Opiatberoende är ett allvarligt och svårt tillstånd och narkotikadödligheten i Sverige är mycket hög. Syftet med denna studie är att skaffa kunskap om och belysa hur missbrukshandläggare inom socialtjänsten i Dalarna ser på sitt arbete med personer med opiatberoende i relation till att behandlingsformen LARO ligger hos en annan huvudman. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts där missbrukshandläggare från fem olika kommuner i Dalarna har intervjuats. Det empiriska materialet har sedan analyserats i relation till tidigare forskning inom området samt teorier om domäner och professioner. Slutsatsen av studien visar att missbrukshandläggare i Dalarna upplever en del svårigheter i sitt arbete med opiatberoende klienter utifrån att det är två aktörer inblandade i att hjälpa dessa. Bland annat är långa köer till LARO samt svårigheter att få igenom tvångsvård för klienter som står i kö till eller är inskrivna på LARO problem som kan innebära en risk för klienternas liv. / Opiate addiction is a serious and difficult condition and drug mortality in Sweden is very high. The purpose of this study is to acquire knowledge and illustrate how staff working with drug addiction in social services in Dalarna look at their work with people with opiate addiction in relation to the fact that MAT lies with another operator. A qualitative study has been carried out where social workers who works with drug addiction from five different municipalities in Dalarna have been interviewed. The empirical data were analyzed in relation to previous research on the area and the theories of domains and professions. The conclusion of the study shows that the social workers in Dalarna experiencing some obstacles in their work with clients with opioid dependence since it is two operators involved. For example, the long queues to MAT and difficulties to get through forced addiction care were issues that may be a risk for clients lives.

När en socialsekreterare ska handlägga ärenden enligt Lag om Vård av Missbrukare i vissa fall (LVM) behöver denne ta ställning utifrån många olika perspektiv. Syftet med denna studie är att ge kunskap om hur socialsekreterare upplever handläggning av LVM-ärenden samt vilka erfarenheter de har av en sådan process. Undersökningens material grundar sig på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex socialsekreterare som alla har arbetat med LVM-handläggning. För att kunna tolka och analysera materialet användes gräsrotsbyråkrati, makt, etik i socialt arbete och handlingsutrymme som teoretisk referensram. Resultatet indikerar att socialsekreterarna upplever både för- och nackdelar i arbetet med lagstiftningen. De upplever handläggningen av LVM-ärenden likt ett dilemma. Socialsekreterarna anser att lagen är nödvändig då de i avsaknad av den skulle känna en stor maktlöshet av att inte kunna ingripa i allvarliga situationer där klienten riskerar att avlida eller skada sig själv och andra till följd av sitt missbruk. De anser även att tillämpningen av lagen medför inskränkningar i den enskilda klientens integritet och att klienten i mötet med socialtjänsten riskerar att bli kränkt utan noga eftertanke från socialsekreterarens sida. Resultatet visar även på att socialsekreterarna så långt som det är möjligt respekterar klientens autonomi men att autonomin vid fråga om liv och död måste förbises. / When a social secretary has to investigate a client due to the Law on Care of Addicts in certain cases (LVM) he or she need to do so with consideration to many different perspectives. The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about how social workers perceive handling LVM cases and also to find out what their experiences are when it comes to managing cases of this kind. The study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with six social secretaries who have all worked with LVM management. To interpret and analyze the material a theory about street-level bureaucrats, power, ethics in social work and “handlingsutrymme” were used as theoretical framework. The results seem to indicate that there are, according to the social secretaries, advantages as well as disadvantages to this approach. They experience the process of LVM as a bit of a dilemma. The social secretaries believe that the law is necessary for them so that they can act if needs be, in serious situations when clients are in danger and even risks death because of the addiction. They also believe that the law and the application of the same include quite a large restriction for the integrity of the client and that there is a risk for the client to be violated if the social worker does not show careful consideration on his/hers side. The result also show that the social secretaries wants to, as far as possible, show that they respect their clients’ autonomy. Although, this must be disregarded in a matter of life and death.