Because of the importance attached to intangible assets in the modern world, the remedies for intellectual property infringement have been brought under the spotlight.  In this background, there has been an increased interest regarding the scope and desirability of using criminal sanctions for the protection of IPR, especially in cases involving commercial-scale counterfeiting and piracy.  However, this development has been received with mixed sentiments, with some commentators criticising the legitimacy of using criminal law for the protection of private property rights. This thesis undertakes a search for a coherent justification for criminalising intellectual property infringement.  The thesis also attempts to demonstrate the evolution and progression of criminal enforcement of IPR at the international level.  Furthermore, the thesis analyses crosscutting issues encountered by developing countries when enforcing criminal sanctions, thereby explaining the reluctance to reform criminal remedies for IPR infringement in these countries.  The thesis identifies criminal sanctions as a desirable remedy for countering the rising threat of piracy and counterfeiting.  It also highlights the achievements and shortcomings of multilateral actions taken thus far in relation to criminal IPR enforcement, thereby providing valuable insights for future negotiations.  Finally, it emphasises that a criminal IPR enforcement regime in any jurisdiction should be evaluated with caution, giving due consideration to other economic development interests and priorities of developing countries.

This thesis analyzes the relationship between constitutional protections and probation in America. That relationship is not a clear one because traditional protections of individual rights focus on the person accused of a crime while probation focuses attention on the convicted defendant. Students of public law have paid little attention to the defendant following his conviction.

In recent history, the rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) persons have been in constant fluctuation. Many states criminalize homosexual behavior while other states legally recognize same-sex marriages and same-sex adoptions. There are also irregular patterns where LGBT interest groups form across the globe. With this research project, I begin to explain why these discrepancies in the treatment of homosexuality and the formation of LGBT interest groups occur. I develop a theory that the most obvious contrast across the globe occurs when analyzing the treatment of homosexuals in OECD member states versus non-OECD countries. OECD nations tend to see the gay community struggle for more advanced civil rights and government protections, while non-OECD states have to worry about fundamental human rights to life and liberty. I find that this specific dichotomization is what causes the irregular LGBT interest group formation pattern across the globe; non-OECD nations tend to have fewer LGBT interest groups than their OECD counterparts. When looking at why non-OECD nations and OECD nations suppress the rights of their gay citizens, I find that religion plays a critical role in the suppression of the gay community. In this analysis, I measure religion several different ways, including the institution of an official state religion as well as the levels of religiosity within a nation. Regardless of how this variable is manipulated and measured, statistical analysis continuously shows that religion’s influence is the single most significant factor in leading to a decrease in both human and civil rights for gays and lesbians across the globe. Further analysis indicates that Judaism plays the most significant role out the three major world religions in the suppression of civil rights for homosexuals in OECD nations.

Thesis advisor: David Hollenbach / Despite the triumphalistic story of human rights progress, the twentieth century has witnessed the bloodiest human rights violation in of all of human history and the death toll of these atrocities has yet to decrease as we proceed into the new millennium. If it is evident that the egregious reality of violation of human rights is widespread and covers a large part of the globe, it is nonetheless also crucial to note that it has particularly taken on unbearable proportions on the African continent. Strangely enough, despite this extremely alarming situation, the world remains stonily undisturbed. One of the most flagrant and upsetting examples of this reality, which has distressed even the most skeptical, is the 1994 genocide of Rwandan Tutsis. In fact, nowhere else has the abstract and idealistic rhetoric of human rights, as well as the international community and the Church's commitment to human rights protection been as deeply demystified and radically questioned as in Rwanda. Hence, the present dissertation raises the question of how human rights discourse can articulate a vision of the subject of right that is not purely abstract and idealistic, but also takes into account the actual humanness of the subject of rights in his or her socio-historical condition. Furthermore, it asks how such a vision, one that is consistent with human rights exercise, can help reconstruct human rights ethics in a way that promotes greater respect for human rights for all, and how it can resolve the problem of apathy in the face of the human cry. In response to the above questions, the dissertation suggests an alternative to the inadequacy of the present human rights discourse that it articulates in two important moments. First, in a critical moment, it uses the tools of both political and liberation theologies in their respective critiques of modernity and colonial legacy of exploitative systems to formulate a threefold argument. This is an argument that challenges the epistemological assumptions, the ideological practical stance, and the perverse operation of human rights in the historical context of Africa in general, and that of Rwanda in particular. In its second moment, the argument relies on the dialogue between political and liberation theologies and, through a creative and internalized reading of their mutually constructive contributions, suggests new possible paths towards a new ethics of human rights. Such an approach not only reclaims the socio-historical conditions of the subject of rights, but it also places her suffering and its redemptive praxis at the heart of ethical concern and the struggle for human rights. Finally, it proposes an ethics that fosters a revolutionary anthropology of the suffering subject as a call to liberation and solidarity, as well as its consequential promotion of social structural transformation. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

