Ultrasound is a commonly used imaging modality in diagnosis and pre-operative assessment of breast masses. However, radiologists often find it very difficult to correctly size masses using conventional ultrasound images. Consequently, there exists a strong need for more accurate sizing tools to avoid either the removal of an over-estimated amount of tissue or a second surgical procedure to remove margins involved by tumour not removed in the primary operation. In this thesis, we propose a new method of processing the backscattered ultrasound signals from breast tissue (based on the Fourier spectral analysis) to better estimate the degree of echogenicity and generate parametric images where the visibility of breast mass boundaries is improved (SPV parametric image). Moreover, an algorithm is proposed to recover some anatomical structures (particularly, Cooper’s ligaments) which are shadowed during the image acquisition process (LWSPV parametric image). The information from both algorithms is combined to generate a final SPV+LWSPV parametric image. A 20-case pilot study was conducted on clinical data, which showed that the SPV+LWSPV parametric image added useful information to the B-mode image for clinical assessment in 85% of the cases (increase in diagnostic confidence in at least one boundary). Moreover, in 35% of the cases, the SPV+LWSPV parametric image provided a better definition of the entire boundary. Note that the radiologist knew the final diagnosis from histopathology. In addition, the SPV+LWSPV method has the advantage that it uses the I/Q data from a standard ultrasound equipment without the need for additional hardware. On the basis of these facts, we believe there to be a case for further investigation of the SPV+LWSPV imaging as a useful clinical tool in the pre-operative assessment of breast mass boundaries.

We studied Heart Rate Variability (HRV) evolution during therapeutic hypothermia in newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) using spectral analysis. We hypothesized that HRV measures are predictive of neurological outcome in babies with HIE. Non-stationarity in the data causes inaccurate quantification of the spectral power. A modification was proposed to power spectral analysis approach to mitigate the effect of non-stationarity. The modified and the standard approaches were applied to cardiac beat-to-beat intervals of newborns receiving hypothermia treatment. The performance of the approaches in distinguishing the RRi dynamics of two groups of newborns was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Our results showed that the modified spectral analysis distinguished the two groups of neonates better than the standard approach. These results may be useful in identifying the deteriorating physiology of the infants receiving hypothermia treatment early in time and strategize alternate interventions for them.

Acoustically, teleost swimbladders have been considered resonant underwater bubbles. Contrary results indicating that bladders are tuned less sharply than such a bubble have been explained by damping of surrounding fish tissue. Recent findings in toadfish and weakfish, however, suggest that the bladder is a highly damped structure and that the frequency of the fish sounds is deternlined as a forced response to sonic muscle movement rather than by resonance of the bladder. In this study I examined acoustics and material properties of swimbladders in Tilapia (an auditory generalist) and the channel catfish (an auditory specialist). The swimbladder was struck with a piezoelectric impact hammer. Amplitude and timing characteristics of bladder sound and displacement were compared for strikes of different amplitudes. Most of the first cycle of sound occurs during swimbladder compression, indicating that the bladder rapidly contracts and expands as force increases during the strike. Harder hits are shorter in duration generate a similar displacement duration with an increasing number of shorter cycles and a 12-15 dB increase in sound amplitude. The frequency spectrum is broad, and the dominant frequency is driven by the strike and not the natural frequency of the bladder. The displacement waveform varies between species catfish exhibit a greater structural stiffness and lower amplitude movement and higher sound amplitude for an equivalent hammer strike. Material properties (peak load, stress, strain, Young's modulus), fiber direction (catfish only), and structural stiffiless of bladders exhibit various patterns suggesting that the bladder walls are not uniform structures. Additionally thickness varies regionally. Notably Young's modulus in both species is similar despite large difference in stress and strain. The modulus of catfish bladder increased 1600-fold when dried. Finally the bladder of both species had a high water content averaging about 70%. These data suggest that viscous damping caused by water in the bladder wall is a major factor responsible for acoustic properties of the teleost swimbladder.

