskning som lyfts fram visar att kreativa arbetssätt och skapande aktiviteter främjar elevers musikaliska kunskaper och sociala färdigheter. Trots detta visar statliga utvärderingar av musikämnet att musikskapande aktiviteter är eftersatt på många skolor i landet samt att musiklärare saknar självförtroende och kompetens att undervisa i momentet. Genom en webbenkät som datainsamlingsmetod syftar föreliggande studie till att studera musiklärares arbete med musikskapande aktiviteter. Forskningsfrågorna som ligger till grund för arbetet berör musiklärares definition av musikskapande aktiviteter, attityd till och prioritering av momentet samt eventuella samband mellan olika faktorer och användandet av musikskapande aktiviteter i undervisning. Metodmässigt tar studien en medelväg och med avstamp i ett explorativt perspektiv kan studien anses ha sin grund i den kvantitativa ansatsen tillsammans med vissa kvalitativa tolkande inslag. Resultatet av studien visar att de medverkande informanterna har en övervägande positiv attityd till musikskapande aktiviteter samt enligt sin egen uppfattning prioriterar momentet i relativt hög grad i sin undervisning. Musikskapande som komposition, musikskapande som digital produktion och musikskapande som gestaltande kommunikation är tre övergripande innebörder av begreppet musikskapande som framträder ur resultatet, dock anser många informanter att begreppet är svårdefinierat och att det snarare är ett sammanfattande begrepp för flera moment i undervisningen. Ytterligare resultat visar att faktorer som kön, yrkeserfarenhet, attityder och vilken del av landet informanten undervisar i pekar på tydliga samband i förhållande till attityd och prioritering av musikskapande aktiviteter. Avslutningsvis förs en diskussion kring studiens resultat och huruvida musikskapande aktiviteter bör ses som ett genomsyrande förhållningssätt i musikundervisningen snarare än ett enskilt moment. / Based on my own schooling and the feeling that music-creating activities have been de-prioritized to create space for elements of music that provides "the most knowledge", I have with this study chosen to investigate the use of music-creating activities in primary school music education. Previous research that highlights shows that creative thinking and creative activities promote students' musical knowledge and social skills. Despite this, evaluations of Swedish music education shows that music-creating activities are neglected in many schools and that music teachers lack the self-confidence and competence to teach the element. Through a web survey as a collection method of data, this essay aims to study music teachers’ usage of music-creating activities in their practice. The research questions that form the basis of the study concern music teachers' definition of music-creating activities, attitudes to and inclusion of the element and possible connections between different factors. Methodologically, the study takes a middle ground and with a starting point in an exploratory perspective the study is considered to have its basis in the quantitative approach together with certain qualitative interpretive elements. The result of the study shows that the participating informants have a predominantly positive attitude towards music-creating activities as well as recurring use of it in their teaching. Music creation as composition, music creation as digital production and music creation as formative communication are three main definitions of the concept of music creation that emerges from the survey answers, however, many informants believe that the concept is difficult to define and that it is rather a summary concept for several moments in teaching. Further results show that factors such as gender, professional experience, attitude and which part of the country the informants teach point to clear connections in relation to the use of music-creating activities. Finally, there is a discussion about the results of the study and whether music-creating activities should be seen as a permeating approach in music teaching rather than an individual element.

Western society has undergone a major developments in human values, social norms and the degree of tolerance to various manifestations of human behavior after the World War II. and this development naturally continues until today. With this is connected a permissive society, society with so free normative structure, that it tolerates almost all kinds of social behavior. For some people is exaggerated liberality harmful and threatens normative system and values asociated with moral decline. The thesis will be about permissiveness and tolerance to some kinds of people's action in Czech republic. At the very beginning of the theoretical part I will explain the basic concepts. Then I'll make a probe into the past and explain social revolution which led to formation of permissive society with all important causes. After that I'll focuse on main symptoms of permissive society. Theoretical part will be ended by historical look at the conditions for permissiveness in post-war Czech. In analytical part I will use data from European values study, my based on that quantitative research from year 2014 and other available data. There will be general anaylisis about development of permissivenes since 1991 till today. My 2014 data will be also used in more detailed analysis using sociodemographic characteristics. Powered...

