How one behaves after interacting with a friend may not be the same as before the interaction began What factors a ect the formation of social interactions between people and, once formed, how do social interactions leave lasting changes on individual behavior? In this dissertation, a thorough review and conceptual synthesis is provided Major features of coordination dynamics are demonstrated with examples from both the intrapersonal and interpersonal coordination literature that are interpreted via a conceptual scheme, the causal loops of coordination dynamics An empirical, behavioral study of interpersonal coordination was conducted to determine which spontaneous patterns of coordination formed and whether a remnant of the interaction ensued ("social memory") To assess social memory in dyads, the behavior preceding and following episodes of interaction was compared In the experiment, pairs of people sat facing one another and made continuous flexion-extension finger movements while a window acted as a shutter to control whether partners saw each other's movements Thus, vision ("social contact") allowed spontaneous information exchange between partners through observation Each trial consisted of three successive intervals lasting twenty seconds: without social contact ("me and you"), with social contact ("us"), and again without ("me and you") During social contact, a variety of patterns was observed ranging from phase coupling to transient or absent collective behavior Individuals also entered and exited social coordination differently In support of social memory, compared to before social contact, after contact ended participants tended to remain near each other's movement frequency Furthermore, the greater the stability of coupling, the more similar the partners' post-interactional frequencies were Proposing that the persistence of behavior in the absence of information exchange was the result of prior frequency adaptation, a mathematical model of human movement was implemented with Haken-Kelso-Bunz oscillators that reproduced the experimental findings, even individual dyadic patterns Parametric manipulations revealed multiple routes to persistence of behavior via the interplay of adaptation and other HKB model parameters The experimental results, the model, and their interpretation form the basis of a proposal for future research and possible therapeutic applications / Includes bibliography / Dissertation (PhD)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016 / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Neste trabalho, Compressed Sensing é introduzido do ponto de vista da Física Estatística. Após uma introdução sucinta onde os conceitos básicos da teoria são apresentados, incluindo condições necessárias para as medições e métodos básicos de reconstrução do sinal, a performance típica do esquema Bayesiano de reconstrução é analisada através de um cálculo de réplicas exposto em detalhe pedagógico. Em seguida, a principal contribuição original do trabalho é introduzida --- o algoritmo Bayesiano de Compressed Sensing Online faz uso de uma aproximação de campo médio para simplificar cálculos e reduzir os requisitos de memória e computação, enquanto mantém a acurácia de reconstrução do esquema offline na presença de ruído aditivo. A última parte deste trabalho contém duas extensões do algoritmo online que permitem reconstrução otimizada do sinal no cenário mais realista onde conhecimento perfeito da distribuição geradora não está disponível. / In this work, Compressed Sensing is introduced from a Statistical Physics point of view. Following a succinct introduction where the basic concepts of the framework are presented, including necessary measurement conditions and basic signal reconstruction methods, the typical performance of the Bayesian reconstruction scheme is analyzed through a replica calculation shown in pedagogical detail. Thereafter, the main original contribution of this work is introduced --- the Bayesian Online Compressed Sensing algorithm makes use of a mean-field approximation to simplify calculations and reduce memory and computation requirements, while maintaining the asymptotic reconstruction accuracy of the offline scheme in the presence of additive noise. The last part of this work are two extensions of the online algorithm that allow for optimized signal reconstruction in the more realistic scenarios where perfect knowledge of the generating distribution is unavailable.

