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Lighting simulation contribute readily to the synthesis of high performance lighting designs. Unfortunately there exist several issues impeding the pervasive use of lighting simulation, including: Most of the time in preparing lighting simulations is spent towards the input of existing but non-interoperable information between different tools. Lighting simulation tools do not complement integrated building design processes where the design solution is progressively developed in multiple disciplines concurrently; lighting simulation tools require design information (attributes) that may not yet be defined, and is non-interoperable with other tools. . Disparate tools with vastly different technical approaches available for different stages of the building design process do not allow consistent or meaningful performance comparisons between design versions, and similarly makes design performance progress tracking between design versions difficult. Lighting simulation tools provide radiance and irradiance values as simulation results, and much time and manual effort is required to process these results into operative information, information that is directly applicable in making design decisions. Lighting simulation tools employ outdated rendering techniques that are inadequate in evaluating highly-reflected irradiance, a typical feature in high performance building designs. While there remain other shortcomings in lighting simulation tools as identified by contemporary research3, the issues above relate closely to the overall effort and time-cost factors attributed to using simulation tools, which has been consistently identified as obstacles towards using simulation tools. This research seeks to reduce the effort and time-cost required to conduct lighting simulation by addressing the issues above. Case studies of actual design scenarios are used to establish quantitatively the effort and time costs baselines for comparison. The effort and time reduction goal is structured as the following objectives in a new lighting design support tool: Reduce the time and effort to set up and conduct lighting simulation by using interoperable information (building information models) from design modeling tools. Complement integrated design processes by supporting design models of varying completeness5, in a format that is interoperable with tools from other disciplines in the design team. All information, including assumptions, must be consistent across all disciplines. Provide ability to use performance metrics and consistent technical approaches throughout design stages, regardless of completeness of design model. Provide operative information with minimum user effort. Implement a first principle-based rendering technique that handles high performance building designs well, and produce simulation results within reasonable time constraints. By meeting these objectives, the new lighting design tool is able to automate much of the previously manual, time-consuming, and disparate efforts in lighting simulation, thus reducing the effort and time-cost. By sharing interoperable information with other tools across the design team, the new lighting design tool is integrated. The new tool is also scalable in being able to support models of varying completeness throughout all design stages.

In a peer-to-peer shared ride system, transportation clients with traffic demand negotiate with transportation hosts offering shared ride services for ad-hoc ridesharing in a continuously changing environment, using wireless geosensor networks. Due to the distinctive characteristic of this system—a complex and non-deterministic transportation network, and a local peer-to-peer communication strategy—clients will always have limited transportation knowledge, both from a spatial and a temporal perspective. Clients hear only from nearby hosts, and they do not know the future availability of current or new hosts. Clients can plan optimal trips prior to departure according to their current knowledge, but it is unlikely that these trips will be final optimal trip due to continuously changing traffic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the trip quality in this dynamic environment in order to assess different communication and wayfinding strategies. (For complete abstract open document)

The increasing scale and complexity of network applications and protocols motivates the need for tools to aid in the understanding of network dynamics at similarly large scales. While current network simulation tools achieve large scale modeling, they do so by ignoring much of the intra-program state that plays an important role in the overall system's behavior. This work presents The Distributed Open Network Emulator, a scalable distributed network model that incorporates application program state to achieve high fidelity modeling. The Distributed Open Network Emulator, or DONE for short, is a parallel and distributed network simulation-emulation hybrid that achieves both scalability and the capability to run existing application code with minimal modification. These goals are accomplished through the use of a protocol stack extracted from the