The risk of having a disability increases with advancing age and as the life expectancy is growing worldwide, the number of people living with disability is expected to increase, as well as the number of years lived with disability. Low back pain and sarcopenia are health problems that present a higher prevalence with aging. While low back pain is a symptom, sarcopenia is considered a geriatric syndrome. However, both issues constitute a significant health burden in older adults. Although there are many research studies investigating low back pain, the participation of older adults is often missing from these studies, preventing the generalization of the findings to this population, and leaving some questions unanswered. On the other hand, sarcopenia is a new research field with gaps to fill and flaws to correct. Questions related to low back pain management in older adults, the inclusion of this population in clinical trials, the presence of association between sarcopenia and low back pain and questions pertaining the diagnosis and measurement of sarcopenia have yet to be fully addressed by researchers. The broad aim of this thesis therefore was to contribute to a better understanding concerning low back pain and sarcopenia in older adults by performing studies in these key research areas. Different interventions are presented in clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of low back pain. However, these recommendations are based on clinical trials investigating young and middle-aged adults and as a result, the recommendations do not encompass older adults. Therefore, a systematic review was performed with the objective of assessing the effectiveness of interventions for low back pain in older adults ≥ 60 years (Chapter 3). Eligible studies were identified via searches in Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, PEDro, and Cochrane CENTRAL. A total of 18 randomized controlled trials fulfilled the eligibility criteria and the results from eight trials were pooled in a meta-analysis to test the effectiveness of complementary health approaches (i.e., manual therapy, acupuncture, mindfulness, yoga). Evidence about interventions to manage non-specific low back pain in older adults was found to be weak. Very low to moderate quality evidence showed that complementary health approaches, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, education, exercise, or pharmacological agents did not produce a clinically significant reduction in pain and disability at short and intermediate terms compared to sham, usual care, or minimal intervention. Interventions were often not well described and the risk of bias was moderate (average of 6.4 on the 10-point PEDro Scale (SD = 1.44)). Evidence about interventions for non-specific low back pain in older adults is limited and new studies are highly likely to change these results. Participation of older adults in clinical trials pertaining to the management of low back pain has been limited. Usually, the exclusion of older adults from clinical trials is based solely on an arbitrary age limit. Therefore, an investigation concerning the potential increased inclusion of older adults in upcoming clinical trials was conducted (Chapter 4). Chapter four presents an analysis of the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform database from the World Health Organization performed to verify the participation of older adults in registered clinical trials. A total of 167 clinical trial protocols for low back pain with registration dates from January 2015 through November 2018 were planning to recruit participants older than 65 years. However, only five registered trials (2.99%; pooled sample = 169 participants) were designed to target this population specifically. The exclusion of older participants was not formally justified and imposed through an arbitrary upper-age limit in 93.6% of the protocols. Most studies planning to include older adults were interested in pharmacologic interventions, devices/technology, and physical rehabilitation, and were to be carried out in developed regions. However, older adults with low back pain will continue to be under-investigated in clinical trials for low back pain in the near future. Although a slight increase in the participation of older adults in clinical trials was observed, the improvement is small and some questions still need an answer. Therefore, a survey investigating whether researchers recognize the exclusion of older adults from clinical trials, its impact, and justifications to support this exclusion was realized (Chapter 5). All attendees of the 2017 International Back Forum were invited by email to answer an electronic survey about their opinions regarding participation of older adults in clinical trials for low back pain. Approximately 90% of those who answered the questionnaire were engaged with back research, with more than a half having done or doing a clinical trial for low back pain. Most of the respondents believed that older people are excluded from clinical trials for low back pain and that exclusion based solely on age is not justifiable. About two thirds of the respondents reported that the exclusion of older people from clinical trials can impose a barrier in offering evidence-based interventions to this population. More researchers are planning to include older adults in their current/future trials compared to their previous work. An increase in the investigation of older adults in clinical trials is expected in the future which may optimize the