Abstract—Background: Software Process Improvement (SPI) maturity models have been developed to assist organizations to enhance software quality. Agile methodologies are used to ensure productivity and quality of a software product. Amongst others they are applied in Small and Medium – sized Enterprises (SMEs). However, little is known about the combination of Agile methodologies and SPI maturity models regarding SMEs and the results that could emerge, as all the current SPI models are addressed to larger organizations and all these improvement models are difficult to be used by Small and Medium – sized firms. Combinations of these methodologies could lead to improvement in the quality of the software products, better project management methodologies and organized software development framework. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the main Agile methodologies and SPI maturity models applied in SMEs, the combinations of these methodologies, and the results that could emerge. Through these combinations, new software development frameworks are proposed. What is more, the results of this study can be used as a guide with the appropriate combination for each SME, as a better project management methodology or as improvement in the current software engineering practices. Methods: A Systematic Literature Review was conducted, resulting in 71 selected relevant papers ranging from 2001 to 2013. Besides, a survey has been performed from June 2013 to October 2013, including 49 participants. Results: Seven Agile methodologies and six different SPI maturity models were identified and discussed. Furthermore, the combination of eight different Agile methodologies and Software Process Improvement maturity models is presented, and as well as their benefits and drawbacks that could emerge in Small and Medium – sized firms. Conclusion: The majority of the Agile methodologies and SPI maturity models are addressed to large or very large enterprises. Thus, little research has been conducted for SMEs. The combinations of the Agile methodologies and SPI maturity models are usually performed in experimental stages. However, it has been observed that such type of combination could present numerous benefits, which can also be applicable in SMEs as well. The combinations that are most common are the CMMI and XP, CMMI and Scrum, CMMI and Six Sigma, and the PRINCE2 and DSDM. / 0034-636835645

Context: Software cost and effort estimation are important activities for planning and estimation of software projects. One major player for cost and effort estimation is functional size of software which can be measured in variety of methods. Having several methods for measuring one entity, converting outputs of these methods becomes important. Objectives: In this study we investigate different techniques that have been proposed for conversion between different Functional Size Measurement (FSM) techniques. We addressed conceptual similarities and differences between methods, empirical approaches proposed for conversion, evaluation of the proposed approaches and improvement opportunities that are available for current approaches. Finally, we proposed a new conversion model based on accumulated data. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review for investigating the similarities and differences between FSM methods and proposed approaches for conversion. We also identified some improvement opportunities for the current conversion approaches. Sources for articles were IEEE Xplore, Engineering Village, Science Direct, ISI, and Scopus. We also performed snowball sampling to decrease chance of missing any relevant papers. We also evaluated the existing models for conversion after merging the data from publicly available datasets. By bringing suggestions for improvement, we developed a new model and then validated it. Results: Conceptual similarities and differences between methods are presented along with all methods and models that exist for conversion between different FSM methods. We also came with three major contributions for existing empirical methods; for one existing method (piecewise linear regression) we used a systematic and rigorous way of finding discontinuity point. We also evaluated several existing models to test their reliability based on a merged dataset, and finally we accumulated all data from literature in order to find the nature of relation between IFPUG and COSMIC using LOESS regression technique. Conclusions: We concluded that many concepts used by different FSM methods are common which enable conversion. In addition statistical results show that the proposed approach to enhance piecewise linear regression model slightly increases model’s test results. Even this small improvement can affect projects’ cost largely. Results of evaluation of models show that it is not possible to say which method can predict unseen data better than others and it depends on the concerns of practitioner that which model should be used. And finally accumulated data confirms that empirical relation between IFPUG and COSMIC is not linear and can be presented by two separate lines better than other models. Also we noted that unlike COSMIC manual’s claim that discontinuity point should be around 200 FP, in merged dataset discontinuity point is around 300 to 400. Finally we proposed a new conversion approach using systematic approach and piecewise linear regression. By testing on new data, this model shows improvement in MMRE and Pred(25). / Javad Amiri: Nabshe Kooche 3, Bolvare shadi, Farhangian 2, Qom, Iran, phone: +989127476593 Vinod Kumar: s/o P.V.Kondala Rao, Main Road Khaji Street Rajahmundry. A.P. India pin: 533101 phone: +917396449336