Linux kernel, a new programming model based on C, and a scaled real-time method for distributed synchronization. One of the primary challenges in the development of DONE was in reconciling the opposing requirements of emulation and simulation. Emulated code directly executes in real-time which progresses autonomously. In contrast, simulation models are forced ahead by the execution of events, an explicitly controlled mechanism. Relativistic time is used to integrate these two paradigms into a single model while providing efficient distributed synchronization. To demonstrate that the model provides the desired traits, a series of experiments are described. They show that DONE can provide super-linear speedup on small clusters, nearly linear speedup on moderate sized clusters, and accurate results when tuned appropriately. / Master of Science

[pt] Simulações de Ambientes Virtuais (VES) são um tipo especial de simulação, normalmente utilizado para implementar jogos ou jogos sérios com representação em espaço virtual e utilizando a técnicas de avanço do tempo de simulação para o próximo evento ou dirigida por tempo. Um exemplo de uso é a aplicação em simulações de apoio a Jogos de Guerra. O uso de Simulações Baseadas em Sistemas Multiagentes (MABS) para implementar VES é adequado devido a possibilidade de modelar e implementar o sistema com ênfase nos atores e seus comportamentos dinâmicos. Contudo, quando os agentes da simulação passam a controlar o avanço do tempo de simulação de forma individualizada, surge uma situação semelhante á simulação paralela, o que implica na necessidade de tratar questões como disputa por recursos computacionais pelos agentes, atrasos em tempo de execução e a perda de consistência da própria simulação. A situação torna-se mais complicada em sistemas desenvolvidos com Java, devido a particularidades desta tecnologia. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem para controlar estes atrasos em tempo de execução e assim apoiar o desenvolvimento de VES utilizando MABS com Java. / [en] Virtual Environment Simulations (VES) are a special type of simulation, often used to implement games and serious games with virtual space representation and using both the next-event or stepped–time simulation time advance approach. An example of serious games is the simulation used to support War Games. Multiagent Based Simulation (MABS) are suitable to implement these simulations because of their ability to handle with complexity and individual actors modeling. However, when agents are responsible for advance their own simulation time, a situation similar to a parallel simulation arises. This implies in treat issues such as delays in performing scheduled actions (i.e tardiness) and its consequences in the virtual space representations. This situation is worst in Java based MABS, because of Java technology particularities. This work presents an approach to tame this tardiness and help the development of these cited VES using agent oriented paradigm.

In today’s competitive automotive industry, most companies are trying to make their new designs and features implemented in their products to be ahead of their competitors. However, in the preliminary design stage of CEVT vehicles, dynamic simulation consumes excessive amount of time depending on the complexity of the dynamic model and simulation settings. It is beneficial and possible to shorten the simulation time. This thesis focuses on reducing the dynamic simulation time in ADAMS/Car in engine suspensions’ early development stage. Five simulation time reducing methods, i.e., reducing end time in driver control maneuver, stopping similar simulations, converting specific flexible parts to rigid parts, properly increasing the step size and performing simulation for engine suspension subsystem instead of the full vehicle system, were proposed and investigated separately to study their effects on the simulation time and the accuracy of the fatigue damage results of the engine suspension. With the proper combination of the five methods, total dynamic simulation time was effectively reduced to 61% and the variation of fatigue damage results of each engine suspension component was controlled within 30%. Dynamic modelling of an exhaust system is also included in this thesis and it provides referential data for the packaging design of exhaust system. / I dagens konkurrensutsatta bilindustri försöker de flesta företag att göra sina nya mönster och funktioner implementerbara i sina produkter för att vara före sina konkurrenter. I det preliminära konstruktionsstadiet av CEVT-fordon förbrukar dynamisk simulering dock en stor tid beroende på komplexiteten hos den dynamiska modellen och simuleringsinställningarna. Det är fördelaktigt och möjligt att förkorta simuleringstiden. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att minska den dynamiska simuleringstiden i ADAMS / Car i motorupphängningens tidiga utvecklingsstadium. Med hjälp av bakgrundsstudier och erfarenheter från CEVT’s personal provades fem olika sätt att minska simuleringstiden, samtidigt som simuleringsresultatens noggrannhet kontrollerades. Varje metod användes separat i simuleringen för att studera effekten på resultatens noggrannhet. I slutet kombineras alla metoder i simuleringen för att få bästa möjliga simuleringstid utan att förlora noggrannhet. Genom att kombinera de fem metoderna reducerades den totala dynamiska simuleringstiden till 61% och variationen i utmattningsskadans resultat av varje motorupphängningskomponent kontrollerades inom 30%. Dynamisk modellering av ett avgassystem ingår också i denna avhandling, vilket ger referensdata för framtida förpackningsdesign av avgassysteme