Abstract A computer program has been written to simulate the conditions of the early uni- verse and to test a new idea in the mechanism of structure formation observed in our universe today. The model utilises Newtonian hydrodynamic equations includ- ing gravitational and electromagnetic forces in two spatial dimensions. It is proposed that augmenting gravitational forces with plasma forces will complement the prob- lematic Big Bang theory of structure formation which relies on gravity alone. Two sets of initial conditions are tested and the products of the simulation are analysed in a statistical way using power spectra and the two-point correlation function. Differ- ences in the initial conditions were not seen to produce significantly different results. The results show that the Hubble expansion term significantly reduces power in the gravity models but plasma forces can retain power better than similar gravitation- only models. Initial velocity perturbations significantly modify the power spectrum gradient in the higher modes. Some power spectra displayed a definite bend in gra- dient at a scale which is verified by galaxy survey observations. Plasma forces also appear to cluster matter on smaller scales more efficiently than gravity alone. Thus, this simulation lays a foundation for a more detailed and realistic model that may be compared with real matter distribution observations.

Le centre coloré azote-lacune du diamant, appelé centre NV, est comparable à un atome piégé à l’état solide. Ses propriétés de spin, conservées à température ambiante, permettent la détection de résonances magnétiques par voie purement optique. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse est centré sur l’utilisation d’ensembles de centres NV pour répondre à des problématiques à la fois scientifiques et industrielles. Nous avons réalisé un microscope de photoluminescence permettant d’exploiter les propriétés d’une couche nanométrique de centres NV. Les images obtenues ont une résolution spatiale de 500 nm et les fluctuations du signal sont limitées par le bruit de photons. En soumettant les centres NV à un signal hyperfréquence connu, nous pouvons reconstituer la cartographie à l’échelle microscopique des trois composantes d’espace d’un champ magnétique : par exemple, celui produit par un conducteur parcouru par un courant. La sensibilité associée à une surface d’intégration de 1 µm² de la couche de centres NV est de l’ordre du microtesla par racine de hertz. Notre dispositif d’imagerie permet également d’analyser le spectre d’un signal hyperfréquence. En soumettant les centres NV à un gradient de champ magnétique connu, l’information spectrale est transformée en information spatiale. Des résultats préliminaires montrent l’analyse simultanée d’une bande de fréquences de 700 MHz associée à une résolution de 7 MHz et à un taux de rafraîchissement de 4 ms. Ces travaux illustrent les perspectives prometteuses du centre NV du diamant, notamment pour le contrôle de circuits électroniques et l’analyse en temps réel de spectres hyperfréquences pris dans leur ensemble. / The nitrogen-vacancy color center of diamond, called NV center, is an atom like system trapped in a solid lattice. Its spin properties, kept at room temperature, allow the detection of magnetic resonances by purely optical means. The work described in this thesis is focused on the use of NV centers’ ensembles targeting both scientific and industrial issues. We realized a photoluminescence microscope that exploits the properties of a nanoscale layer of NV centers. The spatial resolution of the resulting image is around 500 nm and the fluctuations of the signal is limited by the shot-noise. When the NV centers are submitted to a microwave signal witch frequency is known, the cartography of the three spatial components of the magnetic field, the one produced by a conductor carrying a current for example, can be determined at the microscopic scale. The sensitivity associated to an integration surface on the NV center layer of 1 µm² is in the order of the microtesla per square root of hertz. Our imaging device also leads to the spectral analysis of a microwave signal. When the NV centers are submitted to a known magnetic field gradient, the spectral information is transformed into spatial information. Preliminary results show the simultaneous analysis of a 700 MHz frequency band associated to a resolution of 7 MHz and a refresh rate of 4 ms. These works illustrate promising perspectives for the NV center of diamond, especially for the control of electronic circuits and the real time analysis of a whole microwave spectrum.