This study has investigated what current problems exist in the realm of decision making AI. This has been achieved by analyzing current literature between 2010 to 2019. Using a systematic literature review as the research method, the end product shows what problems are the toughest to solve within a certain time period. To conduct this study there had to be a need to conduct this literature review. Due to the fact that there is not any compilation that has specifically targeted the downside and problems that can occur when implementing an artificial intelligence (AI). For these reasons the following research question was conceived: "What are the current problems concerning data analysis conducted by AI?" In order to get a deeper understanding about certain where AI can go wrong, a theoretical framework has been created, explaining a few frequent terms used in the subject area. The primary problem areas were found to be the interpretation, or the misconfiguration, of the data that could cause negative effects, i.e. discrimination.

Bakgrund: Den världsomfattande rörligheten mellan länder och en större variation när det gäller etnicitet på patienter har gjort att det ställs högre krav på hälso- och sjukvården. Sjukvården möter patienter med annat modersmål än svenska och annan kulturell bakgrund vilket innebär ökad flexibilitet och språkkompetens för sjuksköterskor. Sjuksköterskan är den första som kommer i kontakt med patienten i en akutvårdskontext och ställs därför inför en utmaning att vårda patienten med en språkbarriär.  Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att i en akutvårdskontext vårda patienter när det finns en språkbarriär. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt med resultat från 16 vetenskapliga artiklar, 14 kvalitativa och två med mixad metod. Analysen utfördes utifrån Whittemore & Knafls metod.  Resultat: Resultat redovisas utifrån två kategorier en utmaning för sjuksköterskorna och upplevelsen av att använda olika verktyg i vårdmötet samt 6 subkategorier. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor ser mötet med patienten i en akutvårdskontext som en utmaning. De vill gärna vårda patienten men vet inte hur de ska närma sig patienten, oro finns för att göra fel så att patientsäkerheten hotas. I dessa situationer kan det finnas behov av professionell tolk som behärskar medicinska termer, vilket kan vara svårt i en akut situation. Det finns andra verktyg som sjuksköterskan använder för att kunna bedöma patientens akuta behov så som kroppsspråk eller flerspråkiga kollegor. / Bakgrund: Den globala rörelsen mellan länder och en större variation när det gäller patienters etnicitet har ökat kraven på vården. Hälso- och sjukvården behandlar patienter med ett annat modersmål än svenska och ibland olika kulturell bakgrund. Detta kräver högre flexibilitet och ökade språkkunskaper bland sjuksköterskor. Sjuksköterskan är den första som möter patienten i en akutvårdskontext och utmanas därför att ta hand om patienter i situationer där en språkbarriär uppstår. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser i en akutvårdskontext för att ta hand om patienter där en språkbarriär uppstår. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt med resultat från 16 vetenskapliga artiklar, 14 kvalitativa och två med blandad metod. Analysen utfördes baserat på Whittemore & Knafl-metoden. Resultat: Resultaten redovisas utifrån två kategorier, en utmaning för sjuksköterskorna och erfarenheten av att använda olika verktyg i vårdmötet, samt 6 underkategorier. Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskor ser mötet med patienten i en akutvårdskontext som en utmaning. De vill ta hand om patienten men vet inte hur de ska närma sig patienten, det finns en oro för att göra misstag så att patientsäkerheten hotas. I dessa situationer kan det finnas behov av en professionell tolk som behärskar medicinska termer, vilket kan vara svårt i en nödsituation. Det finns andra verktyg som sjuksköterskan använder för att kunna bedöma patientens akuta behov, till exempel kroppsspråk eller flerspråkiga kollegor.