O estudo e a compreensão da termodinâmica é extremamente importante para todos os processos que envolvam equilíbrio de fases. A determinação das propriedades termodinâmicas de uma mistura pode ser obtida por diferentes formas de cálculo, que podem consumir um grande tempo computacional e apresentar difícil solução. Para casos que envolvam controle e simulações online, otimizações em tempo real e até simuladores de treinamento de operadores (OTS) isso pode ser um fator decisivo no emprego da aplicação. Esta dissertação propõe uma nova formulação denominada de Método dos Modelos Termodinâmico Simplificado (MTS) em lugar da utilização dos modelos termodinâmicos locais (MTL), os quais são destinados à redução do tempo computacional de simulações de processos, através da aproximação de modelos rigorosos e da simplificação das rotinas de cálculos termodinâmicos de equilíbrio líquido-vapor. O MTS proposto neste trabalho é constituído por parâmetros que são estimados utilizando dados calculados de forma rigorosa e que permitem a sua utilização em uma região significativamente mais ampla. Inicialmente, avaliaram-se alguns MTLs empregados na literatura e a partir destes foi proposto um novo modelo com adição de um parâmetro capaz de melhorar a dependência da temperatura de ponto de bolha. Para se determinar os parâmetros do MTS, foi formulado um problema de otimização em que a função objetivo envolve os erros nos ajustes das constantes de equilíbrio e o erro na predição da temperatura de ponto de bolha da mistura, tendo como restrição de igualdade o somatório da composição da fase vapor. Nessa nova abordagem todos os parâmetros são obtidos simultaneamente. Em trabalhos anteriores, os parâmetros eram determinados através da resolução de um problema de mínimos quadrados formulados para cada constante de equilíbrio separadamente. As propriedades termodinâmicas obtidas com essa nova metodologia foram comparadas às propriedades obtidas com modelos rigorosos, apresentando boa correlação e solução simples. O novo MTS e a metodologia proposta foram também validados para uma mistura de cinco componentes. Finalmente o modelo obtido para a mistura acetona, benzeno e etanol foi implementado em uma simulação dinâmica de uma coluna de destilação. Os resultados obtidos foram muito satisfatórios, reduzindo o tempo de resolução do problema em aproximadamente 50 vezes quando comparado ao tempo necessário para resolver o mesmo problema utilizando o modelo rigoroso. / Thermodynamics is very important for all processes involving phase equilibrium. The determination of the thermodynamic properties of a mixture can be obtained by different ways of calculation, which can spend a large computational time and present difficult solution. For cases involving online control and simulations, real-time optimizations and operator training simulators (OTS) this point can be a decisive factor in the use of application. A new concept is proposed for the use of local thermodynamic models (LTM), which are aimed at reducing the computational time of processes simulations, through the approximation of rigorous models and simplifying thermodynamic routines of phase equilibrium calculations, to be used in a new approach, as a simplified thermodynamic models (STM) with global application. The STM presented consists of parameters that are estimated using data rigorous calculated. First of all, some LTM presented in the literature were evaluated and it was proposed a new model with the addition of one parameter that provides better adjustment to the bubble point temperature. This new model was called STM. After define an STM for a ternary mixture, we a new methodology to obtain the model parameters was proposed. In previous papers, the parameters were determined by solving a least squares problem, it is necessary to obtain separately the parameters of each component model. The new methodology is based on an optimization problem that minimizes the error between the K-value obtained by rigorous model and the K-value predicted by STM, adjusting the parameters of all components simultaneously in the same calculation and estimating the bubble point temperature of mixture. The thermodynamic properties obtained with this new method were compared to the properties obtained with rigorous models, presenting good correlation and simple solution. The new STM and the proposed methodology were also validated for a mixture of five components. Finally the model obtained for the mixture was implemented in a dynamic simulation of a distillation column, in which it was obtained very satisfactory results, reducing the time to resolution of the problem in about 50 times when compared to the time required to solve the same problem using the rigorous model.

