Concerns the Hmong people in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Turkmens in Iraq. / UN Job no.: G0511801 E. Material type: NGO written statements. Issued under agenda item 6, agenda document E/CN.4/2005/1. Issued under agenda item 6a, agenda document E/CN.4/2005/1.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A autoavaliação do estado de saúde (AAS) é um indicador de saúde amplamente utilizado e influenciado por uma grande variedade de fatores. Em particular, existem evidências crescentes de que a discriminação racial é um importante fator de risco para eventos mórbidos em saúde e seu impacto na saúde da população brasileira ainda é pouco explorado. No primeiro artigo, o objetivo principal é investigar a associação entre AAS e fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de morbidade. No segundo artigo, o objetivo é estimar a associação entre discriminação racial e diferentes desfechos em saúde, a saber, AAS, morbidade física e depressão ajustando por variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentos relacionados à saúde e Índice de Massa Corporal, na população de pretos e pardos. O presente estudo possui delineamento seccional, baseado nos dados do inquérito de abrangência nacional Pesquisa Dimensão Social das Desigualdades. Os entrevistados responderam a questionários estruturados e suas medidas antropométricas foram aferidas. No primeiro artigo, foram avaliados 12.324 indivíduos, entre chefes de família e cônjuges, com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos. No segundo artigo, foram avaliados 3.863 chefes de família que responderam a pergunta sobre discriminação racial e que se classificaram como pretos e pardos. AAS foi avaliada por meio de pergunta obtida do instrumento de qualidade de vida SF-36 e, para o primeiro artigo, foi analisada de forma dicotômica em AAS boa (categorias de resposta excelente, muito boa e boa) e AAS ruim (categorias de resposta razoável e ruim). No segundo artigo, esse desfecho foi analisado utilizando-se as 5 categorias de resposta. As análises foram realizadas utilizando-se modelos de regressão logística uni e multivariados, para dados binários (artigo 1) ou ordinais (artigo 2). Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de Odds Ratios com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Maior faixa etária, analfabetismo, tabagismo, obesidade e doenças crônicas estiveram associados a maior chance de AAS ruim. Para cada incremento na faixa de renda, observou-se uma redução de 20% na chance de relatar AAS ruim. Atividade física esteve associada a menor chance de AAS ruim. No segundo artigo, exposição à discriminação racial esteve associada com aumento na chance de relato de pior AAS, de morbidade física e de depressão. O presente estudo identificou a influência de diversos fatores sociais, demográficos, comportamentos relacionados à saúde e morbidade física na AAS. O estudo demonstrou ainda que a discriminação racial está associada negativamente aos três desfechos em saúde avaliados (AAS, morbidade física e depressão). Esses resultados podem traçar um perfil de subgrupos populacionais mais vulneráveis, ou seja, com maior risco de contrair doenças ou de procurar o serviço de saúde por uma doença já existente, auxiliando na definição de populações-alvo para o adequado planejamento de políticas e de programas de promoção de saúde. / Self-rated health (SRH) is a health indicator widely used in surveys and affected by many factors. There is increasing evidence showing that racial discrimination is an important risk factor for morbid events on health and its impact on health of the Brazilian population is still poorly understood. In the first paper, the main purpose is to investigate the association between SRH and social and demographic factors, health behaviors and morbidity. In the second paper, the main purpose is to estimate the association between racial discrimination and different health outcomes, such as: SRH, physical morbidity and depression, controlling for social and demographic variables, health behaviors and Body Mass Index, in the population of blacks and mullatoes. This study has a cross-sectional design and is based on data obtained from the national survey Research for Social Dimension of Inequalities. The interviewees answered to a structured questionnaire and had their anthropometric measures collected. In the first paper, 12,324 household chiefs and their spouses, aged 20 years or older, were evaluated. In the second paper, the study population was composed of 3,863 family chiefs who answered to the question about racial discrimination and who classified themselves as blacks or mullatoes. The measurement of SRH was based on the question obtained from the SF-36 quality-of-life questionnaire. For the first paper, SRH was treated as a dichotomous variable: Good (categories: Excellent, Very Good and Good) and Poor (Regular and Bad). For the second paper, the five original categories were considered. Analysis will be developed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models for binary (paper 1) and ordinal data (paper 2). Results were presented in the form of Odds Ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. Older age, illiteracy, smoking habits, obesity and chronic diseases were associated to higher chances of having poor SRH. As income increased, it was observed a reduction of 20% in the chance of having poor SRH. Physical activity was associated to a lower chance of having poor SRH. In the second paper, racial discrimination was associated to a higher chance of having: poor SRH, physical morbidity and depression. The present study identified the influence of several social and demographic factors, health behaviors, and physical morbidity in SRH. Individuals with poor SRH will compose the health services demand. It also showed that racial discrimination was negatively associated to the three evaluated health outcomes (SRH, physical morbidity and depression). These results may trace profiles of vulnerable population subgroups, that is, people with higher risks of becoming ill or of searching for health services because of an existent disease. This find may help in the definitions of target populations for the adequate establishment of health planning and programs