Today’s world is a network of interconnected systems that are always running to facilitate information exchange so people can carry out their daily activities. Software applications are constantly evolving to meet the increasing expectations of the growing market, thereby giving rise to the development of large complex systems. It is very likely for these complex systems to encounter bugs which is a situation that can cause errors in software. These bugs can prevent the systems from operating as intended, slowing down software development and deployment, and causing delays in deadlines. This study undertook a systematic literature review to find trends in the field of bug prioritization. Software bug prioritization can help developers determine the order of fixing bugs by assigning priority levels based on the severity analysis. This study aims to identify the most promising techniques that can change the bug prediction and resolution process. It is observed that machine learning techniques (ML) have been gaining popularity in addressing the bug prioritization issue since they can automatically assign priority levels. However, these ML techniques also have limitations addressed in this study along with a taxonomic classification of identified techniques. The review obtained 34 manuscripts based on study selection criteria. These manuscripts discovered 63 unique bug prioritization techniques, including a mix of ML, data reduction and hybrid techniques. It is evident that though these techniques perform automatic prioritization, they can sometimes be slow and lack consistency in the accuracy of results.

The use of Internet-of-Things (IoT) makes it possible to inter-connect Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) into a completely new system. This convergence is often known as Industrial IoT (IIoT). IIoT brings a lot of benefits to industrial assets, such as improved efficiency and productivity, reduced cost, and depletion of human error. However, the high inter-connectivity opens new possibilities for cyber incidents. These incidents can cause major damage like halting of production on the manufacturing line, or catastrophic havoc to companies, communities, and countries causing power outages, floods, and fuel shortages. Such incidents are important to be predicted, stopped, or alleviated at no cost. Moreover, these incidents are a great motive for researchers and practitioners to investigate known security problems and find potential moderation strategies.  In this thesis work, we try to identify what types of IIoT systems have been investigated in the literature. We seek out to find if software-related issues can yield security problems. Also, we make an effort to perceive what are the proposed methods to mitigate the security threats.We employ the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology to collect this information. The results are gathered from papers published in the last five years and they show an increased interest in research in this domain. We find out software vulnerabilities are a concern for IIoT systems, mainly firmware vulnerabilities and buffer overflows, and there are a lot of likely attacks that can cause damage, mostly injection and DDoS attacks. There are a lot of different solutions which offer the possibility to stop the identified problems and we summarize them. Furthermore, the research gap considering the update process in these systems and devices, as well as a problem with the unsupervised software supply chain is identified.

Bakgrund: I tidigare forskning framgår det att sjuksköterskor erfar svårigheter i bemötande av anhöriga inom palliativ vård och att det kan handla om kommunikation- och kunskapsbrister. Sjuksköterskor beskriver erfarenheter gällande bristande kunskap inom bemötande av anhöriga inom palliativ vård, vilket medför brister i kommunikation med anhöriga. Det framgår att patienter belyser vikten i att få emotionellt stöd inom palliativ vård, både från sjuksköterskor och anhöriga. Syfte: Att beskriva anhörigas erfarenheter av bemötande inom palliativ vård. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie med beskrivande syntes av tolv vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Det framkom två teman; Trygghetsskapande kommunikation och Närvarande vårdpersonal. Utifrån dessa teman skapades fem subteman; Att informationsutbyte främjar vårdrelationer, Att brister uppstår i informationsutbytet, Att vara delaktig i samarbete med vårdpersonal, Att få emotionellt stöd och Att bristande tillgänglighet försämrar tillfredställelser av behov. Dessa teman och subteman beskriver anhörigas erfarenheter av bemötande inom palliativ vård. Slutsats: Anhöriga erfor att vårdrelationer med gott bemötande främjades via trygghetsskapande kommunikation. Vid bristande informationsutbyte erfor anhöriga oro. Närvarande vårdpersonal och emotionellt stöd inverkade på bemötandet inom palliativ vård. Medan bristande tillgänglighet i bemötande gjorde att tillfredställelser av behov uteblev. Anhöriga erfor att deras lidande kunde lindras med trygghetsskapande bemötande och av närvarande vårdpersonal. / Backround: Previous research shows that nurses experience difficulties in treating relatives in palliative care and that this may be due to lack of communication and knowledge. Nurses describe experiences regarding a lack of knowledge in treating relatives in palliative care, which leads to deficiency regarding communication with relatives. It appears that patients highlight the importance of receiving emotional support in palliative care, both from nurses and relatives. Aim: To describe relative´s experiences of encounters in palliative care. Method: Systematic literature review with descriptive synthesis of twelve scientific articles that were analyzed with a qualitative approach. Result: Two themes emerged; Reassuring communication and Present caregivers. In addition, based on these themes, five subthemes emerged; That exchange of information promotes caring relationships, That deficiencies emerge in exchanges of information, To be involved in collaborations with caregivers, To get emotional support and The lack of availability deteriorates the satisfaction of needs. These themes and sub-themes describe relatives' experiences of treatment in palliative care. Conclusion: Relatives experienced that caring relationships with good encounters were promoted through reassuring communication. When deficiencies related to exchange of information occurred, relatives experienced concerns. Present care staff and emotional support influenced relatives’ experiences of encounters within the palliative care. When deficiencies related to availability occurred, relatives’ experiences lack of satisfaction of needs. Relatives experienced that there suffering could be alleviated with reassuring encounters and by care staff being present.