Esta tese é composta de três artigos. O primeiro artigo aplica a metodologia proposta por Chari, Kehoe e McGrattan (2003) para decompor as flutuações da indústria brasileira, usualmente medidas por meio da aplicação de filtros mecânicos. Sugere-se que os ciclos encontrados pela utilização do filtro Hodrick Prescott (ou qualquer filtro band pass) englobam oscilações econômicas cuja origem pode ser deslocamentos tanto da demanda quanto da oferta. Em particular, as simulações a partir de dados reais indicam que a maior parte dos ciclos brasileiros têm origem na oferta. Este resultado sugere que a calibração da política monetária a partir da noção usual de “hiato do produto" é potencialmente falha. De fato, estimativas da curva IS a partir dos componentes cíclicos associados à oferta e à demanda mostra que o impacto negativo de uma elevação de juros é relativamente maior sobre a oferta. De certa forma, portanto, há um viés inflacionário no uso da política monetária. Uma estimativa da Curva de Philips com o componente cíclico associado às mudanças de demanda revela coeficiente positivo maior do que o observado em modelos estimados com a medida usual de “hiato do produto". O segundo artigo compara a performance de filtros band pass com a do filtro Hodrick Prescott na determinação dos ciclos do produto brasileiro. Conclui-se, com base em inspeção do desempenho na amostra de dados disponível e em simulações de Monte Carlo, que o filtro Hodrick Prescott é inferior às alternativas consideradas quando o objetivo é extrair os ciclos em “tempo real". Essa conclusão é válida para dois modelos estatísticos alternativos de descrição do PIB: (i) supondo que a variável é I(0) em torno de uma tendência linear com “quebras" e (ii) supondo que a variável é I(1). Há também robustez com relação ao parâmetro de comparação do desempenho dos filtros. O terceiro artigo obtém: (i) uma série do PIB trimestral dessazonalizado perfeitamente compatível com as variações anuais, desde 1980, corrigindo um problema de ajustamento existente na série disponível eletronicamente; (ii) uma série confiável desde 1970, a partir de técnicas de desagregação temporal utilizando indicadores; (iii) uma série trimestral desde 1947 que, provavelmente, preserva uma parcela razoável dos componentes do PIB normalmente associados aos ciclos econômicos e; (iv) uma série alternativa que, provavelmente, incorpora uma parte dos componentes irregulares do período que vai de 1956 a 1969. / The first paper applies the methodology proposed by Chari, Kehoe and McGrattan (2003) to analyze cyclical fluctuations of the Brazilian industry, usually obtained by means of mechanical filters. The results suggest that filter-obtained cycles – using the Hodrick Prescott filter or a band pass filter – include components originated from supply and demand disturbances. Particularly, the simulations indicate that most Brazilian cycles are due to supply movements. This result leads to the conclusion that calibrating monetary policy based on a filter-obtained “output-gap" is potentially flawed. Indeed, IS curve estimations using supply-driven and demand-driven cyclical components show that the impact of monetary policy is more significant in the former than the latter. Thus, it would seem that there is an inflation bias in current monetary policy practice. The paper shows also that a Phillips Curve estimated from demand-driven cyclical components reveals a higher coefficient than one obtained by the usual regressions. The second paper compares the performance of band pass filters with the Hodrick Prescott filter in terms of their ability to extract the cycles of Brazilian GDP in “real time". Using actual and artificial data, the simulations indicate that the Hodrick Prescott filter is inferior. This conclusion holds for two alternative models to describe the GDP dynamics: (i) supposing the series is I(0) around a deterministic trend with a few structural breaks and (ii) supposing the series is I(1). The results are also robust with respect to more than one benchmark chosen to evaluate the performance of the filters. The third paper obtains: (i) a seasonally adjusted quarterly GDP series for the period 1980 to 2002, that is perfectly compatible with the annual National Accounts real variations, correcting a step problem present in the electronically available series; (ii) a reliable series going back to 1970, using temporal disaggregation methods with indicators; (iii) a series going back to 1947 that, most likely, preserves a reasonable amount of the cyclical components of the GDP and (iv) a series going back to 1956 that is likely to include part of the irregular components.

Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo experimental da turbulência e do transporte de partículas e energia induzido por flutuações na borda do plasma do tokamak TBR-1. Para isto, foi utilizado um conjunto de sondas eletrostáticas (incluindo uma sonda tripla de resposta rápida) e magnéticas, especialmente construído para este fim. Técnicas de análise espectral foram aplicadas aos dados e permitiram verificar a influência das flutuações da temperatura nos parâmetros de transporte. Os resultados mostram que o nível relativo das flutuações da temperatura é da ordem de 10% e os da densidade e do potencial variam de ~10 a ~ 30 %. As flutuações eletrostáticas possuem faixas largas de freqüência e números de onda, o que caracteriza a borda do plasma como um meio turbulento. Estas flutuações se propagam no sentido da deriva diamagnética dos íons. A correção das flutuações das grandezas do plasma utilizando as flutuações da temperatura causou mudanças significativas nos transportes de partículas e energia induzidos por flutuações, nas posições mais internas da borda do plasma. O tempo de confinamento de partículas, calculado a partir deste transporte, está na faixa de ~1 a ~ 1,5 ms, que é da mesma ordem do tempo de confinamento obtido por outros métodos, indicando assim que o transporte induzido por flutuações pode ser considerado como o principal processo de perda de partículas na borda do plasma. Utilizando perturbações magnéticas externas, verificamos que a temperatura e a densidade diminuem e há alterações significativas nas características das flutuações eletrostáticas e magnéticas. Os transportes de partículas e de energia também são afetados, diminuindo nas posições mais internas da borda do plasma. Estes efeitos mostram que a borda do plasma torna-se um meio menos turbulento e que estas perturbações são um meio efetivo de controle do transporte nesta região. / In this work we report an experimental study of the turbulence and the particle and energy transport due to fluctuations in the plasma edge of the TBR-1 tokamak. For this study a special set of electrostatic probes (including one fast response triple probe) and magnetic probes have been constructed. The triple probe permitted measurements of temperature fluctuations. Spectral analysis techniques were applied to the data and permitted to verify the influence of temperature fluctuations on the transport parameters. Our results indicate that the relative level of temperature fluctuations is ~ 10 % and the relative levels of density and potential fluctuations are in the range from ~ 10 to ~ 30 %. The electrostatic fluctuations are broadband in frequencies and wave numbers indicating that plasma edge is a turbulent medium. These fluctuations propagate in the ion diamagnetic drift direction. If temperature fluctuations are taken into account, significant modifications in the calculated transport parameters are obtained mainly in the inner positions of plasma edge. The particle confinement time, calculated from the transport corrected by the temperature fluctuations, is in the range from ~ 1 to ~ 1.5 ms. These values are comparable with those calculated by using other methods, indicating that transport induced by fluctuations is the main process of particle loss in the TBR-1 plasma edge. Controlled electrical currents circulating in helical windings were used to produce magnetic perturbations. These perturbations produce a decrease in the plasma mean density and temperature, and a significant alteration in the electrostatic and magnetic fluctuations. The transport parameters are also affected, decreasing at the inner positions of the plasma edge. The effect of these magnetic fields shows that these perturbations are an effective mean to control the transport in this region.