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A autoavaliação do estado de saúde (AAS) é um indicador de saúde amplamente utilizado e influenciado por uma grande variedade de fatores. Em particular, existem evidências crescentes de que a discriminação racial é um importante fator de risco para eventos mórbidos em saúde e seu impacto na saúde da população brasileira ainda é pouco explorado. No primeiro artigo, o objetivo principal é investigar a associação entre AAS e fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de morbidade. No segundo artigo, o objetivo é estimar a associação entre discriminação racial e diferentes desfechos em saúde, a saber, AAS, morbidade física e depressão ajustando por variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentos relacionados à saúde e Índice de Massa Corporal, na população de pretos e pardos. O presente estudo possui delineamento seccional, baseado nos dados do inquérito de abrangência nacional Pesquisa Dimensão Social das Desigualdades. Os entrevistados responderam a questionários estruturados e suas medidas antropométricas foram aferidas. No primeiro artigo, foram avaliados 12.324 indivíduos, entre chefes de família e cônjuges, com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos. No segundo artigo, foram avaliados 3.863 chefes de família que responderam a pergunta sobre discriminação racial e que se classificaram como pretos e pardos. AAS foi avaliada por meio de pergunta obtida do instrumento de qualidade de vida SF-36 e, para o primeiro artigo, foi analisada de forma dicotômica em AAS boa (categorias de resposta excelente, muito boa e boa) e AAS ruim (categorias de resposta razoável e ruim). No segundo artigo, esse desfecho foi analisado utilizando-se as 5 categorias de resposta. As análises foram realizadas utilizando-se modelos de regressão logística uni e multivariados, para dados binários (artigo 1) ou ordinais (artigo 2). Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de Odds Ratios com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Maior faixa etária, analfabetismo, tabagismo, obesidade e doenças crônicas estiveram associados a maior chance de AAS ruim. Para cada incremento na faixa de renda, observou-se uma redução de 20% na chance de relatar AAS ruim. Atividade física esteve associada a menor chance de AAS ruim. No segundo artigo, exposição à discriminação racial esteve associada com aumento na chance de relato de pior AAS, de morbidade física e de depressão. O presente estudo identificou a influência de diversos fatores sociais, demográficos, comportamentos relacionados à saúde e morbidade física na AAS. O estudo demonstrou ainda que a discriminação racial está associada negativamente aos três desfechos em saúde avaliados (AAS, morbidade física e depressão). Esses resultados podem traçar um perfil de subgrupos populacionais mais vulneráveis, ou seja, com maior risco de contrair doenças ou de procurar o serviço de saúde por uma doença já existente, auxiliando na definição de populações-alvo para o adequado planejamento de políticas e de programas de promoção de saúde. / Self-rated health (SRH) is a health indicator widely used in surveys and affected by many factors. There is increasing evidence showing that racial discrimination is an important risk factor for morbid events on health and its impact on health of the Brazilian population is still poorly understood. In the first paper, the main purpose is to investigate the association between SRH and social and demographic factors, health behaviors and morbidity. In the second paper, the main purpose is to estimate the association between racial discrimination and different health outcomes, such as: SRH, physical morbidity and depression, controlling for social and demographic variables, health behaviors and Body Mass Index, in the population of blacks and mullatoes. This study has a cross-sectional design and is based on data obtained from the national survey Research for Social Dimension of Inequalities. The interviewees answered to a structured questionnaire and had their anthropometric measures collected. In the first paper, 12,324 household chiefs and their spouses, aged 20 years or older, were evaluated. In the second paper, the study population was composed of 3,863 family chiefs who answered to the question about racial discrimination and who classified themselves as blacks or mullatoes. The measurement of SRH was based on the question obtained from the SF-36 quality-of-life questionnaire. For the first paper, SRH was treated as a dichotomous variable: Good (categories: Excellent, Very Good and Good) and Poor (Regular and Bad). For the second paper, the five original categories were considered. Analysis will be developed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models for binary (paper 1) and ordinal data (paper 2). Results were