This is a study of David Lodge's campus novels: The British Museum is Falling Down, Changing Places, Small World and Nice Work. Unlike most previous studies of Lodge's work, which have focussed on literary-theoretical issues, this dissertation .aims at unravelling some of the ideological impulses that inform his campus fiction. A basic assumption of this study is that literature is never disinterested; it is always an ideological statement about the world. Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the dialogical relationship between self and other provides a means of investigating the interaction between author and reader; central to this project is Bakhtin's notion of how to reach an independent, ideological consciousness through the active scrutiny of the authoritative discourses surrounding us. First, a brief historical outline of the campus novel is presented, together with analyses of three representative works. Lodge's novels are thereafter discussed in relation to his own literary-theoretical work, and also in relation to his attempts at bridging the gap between the academy and the world outside. The chapter demonstrates how, as a result of this bridging posture, Lodge's works, critical and fictional, become increasingly intertwined. Yet, despite Lodge’s avowed intentions, for readers without prior access to the literary canon his elaborate intertextual games fail to bridge the gap. The discussion of Lodge's first three campus novels novels shows how the authority of the Church, the literary canon, and established societal norms, is seemingly challenged in these texts. Lodge has himself invited a Bakhtinian reading of his novels, but this study demonstrates that his fiction, allegedly both dialogical and camivalesque, to a large extent advocates an ideology that is diametrically opposed to such an activity. Reigning over these novels is a mood of gloom and passive resignation—a mood which is the very antithesis of Bakhtin's insistence on activity and the camivalesque positive attitude to change and renewal. In the discussion of the last novel, it is furthermore demonstrated that Lodge's use of stereotypes wrecks any dialogical potential, and that the extended intertextual play evinces clear anti-feminist and élitist patterns. Lodge’s campus fiction confirms the myth of the isolated Ivory Tower. The attempted bridging of the gap between the academy and the outside world is not accomplished. For most readers his texts remain one-dimensional portrayals of irrelevant campus clowns. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993</p> / digitalisering@umu

This report explored the effects of stereotype threat—i.e., the apprehension associated with the possibility of confirming a self-relevant negative stereotype—on the stigmatized group Latinos as they were interviewed about their academic achievements and career aspirations. Latino participants were exposed to a self-relevant negative stereotype in the news, an illegal immigrant crossing the Mexican-American border smuggling drugs, as a stimulus activating stereotype threat. The study used deception as participants were unaware of the connection between the news article and the interview thus ensuring stereotype threat activation. Latino participants in the illegal immigrant/criminal condition displayed more verbal disfluency and tentative language than those in the control condition demonstrating evidence for media’s ability to stereotype threat. / text

published_or_final_version / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Over the last fifty years, researchers in Status Characteristics Theory (SCT) have conclusively demonstrated that within task groups, status differences between members influence the emergence of a power and prestige hierarchy within the group. According to the theory, this is accomplished through the activation of stereotypical expectations of group members' abilities. However, relatively little research has directly examined the cognitive process associated with expectation formation. During this same period, scholars within diverse subfields of psychology have suggested that there are two fundamental dimensions along which social judgments are made. These two dimensions have been referred to by various names, including instrumentality and expressivity, agency and communality, and competence and warmth. The most recent exploration of this idea can be found in the field of cognitive science as part of the Stereotype Content Model (SCM). The purpose of the current research is to integrate the basic propositions of SCT with the cognitive process outlined in SCM. In doing so, I hope to situate SCT within an expansive body of existing research, while suggesting a number of potentially useful directions for future research in SCT.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån kvalitativ data synliggöra perspektiv på genus och könsstereotyper, i kombination med organisation. Empirin utgår från fyra informanters perspektiv på dessa frågor, med utgångspunkt från deras egen arbetssituation. Grunden i intervjuerna har varit hur informanterna ställer sig till det faktum att de befinner sig i minoritet könsmässigt på arbetsplatsen och hur detta påverkar arbetssituationen, samt vad som gjort att de valt att bryta könsmönstret i ett annars segregerat arbetsliv. Teorin tar sin utgångspunkt i skapandet av kön och genus i kombination med organisation. Samt lyfts en diskussion kring avvikelse som utgår från Erving Goffmans begrepp stigma. Resultaten visar att informanterna varit medvetna om sin minoritetssituation, både i positiv och också i negativ bemärkelse. Mestadels anser de dock att de kunnat ingå som en del av gruppgemenskapen. De har dock alla vid olika tillfällen tvingats ta ställning till den könsstruktur som finns på arbetsplatsen. / The purpose of this paper, which is based on qualitative data, is to highlight the perspectives of gender and gender stereotypes, in combination to organization. The empirical data is based on four individuals’ perspectives on these issues, based on their work situation. The basis of the interviews has been to understand the informants' attitudes, to the fact that they are in gender minority at the workplace, and how this affects the work situation. And also what made them chose to break the gender pattern in an otherwise segregated working life. The theory is based on the creation of sex and gender in combination to organization. And also a discussion on difference is raised, based on Erving Goffman's definition of stigma. The results show that the informants have been aware of their gender minority position, both in positive and also in a negative sense. They have all at various times been forced to consider the gender structure at the workplace. Though, mostly they believe that they can be a part of the group, despite their minority situation.