development of evidence-based interventions for this population. As early evidence suggests an association between sarcopenic markers and low back pain, the association between the diagnosis of sarcopenia and low back pain still needs to be investigated (Chapter 6). Therefore, a study investigating the association between sarcopenia using different diagnosis criteria and low back pain in older adults was performed. Data from 12,646 older adults (50.1% men, 49.9% women) ≥ 65 years of age that participated in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) were analyzed. The prevalence of low back pain in the past 12 months as well the prevalence of sarcopenia assessed through different definitions, and the number of comorbidities and depressive symptoms were included in the analysis. Associations between sarcopenia, comorbidities and lifestyle factors with low back pain were examined using multivariate logistic regressions. Prevalence of low back pain was 16.3% and the prevalence of sarcopenia varied among sarcopenia definitions and the presence of low back pain. Participants with low back pain had higher prevalence of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia compared to those without low back pain based on the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (x2 = 20.25, p < 0.001) and the Foundation National Institute of Health definitions (x2 = 13.83, p < 0.001). The odds of having low back pain was higher among those with sarcopenia based on the Foundation National Institute of Health criterion (OR 1.28, 95%CI 1.0-1.64). These results suggest that sarcopenia may influence low back pain in older adults and future studies should consider to test whether the association between sarcopenia and low back pain is causal. Current clinical practice guidelines recommend to divide patients with low back pain in specific subgroups to provide a targeted intervention. However, despite older adults presenting specific age-related characteristics that could classify them as a subgroup, this population has been neglected. Sarcopenia is a muscle disease affecting older adults and is diagnosed with the presence of a reduction in muscle strength and muscle quantity/quality. Although low back pain has been shown to be associated with muscle dysfunction, the role of sarcopenia in relation to low back pain is unknown. An experiment comparing sarcopenic markers (grip strength and gait speed), muscle activity and elasticity between older adults with and without chronic low back pain was conducted (Chapter 7). The anticipatory activity of transversus abdominis muscle during the rapid arm abduction test, transversus abdominis muscle elasticity, grip strength and gait speed were collected from a group of older adults (≥ 60 years) with chronic low back pain (≥ 3 months) and the results compared with a control group of matched older adults without low back pain. Participants with chronic low back pain presented with a reduction in the sarcopenic markers compared with the controls: grip strength (mean difference (MD) = 5.3Kg, 95%CI = 1.5-9.0, p = 0.006), gait speed (MD = 0.21m/s, 95%CI = 0.10-0.31, p<0.001), as well as a delay in activation of transversus abdominis (p = 0.002). A delay in transversus abdominis muscle activation, and a reduction in muscle strength and gait speed were observed in older adults with chronic low back pain compared to subjects without back complaints. These findings show an association between muscle dysfunction and chronic low back pain in older adults. Although the definition of sarcopenia was recently updated establishing muscle strength as the key criteria surpassing the role of muscle mass, there remains confusion regarding its diagnosis and the comparison of estimates is problematic. Therefore, a systematic review assessing how sarcopenia is measured and defined in population-based studies was performed. Chapters 8 and 9 describe the protocol of a systematic review and the full systematic review respectively. The databases Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science (Core Collection), and Google Scholar were searched for observational population-based studies reporting prevalence of sarcopenia in community dwelling older adults. Descriptive statistics were used to present data pertaining to sarcopenia definition and measurement tools, and the quality-effects model for meta-analysis of pooled prevalence. Results found seven different operational definitions of sarcopenia and a variety of measurement tools applied to assess the sarcopenic markers: muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. The prevalence of sarcopenia varied between the definitions, with general estimates ranging from 5% based on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP1) criterion to 17% with the International Working Group on Sarcopenia criterion. The use of different measurement tools to assess muscle mass, strength and physical performance resulted in variations within definitions ranging from 1 to 7%, 1 to 12% and 0 to 22%, respectively. The criteria used to define sarcopenia, as well as the measurement tools used to assess sarcopenic markers has an influence in the prevalence of sarcopenia. The establishment of a unique definition for sarcopenia, the use of methods that guarantee an accurate evaluation of muscle mass, and the standardization of measurement tools are necessary to allow a proper diagnosis and comparison of sarcopenia prevalence among populations.