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos da prática da ioga na freqüência cardíaca, na variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca e na freqüência respiratória. Foram estudados praticantes de ioga (IOGA, n = 8) e não praticantes controles (CT, n = 8) com idade entre 30 e 45 anos. Dois sub-grupos de quatro indivíduos cada, com atividade física regular foram também comparados (IOGAativ e CTativ). Os participantes realizaram prática de asanas (IOGA) ou simulação (CT) precedidos e sucedidos por relaxamento, sendo registrados (20 min) o eletrocardiograma e respirograma antes e após os asanas ou simulação. A freqüência cardíaca foi menor no grupo IOGA comparado ao CT (58,9 ± 6,6 e 64,3 ± 5,6 bpm) e no grupo IOGAativ comparado ao CTativ (55,0 ± 3,6 e 63,2 ± 5,5 bpm). Não foram encontradas diferenças na freqüência respiratória. O intervalo de pulso (IP) foi maior no grupo IOGA (1036,0 ± 111,2 ms) comparado ao CT (943,9 ± 85,3 ms) e IOGAativ (1101,6 ± 72,6 ms) comparado ao CTativ (957,8 ± 92,6 ms). Também o desvio padrão do IP foi maior no grupo IOGA (68,8 ± 22,8 ms) comparado ao CT (51,1 ± 21,7 ms) e grupo IOGAativ (77,8 ± 14,1 ms) comparado ao CTativ (41,5 ± 17,8 ms). A potência espectral do IP foi maior no grupo IOGAativ comparada ao CTativ na faixa de muito baixa freqüência (2157,3 ± 1159,4 vs. 876,0 ± 989,4 ms2) e maior nas faixas de baixa (1523,7 ± 964,6 vs. 494,7 ± 417,1 ms2) e alta freqüências (1684,4 ± 847,9 vs. 462,6 ± 375,1 ms2) comparando-se os valores obtidos após os asanas ou simulação. Os resultados sugerem que a combinação de exercícios físicos e ioga pode aumentar os benefícios destes à saúde. / The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of yoga practice in heart rate (HR), HR variability and respiratory rate using spectral analysis. We compared yoga students (IOGA, n = 8) with non-practicing controls (CT, n = 8), between 30 and 45 years of age. These groups were subdivided in two subgroups (n = 4) having regular practice of physical activities besides yoga (IOGAactiv and CTactiv). The participants practiced the yoga asanas (IOGA) or physical simulation (CT) preceded and succeeded by relaxation, after which the electrocardiogram and respirogram was recorded for 20 min. Heart rate was lower in IOGA when compared to CT (58,9 ± 6,6 vs. 64,3 ± 5,6 bpm) and in IOGAactiv compared to CTactiv (55,0 ± 3,6 vs. 63,2 ± 5,5 bpm). No diferences in respiratory rate were found between groups. Pulse interval (PI) was higher in IOGA when compared to CT (1036,0 ± 111,2 vs. 943,9 ± 85,3 ms) and IOGAactiv compared to CTactiv (1101,6 ± 72,6 vs. 957,8 ± 92,6 ms). Standard deviation of pulse interval was greater in IOGA when compared to CT (68,8 ± 22,8 vs. 51,1 ± xix 21,7 ms) and IOGAactiv compared to CTactiv (77,8 ± 14,1 vs. 41,5 ± 17,8 ms). The spectral power of the PI was higher in the IOGAactiv group in relation to the CTactiv in the bands of very low (2157,3 ± 1159,4 vs. 876,0 ± 989,4 ms2) and in the band of low (1523,7 ± 964,6 vs. 494,7 ± 417,1 ms2) and high frequency (1684,4 ± 847,9 vs. 462,6 ± 375,1 ms2) after the practice of yoga asanas. These results suggest that combination of physical exercises and yoga may increase their healthy benefits.