presented in the form of Odds Ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. Older age, illiteracy, smoking habits, obesity and chronic diseases were associated to higher chances of having poor SRH. As income increased, it was observed a reduction of 20% in the chance of having poor SRH. Physical activity was associated to a lower chance of having poor SRH. In the second paper, racial discrimination was associated to a higher chance of having: poor SRH, physical morbidity and depression. The present study identified the influence of several social and demographic factors, health behaviors, and physical morbidity in SRH. Individuals with poor SRH will compose the health services demand. It also showed that racial discrimination was negatively associated to the three evaluated health outcomes (SRH, physical morbidity and depression). These results may trace profiles of vulnerable population subgroups, that is, people with higher risks of becoming ill or of searching for health services because of an existent disease. This find may help in the definitions of target populations for the adequate establishment of health planning and programs

A proposta principal é a superação da discriminação racial nas instituições de ensino, analisar as formas mais comuns de expressar o racismo na sociedade contemporânea. As discussões abordam estereótipos existentes, bem como a importância de usar a lei para combater a discriminação. Isso envolve uma discussão sobre a legislação judicial e a importância da educação para se alcançar melhor qualidade de vida. É necessário melhorar a qualidade do corpo docente com intuito de melhorar as aulas, para que sejam mais significativas nesse processo de combate ao racismo no ambiente escolar em um primeiro momento, para que possa refletir na sociedade como um todo. Isso possibilidade e garantir que os afrodescendentes se tornem parte do sistema de ensino superior. / The main purpose is a comprehensive proposal to overcome racial discrimination in the school system and analyses the most common ways that racism is expressed nowadays in society. Discussions include existing stereotypes as well as the importance of using the law to fight discrimination. This involves a discussion of judicial legislation. The growing importance of education in terms of helping to achieve better living standards is explored. These include raising the quality of the teaching staff and raising the quality of the classes, as both of these actions are considered to be very useful in assuring that Afro-descendents become part of the higher education system.

abstract: International adoption in the U.S. remains a viable option for families who wish to build or expand their families; however, it has not been without controversy. Past research has sought to understand the initial and long-term psychological adjustment and racial/ethnic identity development of international and transracial adoptees. Research shows that pre-adoption adversity may be linked to the development of behavior and emotional problems, and opponents assert that international adoption strips children of their culture. Emerging research has focused on cultural socialization practices and how international and transracial adoptive families acknowledge or reject ethnic and racial differences within the family. An area less understood is how international and transracial adoptees cope with racism, prejudice, racial discrimination, and stereotyping. This study explores, using qualitative methods, the ways in which international and transracial adoptees experience and cope with racism, prejudice, racial discrimination and/or stereotyping. The personal stories of ten adult Korean adoptees are highlighted with particular attention to how interactions with adoptive family members and peers influence adoptees’ identity development, how adoptees resolve conflicts in terms of “fitting in,” and how parental/familial influence mitigates the effects of racism and racial discrimination. The study concludes with a discussion on implications for social work practice. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social Work 2015

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-15T13:54:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1268226 bytes, checksum: 26c17288baccac504a24160ef3e570a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-15T13:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1268226 bytes, checksum: 26c17288baccac504a24160ef3e570a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to investigate whether the woman's skin color and the attacker's skin color influence the responsibility attributed to the woman for the violence she suffered. Therefore, three main hypotheses were formulated that guided the conduct of three empirical studies. Study 1 tested the following hypotheses: the black female victim of sexual violence will be seen as more responsible than the white female victim, and the victims will be seen as more responsible when the attacker is black. The participants were 200 college student volunteers with a mean age of 20.70 years (SD = 4.00; 99 men and 101 women), who were separated into each the four experimental conditions (photos of a black man and a white woman; photos of a white man and a black woman; photos of a black man and a black woman; and photos of a white man and a white woman). As a result it was observed that when the attacker is black, the white victim (M = 3.83, SD = 0.29) is seen as more responsible than the black victim (M = 2.87, SD = 0.26 ). Thus the first hypotheses were not