The purpose of this thesis is to find out how gender roles are described in musical lyrics written for children. I used gender theories that describe how stereotypical gender roles are displayed in music and these theories were later compared with the songbooks I studied. The thesis is a qualitative study to detect masculine and feminine related differences in the texts. After having read, analyzed and compared over 200 songs I found that the stereotype notions of masculinity and femininity is reflected in songs. Society has transferred in this way normative values on to the children through the songs that teachers choose to sing in schools. / Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur könsroller beskrivs i musiken och visorna för barn. Jag använde genusteorier som beskriver hur stereotypa genusroller uppstår och genom att pröva dessa teorier i relation med sångböckerna, försöka finna svar på mina frågor. Studien är en kvalitativ studie för att upptäcka skillnader mellan maskulinitet och femininitet i text. Efter att ha läst, analyserat och jämfört över 200 sånger fann jag att stereotypa föreställningar om vad som är manligt och kvinnligt återspeglas i visorna. De normativa värderingar som samhället har idag överföras på detta sätt vidare till barn genom de sånger vi väljer att sjunga i skolan.

The purpose of this BA-thesis is to examine how many girls, boys, women and men who appear in children’s programmes in the years 1978, 1992 and 2007. We have also studied if they are described as typical gender role stereotypes and we have looked at the power conditions between girls and boys, women and men and children and adults. From the results we then examined the changes through out the years. We have made this possible by choosing two days each year when most children were watching the programmes. With the gender role theory we have brought up the important issue of the fact that men appear more frequently in media then women and by doing so the media preserve men as the standard gender. You can also apply this theory on the condition of children and adults, where the adults are the norm in the generation system. We have analysed the contents of the programmes by using a quantitative method and our results showed us that the equality between the sexes hasn’t improved as much as we had hoped for. The year 1978 sometimes had the same results as 2007 and at some parts the year 1978 was better than 2007. The year 1992 was not equal in any part except in the equality between the sexes in the starring role.

No description available.

Darbe analizuojamas moters įvaizdis Lietuvos viešojoje ervėje (reklamos pasaulyje, televizijoje, moterims skirtuose žurnaluose ir literatūroje). Atskleidžiama lyties samprata, feminizmo rūšys, pristatomas lietuviškas feminizmas. Atskleidžiama viešosios erdvės ir moters įvaizdžio samprata bei pristatomi ir aptariami pagrindiniai moters įvaizdžiai. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas - aptarti moters įvaizdžius Lietuvos viešojoje erdvėje. Moters įvaizdžių sklaidai pasitelkiama feministine kritika. Akcentuojama, kad moters įvaizdžiai formuojasi remiantis stereotipais. Pagrindiniai moters įvaizdžiai: ,,Olialia" mergaitė, moteris manekenė, ,,bloga mergaitė", karjeros moteris, moteris namų šeimininkė ir ponia. Šiuolaikinėje literatūroje kuriamas nepriklausomos, emancipuotos ir vienišos moters įvaizdis. Išvadose teigiama, kad Lietuvos viešojoje erdvėje dažniausiai kuriami tikrovės neatitinkantys bei moterį žeminintys stereotipiniai įvaizdžiai, kurie skatina lyčių nelygybę bei moteriškosios lyties nuvertinimą. Viešojoje erdvėje kuriami moters įvaizdžiai įrodo teiginį, kad abi lytys Lietuvoje tebegyvena maskulinistiniame patriarchaliniame pasaulyje ir laikosi jo normų. Nuolat kartojantis stereotipinėms lyčių vaidmenų interpretacijoms viešojoje erdvėje, vargu ar sulauksime permainų visuomenės nuostatose, suteikiančiose moterims galimybes skleistis kaip pilnavertėms asmenybėms. / This work analyses the image of a woman in public space in Lithuania. It reveals the problem of sex and analyses the conception of feminism, its types, also it presents Lithuanian feminism. The conception of public space is revealed and the main images of a Lithuanian woman is are presented. The human sex is a distinguished feature – every individual’s base of identity and experience both in one’s consciousness and supoconsciousness. The phenomenon of sex is one of the fundamental human manifestation which is revealed through a person’s sexual identity – one’s masculinity or femininity. Sexual stereotypes existing in society and culture still influence the conception of ,,masculinity” and ,,femininity”. Sex is one of the underlying factors which form the identity of a person. Both sexes are equal and must have equal rights. The underlying category of feminist theory is a rapport between sexes. The examination of the rapport between sexes includes but does not confine to so called typical feminist questions : women’s status and men’s dominance. Discussing the relationship question is what are the natural differences between sexes? It is proved there are no apparent natural differences. Feminism is a belief in social, political and economic equality between sexes and the movement which refers to the belief that a sex should not be a factor to from a person’s social identity, sociopolitical or economic rights. Lithuania needs feminism because the situation of women is not good... [to full text]

This study is a comparative analysis of how Hollywood portrays people from the Middle East before and after 9/11. The films used to conduct this study are True Lies (1994), The Siege (1998), The Kingdom (2007) and Body of Lies (2008). With a qualitative methodology, discourse analysis and postcolonial theory this study analysed not only how people from the Middle East is portrayed, but also how the Americans in the films are presented and how the characters in the films changed in the movies produced after 9/11.      The results show that people from the Middle East are portrayed in a negative way and that Hollywood uses stereotypes. However, people from the Middle East are more gradated in the films post-9/11. There is a bigger focus on Islam in the movies produced after 9/11 and the study also shows that family values play a less central part in the story in the films made after 9/11 and that work is of more importance. The American characters have a greater need to help their country in the war against terrorists in the films produced after 9/11 compared to the American characters in the films made before 9/11.