Enquanto muitos estudos são feitos para a análise e classificação de pinturas e outros ramos das Artes, este estudo não se detém somente a classificação. Estende-se aqui um método de análise já aplicado a Música e Filosofia (1), representando a evolução da Pintura como uma série temporal onde relações como oposição, inovação e dialética são medidas quantitativamente. Para isso, um corpus de pinturas de 12 artistas reconhecidos do período Barroco e de movimentos da Arte Moderna foram analisadas. Um conjunto de 99 atributos foi extraído e os atributos que mais contribuíram para a classificação das pinturas foram selecionados. O espaço de projeção obtido a partir desses atributos criou a base para a análise de medidas. Essas medidas quantitativas revelaram observações sobre a evolução dos estilos artísticos, especialmente quando comparados com outras áreas do conhecimento humano já analisados. A Música parece ter evoluído com a influência de uma tradição mestre-aprendiz (i.e. por apresentar alta dialética entre os músicos estudados). A Filosofia apresenta valores altos de oposição entre os representantes escolhidos (1), sugerindo que sua evolução apresenta constante oposição de ideias. Já na Pintura nota-se um outro padrão: aumento constante da inovação, baixa oposição entre membros do mesmo período artístico e picos de oposição no momento de transição entre estes períodos. Uma diferença entre os movimentos Barroco e movimentos da Arte Moderna foi também percebido no espaço projetado: enquanto as pinturas barrocas aparecem formando um agrupamento sobreposto, as pinturas modernas apresentam quase nenhuma sobreposição e estão dispostas espalhadas ao longo da projeção, mais que as barrocas. Essa observação encontra base na história da Arte onde os pintores barrocos compartilham características estéticas de suas pinturas, enquanto os modernos tendem a desenvolver seus próprios estilos e, por conseguinte, suas próprias estéticas. / While many studies were performed for the analysis and classification of paintings and other art venues, this study does not stop in the classification step. It extends an analysis method already applied to music and philosophy, representing the evolution of painting as a time-series where relations like opposition, skewness and dialectics were measured quantitatively. For that, a corpus of paintings of 12 well-known artists from Baroque and Modern art was analyzed. A set of 99 features was extracted and the features which most contributed to the classification of painters were selected. The projection space obtained from the features provided the basis to the analysis of measurements. This quantitative measures underlie revealing observations about the evolution of art styles, even when compared with other humanity fields already analyzed. (1) While music seems to evolve guided by a master-apprentice tradition (i.e. presenting high dialectics between composers) and philosophy by opposition, painting presents another pattern: constant increasing skewness, low opposition between members of the same movement and opposition peaks in the transition between movements. A difference between Baroque and Modern movements are also observed in the projected space: while Baroque paintings are presented as an overlapped cluster, the Modern paintings present minor overlapping and are disposed more scattered in the projection than baroques. This finds basis in arts history where Baroque painters share aesthetic characteristics while Modern painters tend to develop their own style and aesthetics.

The 1990s ushered in what historian Susan Stryker describes as “a tremendous burst of new transgender activism” in the United States. Concomitantly, the success of Star Trek: The Next Generation led to a renaissance of US science fiction television. This dissertation asks, what is the relation between transgender (trans) politics and US science fiction (sf) television from 1990 to the present? The theoretical framework is Trans/Elemental feminism, a new paradigm developed in the dissertation. The method is multiperspectival cultural studies, which considers how the production, content, and reception of media texts and their metatexts collectively determine the texts’ meaning. The data include trade articles about the television industry; published interviews with producers; 3,175 hours of televisual content; commercial advertisements for television programs; films, novels, and webisodes (Web episodes) in selected media franchises; professional reviews; online discussion boards; fan fiction; and fan videos. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015 / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Cette thèse porte sur la physique statistique des systèmes hors d’équilibre maintenus dans un état stationnaire. Plus spécifiquement, ce travail s’intéresse à des quantités macroscopiques conservées (le volume, la masse, etc.) qui peuvent être échangées entre plusieurs systèmes hors d’équilibre en contact. Cette mise en contact d’un ou plusieurs systèmes est une situation fondamentale en thermodynamique classique des systèmes à l’équilibre, en ce qu’elle permet de définir la notion de paramètre thermodynamique conjugué comme la température, la pression, le potentiel chimique, etc., qui dérivent d’un même potentiel thermodynamique. Dans les systèmes hors d’équilibre stationnaires, l’existence de tels paramètres conjugués