confirmed, as contrary to expectations, the results indicate that the attacker's skin color influences the responsibility assigned to the victim. Since the participant's gender did not have any influence on these results, the hypothesis was raised that the professional context of the participants could influence the responsibility assigned to the woman for violence she suffered. Thus, Study 2 aimed to investigate whether the male and female occupational classification (Carvalho, 2003) remained in force in order to test this hypothesis in Study 3. The participants in Study 2 were 100 college students with a mean age of 21.66 years (SD = 3.53; 48 men and 52 women). The results indicate that the classification is still in force today, considering disciplines such as engineering, computing, physics, and mathematics as professions better performed by men, and nursing, nutrition, and pedagogy as disciplines considered feminine. Finally, Study 3 sought to test the third hypothesis that the participant's group membership (female vs. male courses of study) would alter the responsibility assigned to the victim. With the participation of 202 college students with a mean age of 21.51 years (SD = 5.17; 101 men and 101 women) it was found that there is a significant triple interaction effect between the victim's skin color, the skin color of the aggressor, and the participant's group membership, confirming the hypothesis raised. Thus, in the female courses of study, when the victim was white and the attacker black, she was found more responsible (M = 3,86, SD = 0,30) than in the other experimental conditions. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar se a cor da pele da mulher e a cor da pele do agressor influenciam na responsabilização da mulher pela violência por ela sofrida. Diante disso, foram formuladas três hipóteses principais que orientaram a execução de três estudos empíricos. O Estudo 1 testou as seguintes hipóteses: a vítima de violência sexual negra será mais responsabilizada do que a vítima branca e as vítimas serão mais responsabilizadas quando o agressor for negro. Participaram voluntariamente 200 estudantes universitários com idade média de 20,70 anos (DP = 4,00; 99 homens e 101 mulheres), os quais foram alocados em cada uma das quatro condições experimentais (fotos de homem negro e de mulher branca; fotos de homem branco e de mulher negra; fotos de homem negro e de mulher negra e fotos de homem branco e mulher branca). Como resultado observou-se que quando o agressor é negro, a vítima branca (M = 3,83, DP = 0,29) é mais responsabilizada do que a vítima de cor negra (M = 2,87, DP = 0,26). Dessa forma a primeira hipótese não foi confirmada, em oposição, como previsto os resultados indicam que a cor da pele do agressor influencia na responsabilização da vítima. Uma vez que o sexo dos participantes não exerceu nenhuma influência nesses resultados, levantou-se a hipótese que o contexto profissional dos participantes poderia influenciar na responsabilização da mulher pela violência por ela sofrida. Assim, o Estudo 2 buscou investigar se a classificação de profissões em masculinas e femininas (Carvalho, 2003) continuava em vigor para no Estudo 3 testar esta hipótese. Os participantes do Estudo 2 foram 100 estudantes universitários com idade média de 21,66 anos (DP = 3,53; 48 homens e 52 mulheres). Os resultados indicam que a categorização continua em vigor atualmente, considerando cursos tais como Engenharias, computação, física e matemática como profissões melhor desempenhadas por homens e enfermagem, nutrição e pedagogia como cursos considerados femininos. Por fim, o Estudo 3 buscou testar a terceira hipótese de que a pertença grupal do participante (cursos femininos vs. cursos masculinos) influenciaria na responsabilização da vítima. Com a participação de 202 estudantes universitários com idade média de 21,51 anos (DP = 5,17; 101 homens e 101 mulheres) constatou-se que há um efeito de interação tripla significativo entre cor da pele da vítima, cor da pele do agressor e pertença grupal do participante, confirmando a hipótese levantada. Assim, nos cursos femininos, quando a vítima era branca e o agressor negro, ela foi mais responsabilizada (M = 3,86, DP = 0,30) do que nas outras condições experimentais.

A presente pesquisa se baseia na teoria crítica da branquidade, especificamente no que concerne aos elementos mais evidenciados da formação da identidade Branca, para realizar uma análise, por amostra, da tendência das demandas judiciais e julgamentos jurisprudenciais acerca da conduta de discriminação racial, prevista na legislação brasileira. Tendo em vista que as decisões dos tribunais a respeito desse tema se mostram bastantes controversas, os elementos da branquidade são trazidos a esse trabalho com a finalidade de contribuir com a tarefa dos operadores do direito de realizar a interpretação sobre dúvidas, dubiedades, lacunas e questionamentos sobre a eficácia da implementação da norma em reduzir as manifestações do racismo. / This research is based on the critical theory of whiteness, especially on elements that compose the white identity formation, for the purpose of analyzing the judicial decisions selected from the Brazilians tribunals, concerned to racial discrimination conducts. The elements of whiteness theory is consider as a contribution to the work of the professionals of law in giving an interpretation about the racial conflicts trials, considering the doubt, dubiousness, lacuna and analyses about the discrimination law efficacy in reduce the racism manifestations.