O estudo e a compreensão da termodinâmica é extremamente importante para todos os processos que envolvam equilíbrio de fases. A determinação das propriedades termodinâmicas de uma mistura pode ser obtida por diferentes formas de cálculo, que podem consumir um grande tempo computacional e apresentar difícil solução. Para casos que envolvam controle e simulações online, otimizações em tempo real e até simuladores de treinamento de operadores (OTS) isso pode ser um fator decisivo no emprego da aplicação. Esta dissertação propõe uma nova formulação denominada de Método dos Modelos Termodinâmico Simplificado (MTS) em lugar da utilização dos modelos termodinâmicos locais (MTL), os quais são destinados à redução do tempo computacional de simulações de processos, através da aproximação de modelos rigorosos e da simplificação das rotinas de cálculos termodinâmicos de equilíbrio líquido-vapor. O MTS proposto neste trabalho é constituído por parâmetros que são estimados utilizando dados calculados de forma rigorosa e que permitem a sua utilização em uma região significativamente mais ampla. Inicialmente, avaliaram-se alguns MTLs empregados na literatura e a partir destes foi proposto um novo modelo com adição de um parâmetro capaz de melhorar a dependência da temperatura de ponto de bolha. Para se determinar os parâmetros do MTS, foi formulado um problema de otimização em que a função objetivo envolve os erros nos ajustes das constantes de equilíbrio e o erro na predição da temperatura de ponto de bolha da mistura, tendo como restrição de igualdade o somatório da composição da fase vapor. Nessa nova abordagem todos os parâmetros são obtidos simultaneamente. Em trabalhos anteriores, os parâmetros eram determinados através da resolução de um problema de mínimos quadrados formulados para cada constante de equilíbrio separadamente. As propriedades termodinâmicas obtidas com essa nova metodologia foram comparadas às propriedades obtidas com modelos rigorosos, apresentando boa correlação e solução simples. O novo MTS e a metodologia proposta foram também validados para uma mistura de cinco componentes. Finalmente o modelo obtido para a mistura acetona, benzeno e etanol foi implementado em uma simulação dinâmica de uma coluna de destilação. Os resultados obtidos foram muito satisfatórios, reduzindo o tempo de resolução do problema em aproximadamente 50 vezes quando comparado ao tempo necessário para resolver o mesmo problema utilizando o modelo rigoroso. / Thermodynamics is very important for all processes involving phase equilibrium. The determination of the thermodynamic properties of a mixture can be obtained by different ways of calculation, which can spend a large computational time and present difficult solution. For cases involving online control and simulations, real-time optimizations and operator training simulators (OTS) this point can be a decisive factor in the use of application. A new concept is proposed for the use of local thermodynamic models (LTM), which are aimed at reducing the computational time of processes simulations, through the approximation of rigorous models and simplifying thermodynamic routines of phase equilibrium calculations, to be used in a new approach, as a simplified thermodynamic models (STM) with global application. The STM presented consists of parameters that are estimated using data rigorous calculated. First of all, some LTM presented in the literature were evaluated and it was proposed a new model with the addition of one parameter that provides better adjustment to the bubble point temperature. This new model was called STM. After define an STM for a ternary mixture, we a new methodology to obtain the model parameters was proposed. In previous papers, the parameters were determined by solving a least squares problem, it is necessary to obtain separately the parameters of each component model. The new methodology is based on an optimization problem that minimizes the error between the K-value obtained by rigorous model and the K-value predicted by STM, adjusting the parameters of all components simultaneously in the same calculation and estimating the bubble point temperature of mixture. The thermodynamic properties obtained with this new method were compared to the properties obtained with rigorous models, presenting good correlation and simple solution. The new STM and the proposed methodology were also validated for a mixture of five components. Finally the model obtained for the mixture was implemented in a dynamic simulation of a distillation column, in which it was obtained very satisfactory results, reducing the time to resolution of the problem in about 50 times when compared to the time required to solve the same problem using the rigorous model.