dérivant d’un potentiel thermodynamique (énergie libre) demeure une question ouverte. En se focalisant sur la situation du contact entre deux systèmes stochastiques hors d’équilibre quelconques de particules sur réseau dans des états homogènes, nous montrons l’existence d’une fonction de grande déviation attachée aux densités globales des deux systèmes, lorsque la fréquence d’échange de particules entre ces derniers est faible. Cette fonction de grandes déviations hors d'équilibre, analogue de l’énergie libre, vérifie une équation dite de Hamilton-Jacobi. Nous identifions les conditions naturelles pour lesquelles la fonction de grandes déviations est additive, menant ainsi à la définition de potentiels chimiques hors-équilibre. Néanmoins, nous montrons que ceux-ci dépendent de façon générique de la dynamique au contact et ne vérifient donc pas d’équation d’état. En l’absence de bilan détaillé macroscopique, l’équation de Hamilton-Jacobi est beaucoup plus difficile à résoudre. Une analyse perturbative par rapport aux forçages hors-équilibres permet de se convaincre que l’additivité est génériquement brisée dès les premiers ordres de perturbation en l’absence de bilan détaillé. Au-delà de la propriété d’additivité, cette fonction de grandes déviations peut être liée dans un certain nombre de cas au travail exercé par un potentiel extérieur à travers une relation de type second principe de la thermodynamique. Nous discutons également différentes façons d’y avoir accès expérimentalement.Fort de cette analyse théorique générale, nous illustrons celle-ci sur des systèmes stochastiques sur réseau classiques (Zero Range Process et Driven Lattice Gases) ainsi que sur un modèle de transport de masse original, exactement soluble. Nous appliquons également notre analyse sur des systèmes de particules auto-propulsées indépendantes. Dans chaque cas, l’importance du contact est alors pleinement révélée, en accord avec la littérature récente, que ce soit au niveau de la dynamique elle-même ou de la position de ce dernier vis-à-vis des systèmes. / This thesis deals with the statistical physics of out-of-equilibrium systems maintained in a steady state. More specifically, this work focuses on macroscopic conserved quantities (volume, mass, etc.) that can be exchanged between several out-of-equilibrium systems brought into contact. The contact between two systems is a fundamental situation in classical thermodynamics of equilibrium systems, since it allows one to define the notion of intensive thermodynamic parameter such as temperature, pressure, chemical potential, etc., derived from the same thermodynamic potential. For non-equilibrium steady state systems, the general existence of such intensive parameters remains an open issue. By focusing on the contact situation between two out-of-equilibrium stochastic systems on lattice in homogeneous states, we show the existence of a large deviation function attached to the overall densities of both systems, when the frequency of particle exchange between them is low. This large deviations function, analogous to a free energy, satisfies a so-called Hamilton-Jacobi equation. We identify the natural conditions for which the large deviation function is additive, leading to the definition of non-equilibrium chemical potentials. Nevertheless, we show that the latter generically depends on the contact dynamics and therefore do not obey any equation of state. In the absence of a macroscopic detailed balance, the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is much more difficult to solve. A perturbative analysis with respect to the driving forces allows one to show that additivity is generically broken. Beyond this additivity property, this large deviations function can – under certain assumptions – be related to the work applied by an external potential through a generalisation of the second law. We also discuss different ways to get access experimentally to this out-of-equilibrium free energy.Based on this general theoretical analysis, we eventually provide several illustrations on standard stochastic lattice models (Zero Range Process and Driven Lattice gases in particular) as well as a detailed analysis of an original, exactly solvable, mass transport model. Standard models of independent self-propelled particles are also discussed. The importance of the contact is eventually fully revealed, in agreement with recent literature, either in terms of the dynamics at contact itself or because of its position with respect to both systems.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1975. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / The discrepancy between two recent phase diagram determinations of the Fe-Al system is resolved experimentally. Both diagrams are correct, but-one is a metastable coherent phase diagram. The iron-aluminum system possesses a tricritical point where a line of [lambda]- transitions ends at a miscibility gap at about 23 atom percent aluminum and 615°C. Rules of general applicability governing phase separation within the miscibility gap are developed. Application of the rules to the iron-aluminum system results in detailed predictions about the mechanisms of decomposition and their sequences in this system. Electron microscopy is used to study the reactions experimentally and the results are in agreement with theoretical predictions. / by Samuel Miller Allen. / Ph. D.