Bakgrund: Postoperativt illamående och kräkningar (PONV) ses som ett mycket vanligt problem och är tillsammans med smärta ett av de mest fruktade symtomen efter en operation. Farmakologiska behandlingsmetoder är det som används i störst utsträckning för att behandla PONV, men det är fortfarande en grupp patienter som lider av PONV trots behandling. Anestesisjuksköterskor är ansvariga för omvårdnad under operationen och har som uppgift att lindra bland annat PONV. En kartläggning av icke-farmakologiska behandlingar bidra till ett mera multimodalt och personcentrerat sätt att behandla PONV. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att kartlägga icke-farmakologiska behandlingar för att motverka PONV hos patienter som genomgått kirurgi i generell anestesi.  Metod: För att svara på syftet valdes att genomföra en systematisk litteraturstudie. Den systematiska litteraturstudien baserades på RCT-studier publicerade sedan år 2016 och var skrivna på engelska. Resultat: De icke-farmakologiska behandlingsmetoderna som presenteras i arbetet kunde alla påvisa effekter i att antingen motverka utvecklandet av PONV eller behandla redan utvecklad PONV. Resultatet för behandlingsmetoden transkutan elektroakupunkt-stimulering (TEAS) sågs ha mest evidens för att förebygga utvecklandet av PONV. Postoperativt musiklyssnande och cupping vid P6-punkten kunde också påvisa en förebyggande effekt för PONV. Behandlingen akupressur vid P6-punkten sågs ha viss effekt på illamående i majoriteten av de inkluderade artiklarna som undersökte metoden, men inte på kräkningar. Behandling med aromaterapi med essentiella oljor av ingefära eller lavendel sågs ha god effekt i att behandla PONV som redan uppstått.  Slutsats: Vissa icke-farmakologiska behandlingsmetoder mot PONV kan vara effektiva metoder för att utvecklande motverkat av PONV eller behandla redan utvecklad PONV. Dock krävs det fler omfattande studier för att kunna dra vidare slutsatser om det går att ersätta farmakologisk behandling med någon av dessa icke-farmakologiska behandlingsmetoder. Icke-farmakologiska behandlingsmetoder, baserat på den forskning som presenteras i detta arbete, bör ses som ett komplement till farmakologisk behandling snarare än som ett substitut. / Bakgrund: Postoperativt illamående och kräkningar (PONV) är ett vanligt problem och är tillsammans med smärta ett av de mest fruktade symptomen efter operationen. Farmakologisk behandling är den vanligaste metoden för behandling av PONV, även om det fortfarande finns en grupp patienter som lider av PONV trots behandling. Anestesisjuksköterskor ansvarar för omvårdnaden under operationen och har till uppgift att underlätta PONV. Mer omfattande kunskap om icke-farmakologiska behandlingar kan bidra till ett mer multimodalt och personcentrerat sätt att behandla PONV. Syfte: Syftet med denna systematiska litteratur översyn var att kartlägga icke-farmakologiska behandlingar för PONV hos patienter som har genomgått kirurgi i allmän anestesi. Metod: För att svara på syftet valdes en systematisk litteraturgenomgång som metod. Den systematiska litteraturöversikten bygger på RCT-studier som publicerats sedan 2016 och är skrivna på engelska. Resultat: De icke-farmakologiska behandlingsmetoder som presenterades visade alla effekter för att antingen minska utvecklingen av PONV eller vid behandling av redan förvärvade PONV. Resultaten för behandlingsmetoden TEAS ansågs ha mest bevis för att förhindra utvecklingen av PONV. Postoperativa lyssna på musik och cupping vid P6-punkten kunde också bevisa effektivitet i förebyggande PONV. Behandling med akupressur vid P6- punkt ansågs ha viss effekt på illamående i en majoritet av de inkluderade studierna som studerade metoden, men inte på kräkningar. Behandling med aromaterapi med eteriska oljor av ingefära eller lavendel ansågs ha goda effekter på behandling av redan förvärvade PONV. Slutsats: Vissa icke-farmakologiska behandlingar för PONV har en betydande effekt för att antingen hindra utvecklingen av PONV eller behandla patienter som redan har utvecklat en viss grad av PONV. Det finns dock ett behov av fler studier som jämför icke-farmakologiska behandlingar med farmakologiska behandlingar, för att kunna dra några slutsatser om möjligheten att ersätta farmakologiska behandlingar med icke-farmakologiska behandlingar. Icke-farmakologiska behandlingar, baserade på de studier som presenteras i denna systematiska litteraturöversikt, bör ses som ett komplement till farmakologiska behandlingar snarare än som en ersättning.