O estudo e a compreensão da termodinâmica é extremamente importante para todos os processos que envolvam equilíbrio de fases. A determinação das propriedades termodinâmicas de uma mistura pode ser obtida por diferentes formas de cálculo, que podem consumir um grande tempo computacional e apresentar difícil solução. Para casos que envolvam controle e simulações online, otimizações em tempo real e até simuladores de treinamento de operadores (OTS) isso pode ser um fator decisivo no emprego da aplicação. Esta dissertação propõe uma nova formulação denominada de Método dos Modelos Termodinâmico Simplificado (MTS) em lugar da utilização dos modelos termodinâmicos locais (MTL), os quais são destinados à redução do tempo computacional de simulações de processos, através da aproximação de modelos rigorosos e da simplificação das rotinas de cálculos termodinâmicos de equilíbrio líquido-vapor. O MTS proposto neste trabalho é constituído por parâmetros que são estimados utilizando dados calculados de forma rigorosa e que permitem a sua utilização em uma região significativamente mais ampla. Inicialmente, avaliaram-se alguns MTLs empregados na literatura e a partir destes foi proposto um novo modelo com adição de um parâmetro capaz de melhorar a dependência da temperatura de ponto de bolha. Para se determinar os parâmetros do MTS, foi formulado um problema de otimização em que a função objetivo envolve os erros nos ajustes das constantes de equilíbrio e o erro na predição da temperatura de ponto de bolha da mistura, tendo como restrição de igualdade o somatório da composição da fase vapor. Nessa nova abordagem todos os parâmetros são obtidos simultaneamente. Em trabalhos anteriores, os parâmetros eram determinados através da resolução de um problema de mínimos quadrados formulados para cada constante de equilíbrio separadamente. As propriedades termodinâmicas obtidas com essa nova metodologia foram comparadas às propriedades obtidas com modelos rigorosos, apresentando boa correlação e solução simples. O novo MTS e a metodologia proposta foram também validados para uma mistura de cinco componentes. Finalmente o modelo obtido para a mistura acetona, benzeno e etanol foi implementado em uma simulação dinâmica de uma coluna de destilação. Os resultados obtidos foram muito satisfatórios, reduzindo o tempo de resolução do problema em aproximadamente 50 vezes quando comparado ao tempo necessário para resolver o mesmo problema utilizando o modelo rigoroso. / Thermodynamics is very important for all processes involving phase equilibrium. The determination of the thermodynamic properties of a mixture can be obtained by different ways of calculation, which can spend a large computational time and present difficult solution. For cases involving online control and simulations, real-time optimizations and operator training simulators (OTS) this point can be a decisive factor in the use of application. A new concept is proposed for the use of local thermodynamic models (LTM), which are aimed at reducing the computational time of processes simulations, through the approximation of rigorous models and simplifying thermodynamic routines of phase equilibrium calculations, to be used in a new approach, as a simplified thermodynamic models (STM) with global application. The STM presented consists of parameters that are estimated using data rigorous calculated. First of all, some LTM presented in the literature were evaluated and it was proposed a new model with the addition of one parameter that provides better adjustment to the bubble point temperature. This new model was called STM. After define an STM for a ternary mixture, we a new methodology to obtain the model parameters was proposed. In previous papers, the parameters were determined by solving a least squares problem, it is necessary to obtain separately the parameters of each component model. The new methodology is based on an optimization problem that minimizes the error between the K-value obtained by rigorous model and the K-value predicted by STM, adjusting the parameters of all components simultaneously in the same calculation and estimating the bubble point temperature of mixture. The thermodynamic properties obtained with this new method were compared to the properties obtained with rigorous models, presenting good correlation and simple solution. The new STM and the proposed methodology were also validated for a mixture of five components. Finally the model obtained for the mixture was implemented in a dynamic simulation of a distillation column, in which it was obtained very satisfactory results, reducing the time to resolution of the problem in about 50 times when compared to the time required to solve the same problem using the rigorous model.

Light-harvesting in nature is known to work differently than conventional man-made solar cells. Recent studies found electronic excitations, delocalised over several chromophores, and a soft, vibrating structural environment to be key schemes that might protect and direct energy transfer yielding increased harvest efficiencies even under adversary conditions. Unfortunately, testing realistic models of noise assisted transport at the quantum level is challenging due to the intractable size of the environmental wave function. I developed a powerful tree tensor network states (TTNS) method that finds an optimally compressed explicit representation of the combined electronic and vibrational quantum state. With TTNS it is possible to simulate exciton-phonon quantum dynamics from small molecules to larger complexes, modelled as an open quantum system with multiple bosonic environments. After benchmarking the method on the minimal spin-boson model by reproducing ground state properties and dynamics that have been reported using other methods, the vibrational quantum state is harnessed to investigate environmental dynamics and its correlation with the spin system. To enable simulations of realistic non-Born-Oppenheimer molecular quantum dynamics, a clustering algorithm and novel entanglement renormalisation tensors are employed to interface TTNS with ab initio density functional theory (DFT). A thereby generated model of a pentacene dimer containing 252 vibrational normal modes was simulated with TTNS reproducing exciton dynamics in agreement with experimental results. Based on the environmental state, the (potential) energy surfaces, underlying the observed singlet fission dynamics, were calculated yielding unprecedented insight into the super-exchange mediated avoided crossing mechanism that produces ultrafast and high yield singlet fission. This combination of DFT and TTNS is a step towards large scale material exploration that can accurately predict excited states properties and dynamics. Furthermore, application to biomolecular systems, such as photosynthetic complexes, may give valuable insights into novel environmental engineering principles for the design of artificial light-harvesting systems.