O presente trabalho está baseado em uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o racismo no Brasil e busca investigar, sob um olhar sociológico, as contradições entre o discurso jurídico, expresso, sobretudo, na legislação anti-racista e entre algumas práticas sociais brasileiras. Em um primeiro momento, o trabalho apresenta uma recuperação histórico-social do processo de fixação do racismo no pensamento intelectual e suas conseqüências sociais para a vivência do cotidiano brasileiro. Em um segundo momento, é feita uma compilação do tema do racismo na Constituição Brasileira e uma breve recuperação dos instrumentos legais e políticos complementares implementados em nome da dignidade humana e da igualdade dos indivíduos perante a lei. Partindo destes dois aspectos (histórico-social e jurídico-legislativo) o trabalho apresenta dois exemplos que revelam a persistência do racismo na sociedade brasileira: o preconceito dirigido ao negro nas rotinas de abordagem da Polícia Militar e os obstáculos à eqüidade no acesso à justiça. Desta forma, a despeito dos instrumentos normativos existentes, é possível reconhecer que o Brasil ainda apresenta muitos exemplos do enraizamento de valores e comportamentos discriminatórios no âmbito das práticas sociais, não obstante, os avanços mais contemporâneos da legislação no combate ao racismo na realidade brasileira. / This research is based on a literature review on racism in Brazil and aims to investigate, from a sociological perspective, the contradictions between the legal anti-racist discourse and some social practices. Firstly, the work presents a historical and social recovery of the process of fixation of racism in intellectual thought and its consequences to the experience of Brazilian daily life. In a second step, a compilation of the theme of racism in the Brazilian Constitution is made as well as a brief recovery of the legal instruments and complementary policies implemented in the name of human dignity and equality of individuals before the law. Considering these two aspects (historical-sociological and legal), the research presents two examples that reveal the persistence of racism in Brazilian society: the prejudice against black people in the routine approach of the Military Police and the barriers to equitable access to justice. Thus, despite the existing legal rules, we can recognize that Brazil still displays many examples in the context of social practices that bring about the historical roots of discriminatory behavior and values, nevertheless, to the most contemporary of legislation to combat racism in Brazilian reality.

<div>Exposure to racial discrimination has been consistently linked with risk for substance use. However, outside of affect-based factors, few other mechanisms have been examined in the literature. One potential candidate is locus of control (LOC). LOC is a learning processes that involves the degree to which an individual attributes rewards as resulting from their own control (internal LOC) versus outside control (external LOC). There is evidence that exposure to stressors is associated with LOC, with a separate body of literature linking LOC with substance use. Thus, it is plausible that LOC may be a mechanism underlying the relationship between racial discrimination and substance use. Additionally, there is evidence that depression is related to LOC. Thus, the relationship between racial discrimination, locus of control, and substance use may also be serially mediated through depressive symptoms. The current study investigated these two pathways among 503 racial/ethnic minority adults aged 18-35 who completed an online questionnaire that included measures on racial discrimination related stress, locus of control, depressive symptoms, and substance use. Results indicated a significant indirect effect of racial discrimination related stress through external locus of control, specifically the chance orientation, on substance use. Moreover, for both domains of external locus of control (i.e., chance and powerful others) a significant serial indirect effect was found through depressive symptoms within the racial discrimination-substance use pathway among racial/ethnic minority adults. These findings expand our understanding on potential mechanisms that underlie the racial discrimination-substance use risk pathway among racial/ethnic minority adults, which may in turn provide important targets for substance use intervention programming for this population.</div>

As a result of apartheid and ethnocentric structures in South Africa and Cape Town, the unemployment is highest among the black youth. The purpose of this study is to examine how the black youth are experiencing their possibilities to get a job. This qualitative study was conducted among black youths at the age of 18-34 living in Cape Town. The theoretical framework chosen for this study was habitus and capital, social position, intersectionality and social stratification. Focus has been on how habitus and intersectionality plays a part in how black youths experience their possibilities of getting a job and how their experiences can be related to structural aspects in South Africa. The respondents differ in terms of background and individual experiences, but they all seem to unite in the experience of Cape Town’s labor market as racist and difficult to get job at as a young black individual. The study shows that their skin color is the most distinct trait that are being evaluated on the labor market, whereby it further seems that the darker skin, the harder to get a job. What separates the respondents experiences is mainly dependent on their socioeconomic background and the area of their upbringing, whereby the respondents from poorer areas has experienced the challenge to get a job much harder. On a structural level there’s a general problem according to the respondents experiences with informal recruitment, exploitation and especially discrimination of the black youth. Furthermore, contacts seems to be crucial for getting a job, which seems to be upheld by the mentality of "looking after one's own people". Overall there are several aspects on both individual and structural level that affect black youths experience of getting a job in Cape Town.