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Randomized studies are designed to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) of an intervention. Individuals may derive quantitatively, or even qualitatively, different effects from the ATE, which is called the heterogeneity of treatment effect. It is important to detect the existence of heterogeneity in the treatment responses, and identify the different sub-populations. Two corresponding statistical methods will be discussed in this talk: a hypothesis testing procedure and a mixture-model based approach. The hypothesis testing procedure was constructed to test for the existence of a treatment effect in sub-populations. The test is nonparametric, and can be applied to all types of outcome measures. A key innovation of this test is to build stochastic search into the test statistic to detect signals that may not be linearly related to the multiple covariates. Simulations were performed to compare the proposed test with existing methods. Power calculation strategy was also developed for the proposed test at the design stage. The mixture-model based approach was developed to identify and study the sub-populations with different treatment effects from an intervention. A latent binary variable was used to indicate whether or not a subject was in a sub-population with average treatment benefit. The mixture-model combines a logistic formulation of the latent variable with proportional hazards models. The parameters in the mixture-model were estimated by the EM algorithm. The properties of the estimators were then studied by the simulations. Finally, all above methods were applied to a real randomized study in a low ejection fraction population that compared the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) with conventional medical therapy in reducing total mortality.

This study investigated the relationship between Chinese young adults' usage of micro-blog and their cultural values. Data was collected from a group-administered survey, which was constituted by 484 students aged from 17 to 30 in variety majors in five colleges in Beijing. Results answered two research questions, indicating that there is a strong relationship between traditional cultural values' changes in Chinese young adults and micro-blog usage. The results also indicated that the more Chinese young adults engaged in micro-blog usage, the more likely they would show distinctive features in both Eastern and Western cultural values. In other words, highly active Chinese micro-blog users have crossed the Eastern and Western cultural boundaries and are developing bicultural identity due to globalization in media environment.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general determinar la influencia de la satisfacción laboral en la intención de rotación del personal en la empresa EPSEL S.A. Chiclayo, 2022. Por otro lado, en cuando a la metodología, el estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, tipo correlacional con la aplicabilidad de una encuesta (cuestionario), tiene un diseño no experimental de corte transversal, la muestra estuvo conformada por 150 trabajadores de la empresa en donde se utilizaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión; el modelo conceptual de ambas variables fue propuesto por (Jacobs y Roodt. 2008; Villarreal et al., 2020), donde la variable independiente satisfacción laboral cuenta con las dimensiones: condiciones individuales y condiciones de infraestructura; y la variable dependiente intención de rotación es unidimensional, aplicándose una escala tipo Likert, para el procesamiento de la información se empleó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial empleando el software SPSS 26. Se empleó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para poder correlacionar las dos variables y las dimensiones de cada variable. Además, se realizó la prueba de normalidad para verificar si los datos presentaban una distribución normal. En los resultados reflejados se halló que las variables de satisfacción laboral e intención de rotación se encuentran un nivel moderado alto. Concluyendo que intención de rotación del colaborador depende directamente de la satisfacción laboral del personal. / The present investigation has as a general objective to determine the influence of job satisfaction on the intention of staff turnover in the company EPSEL S.A. Chiclayo, 2022. On the other hand, in terms of methodology, the study has a quantitative approach, correlational type with the applicability of a survey (questionnaire), it has a non-experimental cross-sectional design, the sample consisted of 150 workers from the company where inclusion and exclusion criteria were used; the conceptual model of both variables was proposed by (Jacobs and Roodt. 2008; Villarreal et al., 2020), where the independent variable job satisfaction has the dimensions: individual conditions and infrastructure conditions; and the dependent variable intention to rotate is unidimensional, applying a Likert-type scale, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to process the information using the SPSS 26 software. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to correlate the two variables and the dimensions of each variable. In addition, the normality test was performed to verify if the data presented a normal distribution. In the reflected results, it was found that the variables of job satisfaction and intention of rotation are at a moderately high level. Concluding that the intention of employee rotation depends directly on the job satisfaction of the staff.