MSc (Med), (Bioethics and Health Law), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Access to health care is a constitutionally recognized right, under section 27 of the South African Constitution. Fifteen years post the first democratic election in South Africa the realization of this right is the focus of this research report. In 1997 the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), a statutory body assigned to evaluate the realization of access to health care, held a public enquiry into the matter. The report was released in early 2009. The public health care system was found to be in a „lamentable state‟. South Africa faces a number of challenges that complicate the progressive realization of access to health care . For example, the country is currently in recession; the HIV / AIDS statistics is among the highest in the world placing a huge burden on public health; South Africa has the highest income inequality globally and the gap between public and private health care, with regards to affordability and quality of service remains a great concern. A way of addressing this problem is to engage ethical principles such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and (distributive) justice. Each of these in application can argue a case for the moral obligation to initiate a more effective national health care system. Rawls1 (1999) emphasized the centrality of justice in consideration of the bio-medical principles. 1 Rawls, J. 1999. A Theory of Justice. Revised edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press., 1971. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. The principle of justice and its derivative, distributive justice, is of importance when making a moral argument for equal access to health care for all. Farmer and Campos (2004:28) rightly asks2: “What does it mean, for both bioethics and human rights, when a person living in poverty is able to vote, is protected from torture or from imprisonment without due process, but dies of untreated AIDS? What does it mean when a person with renal failure experiences no abuse of his or her civil and political rights, but dies without ever having been offered access to dialysis, to say nothing of transplant?” There is a need for ethicists to become more involved in arguments pertaining to the inequalities in distribution of social goods. Legislation and case law in South Africa also affirm the right to access health care services and have as their grounding normative ethical tenets. The recommendations made by the SAHRC, together with the planned national health insurance aimed at addressing the gap between public and private health care, can only become a reality through successful implementation of a monitored process based on ethical principles. There is a need for a practical implementation of current ethico-legal and human rights principles through every phase of the health care system to serve as monitors to ensure the success of this guaranteed right that so few people have genuinely seen realized. The findings of the SAHRC, together with the response from the Department of Health, serve as a basis for planning towards successful 2 Farmer, P. and Campos, N.G. 2004. Rethinking Medical Ethics: A view from below. In: Developing World Bioethics, 4 (1), 17-41 implementation of an equitable health service system that is of an excellent standard. To aid in this process an ethical framework could be of use to assess the policies formed along the way as well as the practical implementation thereof. This research report is an analysis of current literature and data available on access to health care in South Africa in light of human rights and ethical arguments for its provision. The aim is to reflect on the realization of greater access to health care since 1994, identifying current hampering factors in achieving this and proposing a broad set of guidelines that can be applied to the reform process already underway in South African health care.