Nesta dissertação aplicamos conceitos de Teoria de Jogos Evolucionária ao jogo Hawk-Dove introduzido originalmente por Maynard Smith como um modelo para lutas convencionais [37]. Estudamos então a competição entre estratégias puras (consistentes) e mistas/aleatórias (inconsistentes) em uma extensão deste jogo que, sujeita a efeitos estocásticos, apresenta um mecanismo de drift que leva à população a um equilíbrio monomórfico da estratégia inconsistente. Também estudamos o problema do altruísmo forte e os efeitos de uma demografia de grupos em sua evolução, baseado no framework 2LFW de Schonman, Vicente e Caticha [58]. Elaboramos uma fórmula para a probabilidade de extinção do processo em seus estágios iniciais e calculamos e simulamos os equilíbrios estáveis do framework no regime de seleção fraca em t ! 1 para alguns jogos de interesse. / In this dissertation we have applied Evolutionary Game Theory concepts to the Hawk-Dove game that has been originally introduced by Maynard Smith as a model for conventional aggression [37]. We then studied the competition between pure (consistent) and mixed/random (inconsistent) strategies in an extension of this game which, subject to stochastic effects, presents a drift mechanism that drives the population to a monomorphic equilibrium of the inconsistente strategy. We have also studied the problem of Strong Altruism and the effects of a group demography in its evolution, based on Schonman, Vicente and Catichas 2LFW framework [58]. We have elaborated a formula for the processs extinction probability in its initial stages and calculated and simulated the stable equilibriums of the framework under weak selection for t ! 1 for some games of interest.

Social and natural sciences share an interest for collective phenomena, which constitute an important part of the domain of complex systems. This thesis focuses on the study of urban systems, using analytical tools inspired by statistical physics, and also simulations, in particular agent-based models. A first analytical resolution of a Schelling spatial segregation model is presented, using a statistical physics framework linking individual and collective dynamics. This framework shows that utility or welfare in socio-economic models corresponds to a chemical potential in physics, a correspondence which is applied to a urban housing model. The housing market is further studied with a parsimonious price formation model. The implementation of an agent-based model, which reproduces the results of the standard urban economics (AMM) model, provides a second point of view on urban systems and the interaction between transport and land use. The simulations give results also when analytical resolution is lacking. The model is used to study the economic, environmental and social outcomes of having an amenity in the urban area and of polycentric cities. With two income groups, this work provides insights on the different urban social structures in North American and European cities for instance.

The occurrence of earthquakes is characterized by a high degree of spatiotemporal complexity. Although numerous patterns, e.g. fore- and aftershock sequences, are well-known, the underlying mechanisms are not observable and thus not understood. Because the recurrence times of large earthquakes are usually decades or centuries, the number of such events in corresponding data sets is too small to draw conclusions with reasonable statistical significance. Therefore, the present study combines both, numerical modeling and analysis of real data in order to unveil the relationships between physical mechanisms and observational quantities. The key hypothesis is the validity of the so-called "critical point concept" for earthquakes, which assumes large earthquakes to occur as phase transitions in a spatially extended many-particle system, similar to percolation models. New concepts are developed to detect critical states in simulated and in natural data sets. The results indicate that important features of seismicity like the frequency-size distribution and the temporal clustering of earthquakes depend on frictional and structural fault parameters. In particular, the degree of quenched spatial disorder (the "roughness") of a fault zone determines whether large earthquakes occur quasiperiodically or more clustered. This illustrates the power of numerical models in order to identify regions in parameter space, which are relevant for natural seismicity. The critical point concept is verified for both, synthetic and natural seismicity, in terms of a critical state which precedes a large earthquake: a gradual roughening of the (unobservable) stress field leads to a scale-free (observable) frequency-size distribution. Furthermore, the growth of the spatial correlation length and the