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsats var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare inom familjeavdelningens utredningsenhet förhåller sig till situationer av hot och våld på arbetsplatsen och även till det förebyggande arbete som bedrivs för att undgå att hotfulla situationer uppstår. För att uppnå studiens syfte används en kvalitativ metod i form av fem intervjuer. I intervjuerna sökte vi svar på frågeställningen: Vilka kunskaper om åtgärder har socialsekreterarna fått, om hur de ska agera utifall hot och våld uppstår i möten med klienter på arbetsplatsen? Vilka strategier använder socialsekreterarna sig av för att inte hotfulla och våldsamma situationer ska uppstå i möten med klienter? Det insamlande materialet har bearbetats genom inspiration utifrån en hermeneutisk ansats och analyserats utifrån KASAMteorin och de teoretiska begreppen mentalisering, organisationskultur samt coping. Studiens resultat visar att det förekommer få hotfulla situationer inom familjeavdelningens utredningsenhet. Det kan istället handla om kränkningar via telefon och mejl. Det framkommer att socialsekreterarna har en medvetenhet genom att de förbereder sig inför möten med klienter för att försöka sätta sig in i hur klienten kommer att uppleva mötet. Samtliga betonar vikten av att bemöta klienten med respekt. Resultatet visar även att intervjupersonerna anser att det finns ett bra stöd hos kollegor och chefer. Dock saknar de en bredare utbildning kring hur de ska agera om hot eller om en våldsam situation uppstår. Majoriteten av intervjupersonerna ansåg att ålder och arbetslivserfarenhet kan vara av betydelse för hur man upplever om man är med om otillåten påverkan. Det framkommer av intervjupersonerna att arbetslivserfarenhet är något som påverkar vilka försiktighetsåtgärder de tar i sitt privatliv, för att privatlivet inte ska påverkas av ens yrkesval. Just erfarenheten kan påverka att de upplever vissa situationer som mindre hotfulla. Även socialsekreterarnas ökade kunskaper påverkar hur de agerar i situationer som präglas av hot och våld. De får en viss acceptans för vilken situation klienten befinner sig i. / The aim of this study was to examine how social work professionals in child protection relate to situations of client related threats and violence, in the workplace, and also how they reason about the preventive work, in order to avoid threatening situations. In order to achieve the purpose, we used a qualitative approach, consisting of five individual interviews. In our semistructured interviews we looked for answers to the following questions: What knowledges about work-related measures did the social work professionals receive, on how to act when threats and violence arise in meetings with clients in the workplace? What strategies do the social work professionals use to avoid threatening or violent situations that can arise in meetings with their clients? We have, throughout our research process, been inspired by the hermeneutic method. The analysis was based upon Antonovskys KASAM (sense of coherence)-theory and theoretical concepts of mentalization, organizational culture and coping. The results show that only a few threatening situations occurred in the physical workplace of the five social work professionals. More common were threats expressed by phone and email. It appears that social workers have an awareness, preparing for meetings with clients to try to understand how the client will experience the meeting. All stresses the importance of responding to client with respect. The results also show that the interviewees believe that they receive good social support from colleagues and managers; they do, however, lack a broader perspective of education on how to act during threatening or violent situations. Majority of the interviewees felt that age and professional experience can be of importance in the interpretation of the situation. It is found by the interviewees that the work experience is something that affects what precautions they take in their private life, to private life should not be affected by one's choice of profession. They meant that these factors can affect the experience of threats and violence and how one interprets situations of violence and threats. The interviewees mentioned that they feel more confident in how to act when they need to diffuse a violent situation. They also meant that, as social work professionals working in child protection, you get a certain acceptance of the different kinds of situations your clients live through, the older you get.