This dissertation is an examination of the role of consent in the process by which rights and obligations are created under customary international law. Two related issues are examined. One is the role of consent in the creation of customary law generally, and the other is the question whether the consent of a State or a group of States to a stipulation of customary international law is a condition of the applicability of that law to those States. Part One examines the relationship between the notions of consent, state practice and opinio juris. Chapter I examines the nature of the law governing the creation of customary law. Chapter II compares opinio juris with consent. In Part Two, Chapter III sets up a framework for the enquiry, namely, a spectrum of views expressed about the role of consent. Chapters IV and V then examine the decisions of tribunals and the practice of States to see which of the points on the spectrum corresponds most closely to those decisions and practice. Chapter VI compares general and nongeneral custom as far it relates to the role of consent. Chapter VII examines the position of newly independent States in relation to customary law established before they achieve statehood, and is concerned more with evidence than with general considerations. Part Three deals with the main objections to, and the possible advantages of, the requirement of consent in the contemporary customary law process. It will be suggested that consent does, and should, play an essential part in the customary law process.

This thesis considers the relationship between human rights and the principle of mutual recognition as applied in criminal matters. It examines the impact of the European Arrest Warrant (EAW) on human rights and highlights the importance of human rights for the success of mutual recognition measures. Having embarked on the mutual recognition programme, on the basis of largely theoretical presumptions, an attempt by the EU to reposition human rights and to ensure that a genuine area of justice exists for all, can be witnessed through recent Directives on defence rights,. This research addresses the scope and method of human rights protection with focus on the implementation of the EAW. In the first part, mutual recognition and the EAW are defined. The second part considers the practical effect of the EAW on human rights, setting out the ECHR minimum standards and the extended EU scope. The third part evaluates the defence measures adopted to date by the EU under the Stockholm Roadmap. The final part summarises the main research findings which show that human rights are key to promoting mutual trust. The scope of some rights has already been extended and reinforced by the Charter of Fundamental Rights or the EU defence rights measures. The thesis argues that the best method for reinforcing these rights in practice is a tripartite collaborative approach between the EU, Member States and the Council of Europe. In order to address the tension between human rights and mutual recognition, work needs to continue beyond adoption of the Stockholm measures. It requires genuine commitment on the part of the EU institutions and Member States for the necessary amendments, adoptions, implementation and human rights protection to take place and be reflected in practice.

In this thesis I argue that there are qualities of literary writing which can illuminate human rights discourse and, specifically, its limit points. I focus on one such limit-point: the difficulty of fully possessing human rights. Rights are most likely to be securely guaranteed under the legal system of a nation-state. However, such rights – possessed on the basis of citizenship rather than through humanness – are not always considered human rights. The position of the nation-state, the possibility of legal enforcement and the category of the human are therefore ambiguities for the discourse. Literary texts from two countries which have been central to debates about human rights – Uganda and South Africa – will provide the focus for this study. Joseph Slaughter proposes that the plot of the Bildungsroman both resembles and promulgates the citizenship model of human rights-possession. However, in texts addressing the involvement of children in war in Uganda, I read experiments with the Bildungsroman form to indicate human rights discourse’s preoccupation with merely human identity. Child soldier narratives appeal to a decontextualized, universal image of the child, while in the fiction of Goretti Kyomuhendo there is an excessive repetition of familial language and symbol which throws the traditional narrative arc of the Bildungsroman off course. Critics including Slaughter see literature as compensating for the ambivalence of human rights discourse about the possibility of its own enforcement through the law. Instead, I explore the ways in which certain texts, in the context of South Africa, enact their own irreducibility to legal categories. I make this argument through a discussion of the way the literature and the literary appear in the Report of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission alongside readings of Antjie Krog’s Begging to Be Black and Nadine Gordimer’s Burger’s Daughter and The House Gun.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University / The general aim of this thesis was to test the extent to which the children had learned the property rights concept, and not the extent to which they had been able to integrate their knowledge of these rights with their actual behavior. More specifically it was the purpose of this study to discover (1) whether there was any differentiation between a second grader's understanding of property that was brand new and if property that had been used for a long time, (2) whether a child in the second grade differentiated in his understanding of property which was considered valuable and property which was not considered valuable, (3) whether children in the study differentiated in their understanding of property of different types, (4) whether there was any correlation between knowledge of property rights that second grade children had and nursery school training, number of siblings, status of siblings, Sunday School training, sex, age, and socio-economic status.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University