Objetivo. Verificar se as características espectrais dos eletrogramas atriais (EgA) em ritmo sinusal (RS) se correlacionam com a presença de gânglios parassimpáticos cardíacos. Materiais e Resultados. Treze pacientes encaminhados para submeter-se a ablação de fibrilação atrial (FA) foram incluídos de forma prospectiva. Previamente ao início da ablação, realizou-se o registro de EgA em RS em uma série de regiões anatômicas pré-determinadas, seguindo-se uma ordem sequencial. Em seguida, aplicou-se estímulos elétricos de alta frequência (20 Hz de frequência, amplitude de 100 V e duração de pulso de 4 ms), nos mesmos locais. Uma resposta vagal evocada foi definida como um súbito aumento no intervalo RR ou a indução de bloqueio na condução átrio-ventricular imediatamente após a aplicação do estímulo de alta-frequência (EAF). Procedeu-se à análise espectral dos sinais atriais em RS registrados, com amostragem de 1000 Hz, janela Hanning. No total, 1488 EgA oriundos de 186 locais anatômicos foram registrados, sendo 129 de regiões com resposta vagal negativa e 57 correspondentes a regiões de resposta vagal positiva. A duração do eletrograma e o número de deflecções foram similares nos pontos com resposta vagal positiva e negativa. A densidade de potência espectral em locais de resposta vagal positiva, no entanto, foi menor entre 26 e 83 Hz, e maior entre 107 e 200 Hz, comparados com os locais de resposta negativa. A área sobre a curva entre 120 e 170 Hz normalizada para a área total do espectro foi testada como um novo parâmetro diagnóstico. A análise de curva ROC demonstrou que o valor area 120-170 / area total > 0,14 foi capaz de identificar locais de inervação vagal com sensibilidade de 70,9% e especificidade de 72,1%. Conclusão. A análise espectral de sinais atriais durante RS é um método factível e simples de mapear os locais de inervação parassimpática cardíaca, sem a necessidade de qualquer tipo de estimulação / Objective. To verify whether spectral components of atrial electrograms (AE) during sinus rhythm (SR) correlate with cardiac ganglionated plexus (GP) sites. Methods and Results. Thirteen patients undergoing atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation were prospectively enrolled. Prior to radio frequency application, endocardial AE were recorded with a sequential point-by-point approach. Electrical stimuli were delivered at 20 Hz, amplitude 100 V, and pulse width of 4 msec. A vagal response was defined as a high-frequency stimulation (HFS) evoked AV block or a prolongation of RR interval. Spectral analysis was performed on single AE during SR, sampling rate of 1000 Hz, Hanning window. Overall, 1488 SR electrograms were analyzed from 186 different left atrium sites, 129 of them corresponding to negative vagal response sites and 57 to positive response sites. The electrogram duration and the number of deflections were similar in positive and negative response sites. Spectral power density of sites with vagal response was lower between 26 and 83 Hz and higher between 107 and 200 Hz compared with negative response sites. The area between 120 and 170 Hz normalized to the total spectrum area was tested as a diagnostic parameter. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that an area 120-170 / area total value > 0,14 identified vagal sites with 70,9% sensitivity and 72,1% specificity. Conclusions. Spectral analysis of AE during SR is feasible and simple method of mapping the cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS), with no stimulation required

Este trabalho descreve o estudo das instabilidades magneto-hidro-dinâmicas (MHD) comumente observadas nas descargas elétricas de plasma no tokamak TCABR, do Instituto de Física da USP. Dois diagnósticos principais foram empregados para observar essas instabilidades: um conjunto poloidal de 24 bobinas magnéticas (bobinas de Mirnov) colocadas próximas à borda do plasma e um medidor de emissões na faixa do Ultra Violeta e de raios X moles com 20 canais (sistema SXR), cujo circuito de condicionamento de sinais foi aprimorado como parte deste trabalho. Esses diagnósticos foram escolhidos porque fornecem informações complementares, uma vez que o sistema SXR observa a parte central da coluna de plasma, enquanto as bobinas de Mirnov detectam as instabilidades MHD na região mais externa da coluna. As informações coletadas por esses diagnósticos foram submetidas à análise espectral com resolução temporal e espacial, possibilitando determinar a evolução das características espectrais e espaciais das instabilidades MHD observadas. Essas análises revelaram que durante a etapa inicial da formação do plasma (quando a corrente de plasma ainda está aumentando) ilhas magnéticas com números de onda