acceleration of the seismic energy release prior to large events is found. The predictive power of these precursors is, however, limited. Instead of forecasting time, location, and magnitude of individual events, a contribution to a broad multiparameter approach is encouraging. / Das Auftreten von Erdbeben zeichnet sich durch eine hohe raumzeitliche Komplexität aus. Obwohl zahlreiche Muster, wie Vor- und Nachbeben bekannt sind, weiß man wenig über die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen, da diese sich direkter Beobachtung entziehen. Die Zeit zwischen zwei starken Erdbeben in einer seismisch aktiven Region beträgt Jahrzehnte bis Jahrhunderte. Folglich ist die Anzahl solcher Ereignisse in einem Datensatz gering und es ist kaum möglich, allein aus Beobachtungsdaten statistisch signifikante Aussagen über deren Eigenschaften abzuleiten. Die vorliegende Arbeit nutzt daher numerische Modellierungen einer Verwerfungszone in Verbindung mit Datenanalyse, um die Beziehung zwischen physikalischen Mechanismen und beobachteter Seismizität zu studieren. Die zentrale Hypothese ist die Gültigkeit des sogenannten "kritischen Punkt Konzeptes" für Seismizität, d.h. starke Erdbeben werden als Phasenübergänge in einem räumlich ausgedehnten Vielteilchensystem betrachtet, ähnlich wie in Modellen aus der statistischen Physik (z.B. Perkolationsmodelle). Es werden praktische Konzepte entwickelt, die es ermöglichen, kritische Zustände in simulierten und in beobachteten Daten sichtbar zu machen. Die Resultate zeigen, dass wesentliche Eigenschaften von Seismizität, etwa die Magnitudenverteilung und das raumzeitliche Clustern von Erdbeben, durch Reibungs- und Bruchparameter bestimmt werden. Insbesondere der Grad räumlicher Unordnung (die "Rauhheit") einer Verwerfungszone hat Einfluss darauf, ob starke Erdbeben quasiperiodisch oder eher zufällig auftreten. Dieser Befund zeigt auf, wie numerische Modelle genutzt werden können, um den Parameterraum für reale Verwerfungen einzugrenzen. Das kritische Punkt Konzept kann in synthetischer und in beobachteter Seismizität verifiziert werden. Dies artikuliert sich auch in Vorläuferphänomenen vor großen Erdbeben: Die Aufrauhung des (unbeobachtbaren) Spannungsfeldes führt zu einer Skalenfreiheit der (beobachtbaren) Größenverteilung; die räumliche Korrelationslänge wächst und die seismische Energiefreisetzung wird beschleunigt. Ein starkes Erdbeben kann in einem zusammenhängenden Bruch oder in einem unterbrochenen Bruch (Vorbeben und Hauptbeben) stattfinden. Die beobachtbaren Vorläufer besitzen eine begrenzte Prognosekraft für die Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit starker Erdbeben - eine präzise Vorhersage von Ort, Zeit, und Stärke eines nahenden Erdbebens ist allerdings nicht möglich. Die genannten Parameter erscheinen eher vielversprechend als Beitrag zu einem umfassenden Multiparameteransatz für eine verbesserte zeitabhängige Gefährdungsabschätzung.

Plants and some unicellular algae store carbon in the form of transitory starch on a diurnal basis. The turnover of this glucose polymer is tightly regulated and timely synthesis as well as mobilization is essential to provide energy for heterotrophic growth. Especially for starch degradation, novel enzymes and mechanisms have been proposed recently. However, the catalytic properties of these enzymes and their coordination with metabolic regulation are still to be discovered. This thesis develops theoretical methods in order to interpret and analyze enzymes and their role in starch degradation. In the first part, a novel description of interfacial enzyme catalysis is proposed. Since the initial steps of starch degradation involve reactions at the starch-stroma interface it is necessary to have a framework which allows the derivation of interfacial enzyme rate laws. A cornerstone of the method is the introduction of the available area function - a concept from surface physics - to describe the adsorption step in the catalytic cycle. The method is applied to derive rate laws for two hydrolases, the Beta-amylase (BAM3) and the Isoamylase (DBE/ISA3), as well as to the Glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and a Phosphoglucan phosphatase (DSP/SEX4). The second part uses the interfacial rate laws to formulate a kinetic model of starch degradation. It aims at reproducing the stimulatory effect of reversible phosphorylation by GWD and DSP on the breakdown of the granule. The model can describe the dynamics of interfacial properties during degradation and suggests that interfacial amylopectin side-chains undergo spontaneous helix-coil transitions. Reversible phosphorylation has a synergistic effect on glucan release especially in the early phase dropping off during degradation. Based on the model, the hypothesis is formulated that