Alumni loyalty is a relevant research field, which includes different possibilities for investigation. This dissertation focuses on the particularly relevant research gaps in the AL literature. Specifically, this thesis adds to the AL research by developing a more accurate conceptual IAL model for the explanation and prediction of AL. This model includes main internal and external factors (i.e., gender and culture) and could serve as a basis for further theoretical research or could be applied in practice as it is. The findings of this thesis provide deeper insight into the mechanism of alumni university interactions and help to implement an effective, pragmatic plan of AL by taking into consideration cross-cultural and cross-gender differences of alumni. Specifically, the dissertation could be beneficial to educators, researchers, and managers. Educators could integrate the pertinent information into their teaching materials for courses in non-profit marketing and management. Researchers could use the provided reference tool and obtained findings to identify colleagues with similar research interests, to recognize directions for future investigation into the subject, and to develop a deeper and more detailed understanding of AL. The managers could use the results of this dissertation to determine areas which need to be stressed to enhance AL. Additionally, the derived ideas and strategies of AL could assist managers in better analyzing nonprofit organizations and developing an in-depth understanding of the commonalities across various types of alumni groups, “and patterns in the differences among them” (Pettit, 1999, p. 105). The author of this thesis believes that the dissertation can bring “a new era to alumni research” by developing a body of research-based knowledge about a variety of important issues related to AL (Pettit, 1999, p. 105).

Activities of daily living (ADL) are fundamental to participation in daily life. Even if participation is necessary for person’s well-being and development, individuals with disabilities often are not participating in basic life domains. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can have an impact on many basic functional areas such as daily living skills. The daily living skills (DLS) contain the ability of children to participate in activities such as personal hygiene, dressing, household chores and money management that are important prerequisites for self-sufficiency and autonomy. The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate the existence and the outcomes of intervention programs which can enhance daily living skills for children with autism spectrum disorder. A search for peer-reviewed articles evaluating such intervention programs and published between 2010 and 2020 was performed. The search in several databases resulted in eight articles. The findings were grouped based on the kind and the target activity of each intervention program. Most of the identified studies have reported effective outcomes using various intervention programs for the improvement of DLS such as picture prompting, video prompting, video-game training, self-monitoring, behavioural training and therapeutic horseback riding aiming in activities such as hygiene, clothing, cooking and money management.  The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, version for Children and Youth (ICF-CY) and the Occupational Therapy practice framework were used as a base for the discussion after the analysis. Despite the number of studies found, not enough research has been done to describe and evaluate interventions enhancing the performance in ADL. The findings of this review may serve as a resource for future researchers, who are working with children in need of special support.