In this dissertation, I explore a quite unique legal situation, namely administrative court hearings relating to coercive interventions: the Care of Young Persons Act (LVU), Care of Abusers (Special Provisions) Act (LVM), and the Compulsory Psychiatric Care Act (LPT). There are three central participatory roles in the court hearings: The official party is the authority who files the application for coercive intervention – either a chief psychiatrist or a social welfare board (typically represented by a social worker or sometimes a lawyer assisted by a social worker), whereas the citizen party is the person about whom the application is brought. The citizen party is represented by a legal representative. The professionals represent two different logics: therapeutic and judicial. The purpose of this dissertation has been to study the tension between therapeutic and judicial logic in court hearings relating to compulsory care. With theoretical concepts from Scott (1995) and Wetherell & Potter (1998), it is possible to say that the therapeutic and judicial logics are built up by institutional elements that are communicated through interpretative repertoires. Three questions are central: 1. How do professional participators handle the different role expectations embedded in therapeutic and judicial logic? In this case, I am particularly interested in role conflicts faced by social workers and psychiatrists. 2. How do different institutional elements (regulative, normative/cognitive) play out in the court hearings? 3. To what extent can these court hearings be considered a scrutinizing order of discourse, where the arguments of official party are subjected to critical examination? In my analysis I am inspired by both critical discourse analysis and organizational theory, more precisely, new institutionalism. These two perspectives provide useful insights and make it possible to combine the micro- and macro levels in the analysis. Data for the analysis consist of 43 court hearings and 31 interviews, gathered from two different county administrative courts in Sweden. All written documents used and produced by the courts are also part of our data. The dissertation consists of five studies that indicate that the court hearings hardly can be described as a scrutinising order of discourse. In spite of this, the court constantly finds that the legal criteria for coercive intervention are satisfied. Neither the official party nor the legal representative argue according to a judicial logic. Instead, therapeutic logic dominates the order of discourse. When the arguments for compulsory care are therapeutic, they are not explicitly related to the criteria in the law. In my interpretation, the reason why the conflict between therapeutic and judicial logic is not realised can be found in the existence of a logic of normalisation. This ideological logic of normalisation can be found in most of the institutions in the Swedish society and are built on the idea of traditional welfare norms.

In the theoretical part of this thesis, the theory of social policy, the social policy of the Czech Republic, the structure and importance of the Labor Office in the fight against social exclusion and the current legislation on benefits of material need and the role of social workers were examined. The practical part presented and analyzed the results of a questionnaire survey conducted among social workers of the Labor Office of the Czech Republic. The aim of the questionnaire survey was to obtain information on the state of administrative burdens, obstacles to effective work, threats at the workplace and opinions of social workers on the issue of payment of benefits of material need and their abuse. The results of the questionnaire survey are as follows: there is excessive staff turnover at the Labor Office of the Czech Republic, which does not benefit the functioning of this institution. Too much administrative burden, poor communication with other institutions or low financial rewards contribute to this issue. Social workers often face client aggression and, in their opinion, are often misused by material need.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur socialarbetares arbete med klienter som harmissbruksproblematik ser ut. I studien används kvalitativ metod för att uppnå syftet genom attintervjua sju verksamma socialarbetare med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer.Socialarbetare berättar om sina upplevelser av arbetet och beskriver bland annat hur detformella arbetet ser ut, men redogör även för samverkan med andra aktörer samt deras syn påmissbruk, förhållningssätt gentemot klienter med mera. Intervjuerna har transkriberats ochanalyserats med hjälp av relevant forskning och teorier. Teorierna som tillämpas är Honnethsteori om erkännande, nyinstitutionell teori samt Goffmans teori om intrycksstyrning. Studiensresultat visar att de organisatoriska förutsättningarna och villkoren ser liknande ut försocialarbetare mellan de ingående kommuner. Det förekommer dock skillnader gällandeuppföljning och utvärdering av insatser. Vidare har majoriteten av intervjuade socialarbetareen bred och nyanserad bild av missbruksproblematiken och dess orsaker. Majoriteten menaratt psykisk ohälsa kan vara den största orsaken till missbruk. Det påpekas även brister isamverkan, vilket socialarbetare menar behöver åtgärdas. Vidare påvisar studiens resultat ettvisst mönster gällande kommunernas storlek och styrningen av arbetet. I de mindrekommunerna