interfacial phosphorylation is important for the rapid switch from starch synthesis to starch degradation. The third part takes a broader perspective on carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) but is motivated by the organization of the downstream pathway of starch breakdown. This comprises Alpha-1,4-glucanotransferases (DPE1 and DPE2) and Alpha-glucan-phosphorylases (Pho or PHS) both in the stroma and in the cytosol. CAZymes accept many different substrates and catalyze numerous reactions and therefore cannot be characterized in classical enzymological terms. A concise characterization is provided by conceptually linking statistical thermodynamics and polymer biochemistry. Each reactant is interpreted as an energy level, transitions between which are constrained by the enzymatic mechanisms. Combinations of in vitro assays of polymer-active CAZymes essential for carbon metabolism in plants confirmed the dominance of entropic gradients. The principle of entropy maximization provides a generalization of the equilibrium constant. Stochastic simulations confirm the results and suggest that randomization of metabolites in the cytosolic pool of soluble heteroglycans (SHG) may contribute to a robust integration of fluctuating carbon fluxes coming from chloroplasts. / Stärke hat eine herausragende Bedeutung für die menschliche Ernährung. Sie ist ein komplexes, wasserunlösliches Glucosepolymer und dient - als eine der wichtigsten Speicherformen von Kohlenhydraten in Pflanzen - der Aufrechterhaltung des Energiestoffwechsels. Unterschiedliche Organe enthalten Stärke. In Knollen und Samen wird die sogenannte Speicherstärke über lange Zeiträume auf- und abgebaut. Die im Allgemeinen weniger bekannte transitorische Stärke in Blättern und einigen einzelligen Algen wird in einem täglichen Rhythmus umgesetzt: Sie wird während der Photosynthese aufgebaut und in der Nacht abgebaut. Experimentelle Studien haben nachgewiesen, dass die Fähigkeit der Pflanze, den Abbau transitorischer Stärke zu regeln, essentiell ist, um während der Nacht das Wachstum der Pflanze zu gewährleisten. Da die Geschwindigkeit von biochemischen Reaktionen über Enzyme reguliert wird, ist die Aufklärung ihrer Funktion im Stoffwechsel eine notwendige Voraussetzung, um den komplexen Prozess des Wachstums zu erklären. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen Versuch dar, die Funktion von Enzymen beim Stärkeabbau anhand von mathematischen Modellen und Computersimulationen besser zu verstehen. Dieser Ansatz erlaubt es, Eigenschaften des Systems durch Abstraktion anhand eines idealisierten Abbildes herzuleiten. Die mathematisch notwendigen Folgerungen dienen der Aufstellung von Hypothesen, die wiederum mit experimentellen Resultaten konfrontiert werden können. Stoffwechselsysteme sind komplexe Untersuchungsobjekte, bei denen eine rein qualitative Argumentation schnell an Grenzen gerät, wo mathematische Methoden die Möglichkeit von Aussagen noch zulassen. Der erste Teil der Arbeit entwickelt einen theoretischen Rahmen, um Gleichungen für die Geschwindigkeit oberflächenaktiver Enzyme herzuleiten. Dies ist notwendig, da die ersten Reaktionen, die dem Stärkeabbau zugeordnet werden, an ihrer Oberfläche stattfinden. Die Methode wird auf vier essentielle Enzyme angewandt: zwei abbauende Enzyme (Beta-Amylase und Isoamylase) und zwei den Abbau unterstützende Enzyme (Alpha-Glucan,Wasser-Dikinase und Phosphoglucan Phosphatase). Der zweite Teil entwickelt ein kinetisches Modell des Stärkeabbaus unter Verwendung der hergeleiteten Ratengleichungen. Das Modell bildet die Dynamik des Systems realistisch ab und legt nahe, dass ein spontaner Phasenübergang an der Oberfläche von geordneten zu weniger geordneten Zuständen stattfindet. Ferner wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass die reversible Modifikation der Oberfläche durch Enzyme besonders in der Anfangsphase des Abbaus einen synergetischen Effekt hat, d.h. den Abbau enorm beschleunigt. Dies könnte beim schnellen Umschalten von Stärkeaufbau zu Stärkeabbau regulatorisch relevant sein. Im letzten Teil werden kohlenhydrataktive Enzyme betrachtet, die in der löslichen Phase die Produkte des Stärkeabbaus weiterverarbeiten. Da diese sogenannten Transferasen auch in vielen anderen Organismen und Stoffwechselwegen vorkommen, wird ein allgemeiner Standpunkt eingenommen. Anhand von Methoden aus der statistischen Physik wird theoretisch wie experimentell nachgewiesen, dass diese Enzyme spontan die Entropie innerhalb des Stoffwechselsystems erhöhen. Diese Neigung, "Unordnung" zu schaffen, wird vom Organismus aber paradoxerweise ausgenutzt, um die Weiterverarbeitung von Kohlenhydraten im Stärkestoffwechsel zu stabilisieren. Dieser Mechanismus eröffnet einen neuen Blick auf energie- und entropiegetriebene Prozesse in Zellen.