decrescente, identificadas como sendo modos kink de borda, são detectadas nas bobinas de Mirnov. Após a formação do plasma, quando os parâmetros de equilíbrio estão relativamente estáveis (platô), oscilações são detectadas tanto nas bobinas de Mirnov quanto no sistema de SXR, indicando a presença de instabilidades MHD em toda a coluna de plasma. Em geral as oscilações medidas nas bobinas de Mirnov tem baixa amplitude e correspondem a pequenas ilhas magnéticas que foram identificadas como sendo modos de ruptura (modos tearing). Por outro lado, as instabilidades na região central foram identificadas como dentes de serra, que correspondem a relaxações periódicas da região interna à superfície magnética com fator de segurança q=1 e que são acompanhadas de oscilações precursoras, cuja amplitude depende da fase do ciclo de relaxação. Devido à essa modulação de amplitude, aparecem picos de frequência satélite nos espectrogramas dos sinais do SXR. Além disso, devido ao fato dos ciclos de relaxação não serem sinusoidais, os harmônicos da frequência de relaxação também aparecem nesses espectrogramas. No entanto, em muitas descargas do TCABR, a intensidade das oscilações medidas nas bobinas de Mirnov aumentam significativamente durante o platô, com efeitos sobre a frequência de todas as instabilidades MHD, até mesmo sobre os dentes de serra localizados na região central da coluna. Em todos os casos, observou-se que durante o platô a frequência das ilhas magnéticas coincide com a frequência das oscilações precursoras do dente de serra, apesar de serem duas instabilidades distintas, localizadas em posições radiais muito diferentes. Essa coincidência de frequências possibilitou descrever a evolução em frequência de todas as oscilações detectadas em diversos diagnósticos com base em apenas duas frequências básicas: a dos ciclos de relaxação dente de serra e a das ilhas magnéticas. / This work describes the study of magneto-hydro-dynamic instabilities (MHD) commonly observed in plasma discharges in tokamak TCABR (at Instituto de Física da USP). Two main diagnostics were employed to observe these instabilities: a poloidal set of 24 magnetic coils (Mirnov coils) placed near the plasma border and a detector of emissions in the Ultra Violet and soft X-ray range with 20 channels (SXR system) which improvement of the signal conditioning circuit was done as part of this work. These diagnostics were chosen because they provide complementary information, since the SXR system measures the central part of the plasma column, while the Mirnov coils detect the MHD instabilities in the outer part of the column. The information collected by these diagnoses was submitted to spectral analysis with temporal and spatial resolution, making it possible to determine the evolution of the spectral and spatial characteristics of the observed MHD instabilities. These analyzes revealed that during the initial stage of the plasma formation (when the plasma current is still increasing) magnetic islands with decreasing wave numbers, identified as edge kink modes, are detected in the Mirnov coils. After the plasma formation, when the equilibrium parameters are relatively flat (plateau), oscillations are detected in both Mirnov coils and SXR system, indicating the presence of MHD instability in the whole plasma column. In general, the fluctuations measured by the Mirnov coils have low amplitude corresponding to small magnetic islands, which were identified as tearing modes. On the other hand, the instabilities at the central region were identified as sawteeth oscillations that correspond to periodic relaxations in the internal region of the magnetic surface with safety factor q = 1 and that are accompanied by precursor oscillations which amplitude depends on the phase of the relaxation cycles. Due to this amplitude modulation, frequency satellite peaks appear in the spectrograms of the SXR signals. Furthermore, due to the fact that relaxation cycles are not sinusoidal, harmonics of the relaxation frequency also appear in the spectrograms. However, in many TCABR discharges, the intensity of the oscillations measured by the Mirnov coils increase significantly during the plateau, with affects the frequency of all MHD instabilities, even over the sawteeth in the central region of the column. In all cases, it was observed that during the plateau the frequency of the magnetic islands coincides with the frequency of the sawtooth precursors, although they are two different instabilities located in separated radial positions. This coincidence of frequencies allowed describing the frequency evolution of all measured oscillations by considering only two basic frequencies: the cycles of sawtooth relaxation and the magnetic islands.