The thesis investigates the influence of media consultation habits as the developers of risk perceptions among young travelers. It deals with the information-seeking practices of individuals aged 18 to 29 by scrutinizing the extent to which certain media channels are sought out to inform themselves about travel-related risks. By employing a quantitative research approach and collecting data through a web-based questionnaire, the study investigates the role of various information channels by measuring the degree to which they are sought out by the respondents. The findings reveal that legacy media is the most trusted source for risk information among young travelers, surpassing social media and other channels. This unexpected result highlights the significant role of traditional media in shaping risk perceptions despite the prevalence of digital platforms. The study's conclusions are intended to serve tourism professionals and destination managers seeking to enhance communication strategies and manage tourists' risk perceptions effectively.

La presente investigación denominada inbound marketing y su relación con la fidelización de clientes frecuentes en la cafetería Tostao de Chiclayo, 2023 tuvo como propósito analizar la relación de las variables y el objetivo general fue determinar la relación que existe entre inbound marketing y fidelización de clientes frecuentes, en la parte metodológica fue de tipo básico de enfoque cuantitativo y el diseño fue de un estudio no experimental de corte transversal correlacional, la población compuesta por 746 clientes de la cafetería y una muestra de 254 el tipo de muestreo fue probabilístico ya que se utilizó una fórmula para poblaciones finitas, referente a la validación se hizo con la V de Aiken contando con el apoyo de 6 expertos, para discernir la confiabilidad se utilizó el alfa de Cronbach aplicando la prueba piloto con una muestra de 26 clientes, en técnicas e instrumentos se utilizó dos encuestas y como instrumentos los cuestionarios, que se formularon conforme las dimensiones e indicadores; asimismo, se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS V23 y el Excel para poder obtener los resultados que se analizaron conforme los objetivos, en la hipótesis general se observa que se aplicó el estadístico Rho de Spearman 0,573 es así que la variable inbound marketing está en relación directa con la variable fidelización de clientes, además el valor de significancia es 0, 000 menor a 0,05 esto permite rechazar H2 aceptando H1, es decir el inbound marketing se relaciona con fidelización de clientes. / The purpose of this research called inbound marketing and its relationship with the loyalty of frequent customers in the Tostao cafeteria in the city of Chiclayo, 2023 was to analyze the relationship of the variables and the general objective was to determine the relationship that exists between inbound marketing and loyalty of frequent customers, in the methodological part it was a basic type of quantitative approach and the design was a non-experimental cross-sectional correlational study, the population composed of 742 customers of the cafeteria and a sample of 254, the type of sampling was probabilistic since that a formula for finite populations was used, regarding validation it was done with Aiken's V with the support of 6 experts, to discern reliability Cronbach's alpha was used applying the pilot test with a sample of 26 clients, in techniques and instruments, two surveys were used and the questionnaires were used as instruments, which were formulated according to the dimensions and indicators; Likewise, the statistical program SPSS V23 and Excel were used to obtain the results that were analyzed according to the objectives. In the general hypothesis it is observed that the Spearman's Rho statistic was applied 0.573, thus the inbound marketing variable is in direct relationship with the customer loyalty variable, in addition the significance value is 0.000 less than 0.05, this allows us to reject H2 while accepting H1, that is, inbound marketing is related to customer loyalty.

Esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo determinar si la percepción de los estilos de liderazgo ejerce influencia en la cultura organizacional entre los colaboradores de una empresa industrial. Para ello, se ha adoptado un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo aplicado, con un alcance correlacional y un diseño no experimental de tipo transversal. La muestra contempla a 200 colaboradores de diversos niveles jerárquicos. Se empleó el Cuestionario de estilos de liderazgo (CELID - S) para medir el liderazgo y el Cuestionario OCAI (Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument) para evaluar la cultura organizacional.). Para la aplicación de los cuestionarios, en primera instancia se realizó la coordinación con gerencia sobre los horarios disponibles de los colaboradores, posterior a eso, al momento de aplicar el cuestionario, se explicó a cada colaborador sobre el llenado de este. Una vez completados los 200 cuestionarios, se procedió a ingresar las respuestas para su análisis utilizando el programa SPSS versión 25 y Microsoft Excel 2016. Finalmente, los resultados sugieren que los estilos de liderazgo transformacional y transaccional tienen una influencia significativa en la cultura organizacional, Además, se señala que, al perfeccionar estos estilos, se podría contribuir al fortalecimiento de una cultura organizacional sólida. Se destaca la relevancia de la relación entre liderazgo y cultura organizacional en el contexto específico de la empresa investigada / This objective of the principal research is to determine if the perception of leadership styles influences the organizational culture among the employees of an industrial company. To this end, an applied quantitative approach has been adopted, with a correlational scope and a non experimental cross-sectional design. The sample includes 200 collaborators from various hierarchical levels. The Leadership Styles Questionnaire (CELID - S) was used to measure leadership and the OCAI Questionnaire (Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument) to evaluate organizational culture.). For the application of the questionnaires, in the first instance coordination was carried out with management regarding the available schedules of the collaborators, after that, at the time of applying the questionnaire, each collaborator was explained about how to fill it out. Once the 200 questionnaires were completed, the responses were entered for analysis using the SPSS version 25 program and Microsoft Excel 2016. Finally, the results suggest that transformational and transactional leadership styles have a significant influence on organizational culture, in addition , it is pointed out that, by perfecting these styles, it could contribute to strengthening a solid organizational culture. The relevance of the relationship between leadership and organizational culture in the specific context of the company investigated is highlighted.

This study focuses on the teaching of RE in Zambian multireligious secondary schools. The problem faced in secondary schools is that currently RE is being taught with a single religious approach by the RE teachers instead of using a multireligious perspective as directed by the Ministry of Education (MoE). The aim of this study, therefore, was to find out why RE teachers tend to be reluctant to respond to the MoE directive in applying a multireligious approach to the subject. In order to achieve this aim, an empirical investigation was necessary. A quantitative and qualitative survey through self-administered questionnaires and in-depth interviews were undertaken by the 194 teachers teaching RE in selected secondary schools in the Copperbelt Province. The research reveals that the RE teachers' reluctance to respond to the Ministry's directive is a result of their different perceptions which are mostly influenced by their religious affiliations and the syllabuses they use. For example, the majority of the RE teachers involved in the teaching of RE in secondary schools are Christians, therefore, they are reluctant to teach RE that also includes non-Christian religions because they feel it would compromise their consciences and their own faiths. As a result, they prefer to teach the subject from a Christian standpoint. This approach differs from the MoE directive to teach RE from a multireligious perspective. In the light of the different perceptions concerning the problem of teaching RE in Zambian multireligious secondary schools, the following recommendations have been made: (i) Since the Zambian secondary schools have become multireligious, RE teaching should take a multireligious perspective if it is to be relevant to the needs of pupils of diverse religious backgrounds; (ii) The current RE syllabuses (2044 and 2046) require a critical evaluation and revision in order to ensure that they adapt to a multireligious tradition. Finally, the results of this study concludes that the teaching of RE should be firmly placed in an educational context by making no assumptions or preconditions from the personal commitment of RE teachers. The role of RE teachers is that of educators. / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (Didactics)