förekommer det tätare kontakt med klienter och det administrativa arbetetdominerar inte det dagliga arbetet i samma utsträckning som i den kommunen som är störsttill storlek. / The aim of this study is to examine how social workers' work with clients with substanceabuse. Qualitative methods are used to achieve the purpose of the study, by interviewingseven active social workers with the help of semi-structured interviews. Social workers talkabout their experiences of the work and describe for instance how the formal work looks like,but also report on cooperation with other authorities, their views on alcohol and-drug abuse,their attitudes towards the client etcetera. The interviews have been transcribed and analysedusing Honneths theory of recognition, the New Institutional theory and Goffman's theory ofimpression management. The conclusion of the study is for example that the organizationalconditions are similar in all municipalities. However, there are differences regardingmonitoring and evaluation of interventions. Furthermore, the majority of interviewed socialworkers have extended view of the substance abuse problem and its causes. The majoritybelieve that mental illness can be the main cause of alcohol and-drug abuse. Weaknesses incooperation with other authorities are also pointed out, which social workers mean need to beimproved. The study's results demonstrate a certain pattern regarding the size of themunicipalities and the prevailing work management. In the smaller municipalities, there ismore frequent contact with clients and the administrative work does not dominate the dailywork to the same extent as in the municipality that is the largest in size.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på vilka arbetssätt och bemötande professionella använder gentemot klienter med självmordstankar. Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ intervjustudie där fem professionella som i sitt arbete möter klienter med självmordstankar varit delaktiga. Resultat visade att professionella använder sig av kartläggande samtal, bedömningsformulär, samtal och uppföljning i arbetet med dessa klienter. De professionella uppgav att det viktigaste i bemötandet är att lyssna, våga fråga, låta klienten berätta och visa att man finns där för klienten. Resultatet förväntades bidra till ökad kunskap om arbetssätt och bemötande gentemot klienter med självmordstankar för oss socialarbetare. Detta för att vi upplevde att vi saknade specifik utbildning i ämnet inom socionomutbildningen. / The aim of this study was to investigate the existing types of working methods and approaches used by professionals on clients with suicidal thoughts. Through interviews with five professionals who meet clients with suicidal thoughts, data were collected for a qualitative study. The result suggested that the working methods used by these professionals are mapping based on therapy talk, evaluation forms, talks and follow-ups. The professionals treat their clients by listening, having the courage to ask questions about suicide, to allow the client to narrate their story and to be there for the client. The results are expected to contribute to increasing our knowledge as social workers on working methods and approaches towards clients with suicidal thoughts. Our choice was based on the lack of specific training on that field within the study program in social work.

Studien syftade till att belysa vad socialsekreterare anser vara avgörande för beslutet att placera barn inom nätverket. Fem socialsekreterare på socialtjänstens enhet för barn och unga runt om i Sverige intervjuades i en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Den tematiska analysen visade att det saknas specifika riktlinjer för nätverksplacering men att man uttrycker sig ha ett nätverksorienterat arbetssätt, vilket i studien analyseras utifrån systemteori. Faktorer som avgör beslutet att placera barn inom nätverket visar sig vara bland annat, orsak till placering, nätverkets egenskaper och arbetsbelastning. Barn bedöms enligt socialsekreterarna inte ha förmåga att på grund av lojalitet till föräldrarna välja vart de ska placeras, vilket påverkar barns delaktighet i utredningen. Placering av barn inom nätverket visas vara ovanligt och det nätverksorienterade arbetet försvåras på grund av organisatoriska hinder. Resultatet visar att nätverksplacering är att föredra då både barn, föräldrar och socialsekreterare känner sig mer trygga än vid placering i främmande familjehem. / This study aims to highlight what social workers consider to be crucial for placement within network care. The study was conduted with qualitative interviews with five social workers at the social services in Sweden. The thematic analysis showed that there are no specific guidelines for network-oriented work but social workers nevertheless state that their mode of operation is network-oriented based on system theory. Factors that determine placement within network care are; reason for placement, network characteristics and workload. The study shows that children are not expected to be able to choose their placement due to loyalty to their parents and this affects children ́s participation in the investigation. Placement of children within network care appears unusual and network-oriented work is complicated due to organizational barriers. The result shows that preferred placement is within network care as both children, parents and social workers feel more secure compared to placement in foster care.

Att massmedia är med och skapar allmänhetens uppfattning om verkligheten är kanske inget man tänker på dagligen. Massmedia har utifrån sina gestaltningar en stor makt att påverka hur allmänheten tolkar olika samhällsfenomen. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på vilken gestaltning media skapar av socialarbetarnas arbetsmiljö och dess effekter. Likväl vilken bild som media förmedlar till allmänheten. Frågeställningarna hade för avsikt att undersöka hur socialarbetarnas arbetsmiljö framställdes, vilka förhållanden kopplade till arbetsmiljön som framträdde och vilka aktörer som fick komma till tals i artiklarna. För att nå vårt resultat genomfördes en framinganalys, det vill säga, genom att rama in hur journalisterna strategiskt, medvetet eller omedvetet framställer det dem vill förmedla. Till vår hjälp i analysarbetet användes gestaltningsteorin för att kunna ta reda på hur media gestaltar och framställer socialarbetarnas arbetsmiljö och dess effekter. De 15 analyserade tidningsartiklarna som användes för studien publicerades mellan åren 2014–2019. Det framkom inte speciellt stora skillnader i hur journalisterna beskrev socialarbetarnas arbetsförhållanden mellan det undersökta tidsspannet. Det framkom bland annat att socialtjänsten framställs vara en ohälsosam arbetsplats och att socialarbetare flyr på grund av tunga arbetskrav och en arbetsmiljö präglad av hot och våld. De gestaltningsramar som framkom tydligt i studien var generella gestaltningar. Vilka formas av en medielogik som journalisterna själva skapat, det vill säga, utifrån nyhetsredaktionernas värderingar, praktiker och rutiner. Betydelsen för hur de olika gestaltningarna påverkar diskuteras i studien såväl som vilka effekter och vilket inflytande dem olika aktörerna som får komma till tals kan ha på allmänheten. / The fact that the media is involved and creates the public's perception of reality is perhaps nothing you think of daily. Based on their design, the mass media has a great power to influence how the public interprets different social phenomena. The aim of this study was to find which framing the media creates by the social workers' work environment and its effects. As well as which image media conveys to the public. The study's questions intended to examine how the social workers' work environment was presented, what conditions that emerged were linked to the work environment and which participants were to be heard in articles. To achieve our results, a framing analysis was carried out, by framing how the journalists strategically, consciously or unknowingly, produced what they want to convey. To our help in the analysis work, the framing theory was used to be able to find out how the media portray and produce the social workers' work environment and its effects. The 15 analyzed newspaper articles used for the study were published between 2014–2019. There were no particularly large differences in how the journalists described the social workers' working conditions between the time span examined. It emerged, among other things, that the social service as a workplace is presented as an unhealthy workplace and that social workers flee due to heavy work demands and because of a work environment characterized by threats and violence. The frames that emerged clearly in the study were general frames. Which are formed by a media logic that the journalists themselves created, that is, based on news editorial values, practices and routines. The significance of how the different frames influence is discussed in the study as well as what effects the various participants that may come to speak has influence on the public.

O acolhimento tem sido apontado como uma dimensão central nas práticas de saúde cotidianas, contribuindo para integrar diferentes sujeitos, bem como para reorganizar os serviços de saúde e articular os diferentes espaços de cuidado, proporcionando, sobretudo, a construção de vínculos entre usuários e profissionais da saúde. O acolhimento é abordado na perspectiva da integralidade da atenção e da humanização das relações. O objetivo foi compreender como a prática do acolhimento em saúde vem sendo operado por profissionais de Serviço Social no âmbito da saúde pública. O trabalho pauta-se por uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, cuja coleta de dados foi realizada com questionário/entrevistas gravadas acerca da visão dos profissionais sobre a prática cotidiana no que se refere ao acolhimento. Partindo das análises, a prática do acolhimento manifestou-se como escuta, informação, postura profissional e demanda dos usuários. Nota-se que o(a) profissional específico, ao realizar o acolhimento, utiliza seus conhecimentos técnicos para dar respostas efetivas não só às demandas apresentadas, mas ir além do esperado pelo usuário. O acolhimento é visto como espaço de criação de vínculo. Observa-se um atendimento que visa à objetividade a fim de subsidiar as demandas acerca das intervenções, bem como garantir os direitos sociais dos cidadãos. Para o Serviço Social, a prática do acolhimento na saúde é parte integrante do processo interventivo, amparado pelos fundamentos teórico-metodológicos, éticos, políticos e técnico-operativo. / The host has been identified as a central dimension in daily health practices, contributing to integrate different subjects, as well as to reorganize the health services and articulate the different spaces of care, providing about everything the construction between citizens and health professionals. Reception area is approached from the perspective of the integrality of care and the humanization of relationships. The goal was to understand how Social Service professionals in the field of public health have operated the practice of health care. The work is based on a qualitative research, done through a questionnaire / recorded interviews about the professionals\' view on the daily practice regarding the reception. Based on the analyzes, the practice of the reception manifested itself: listening, information, professional posture and user demand. It is noteworthy that the specific professional, when hosting, use his technical knowledge to give effective answers not only to the demands presented, but to go beyond what the user expects. The host is seen as a space for creating bonds. In the practice of the interviewees, there is a goal that aims at objectivity in order to subsidize the demands on the interventions, as well as guarantee the social rights of the citizens. For Social Work, the practice of health care is an integral part of the interventive process of supported by the theoretical-methodological, ethical, political and technical-operational.