Presented in this work are the results of twelve flexural tests conducted on small-scale coupons to establish the load-deflection behavior of UNS S32003 (ATI 2003®) hot-rolled duplex stainless steel flat plates. All specimens were tested as simply supported beams loaded at the midspan. Test specimens had nominal width and thickness of 1 in. and 0.25 in., respectively. Four different span lengths of 4 in., 6 in., 9 in., and 12 in. were investigated. Analysis of the results showed that the non-linear deflection behavior can be estimated reasonably well by adopting the conventional deflection equation pertaining to an assumed linear elastic material, but after replacing the modulus of elasticity with a secant modulus corresponding to the maximum tension strain resulting from the applied load.

This study investigates the effect of strain rate on fracture properties of Ferritic-Pearlitic Ductile Iron. A series of dynamic three point bending tests, with various load application rates, are conducted on Charpy V-notch specimens, in room temperature and approximately -18 °C. The tests are performed in a custom-made fixture and during the tests, force and displacement data are recorded. A XFEM (Extended Finite Element Method) model of the test setup has been established and material data from the tests are used as input to the model. The test results show a strong dependency of the strain rate regarding the force needed for crack initiation. Moreover, it can be concluded that low temperature makes the material very brittle, even at low load application rates.

Os materiais cerâmicos são utilizados pelo homem há milhares de anos e podem ser considerados os primeiros materiais utilizados na fabricação de ferramentas. Argamassas são materiais cerâmicos formados pela mistura de cimento, areia e água, são fluidos nas primeiras horas e endurecem com o tempo, ganhando resistência mecânica, já os refratários são materiais constituídos basicamente por duas partes, uma de granulometria fina denominada matriz e a outra de granulometria grosseira, chamada agregado, trabalham em altas temperaturas e muitas vezes sofrem choques térmicos. Devido a sua fragilidade, são susceptíveis a fratura catastrófica, por isso o conhecimento de seu comportamento mecânico é tão importante. Uma importante propriedade dos materiais cerâmicos é a energia de fratura e o método mais conhecido para a sua determinação é o da barra entalhada flexionada em três ou quatro pontos, porém o grande problema deste método é a relação de tamanho de agregado/área de fratura, pois como a barra apresenta, em geral, pequenas dimensões, o material pode apresentar um agregado de dimensões próximas à dimensão da área de fraturada e o resultado final pode ser fortemente afetado. Então, em 1986, Tschegg patenteou o método da cunha (wedge splitting test) que minimiza este efeito, devido à utilização de amostras com grande área de fratura. Desde então, este método vem sendo utilizado com freqüência por diversos pesquisadores no mundo. Porém não há estudos publicados que definam a posição ideal dos roletes do dispositivo de teste, levando ao uso de diferentes posições, sem que se saiba como isso pode influenciar o ensaio. Além de não existir uma definição de, a partir de que tamanho de agregado o método da barra entalhada passa a ser desaconselhável sendo necessário o uso do método da cunha. Neste trabalho analisou-se a influência da posição dos roletes e do tamanho de agregados nas medidas de energia de fratura e na carga máxima atingida no ensaio. / The ceramic materials are used by humans for thousands of years and can be considerate the first materials used in the manufacture of tools. Mortar are ceramic materials made by the mixture of cement, sand and water, it is fluid in the first hours and stiffen over time, gaining mechanical strength, the refractories in turn are made basically of two phases, one of fine granulometry called matrix and another of coarse called aggregate. It works over high temperature and many times suffer thermal shock. Due to its fragility, it is susceptible to catastrophic fracture; therefore the knowledge of its mechanical behavior is so important. One of the mainly properties of ceramic materials is the fracture energy and o most knew method for its determination is of three-point bending test on notched beams, but the biggest problem of this method is the relation between aggregate size and fracture area, because as the beam has small dimensions the aggregate can have a dimension so closed of the fracture area dimension and the final result can be tightly affect. Then in 1986, Tschegg patented the wedge splitting test, which minimizes this effect, because of the use of samples with a big fracture area. Since then, this method has been used for scientists around the world. But there are no studies that define the roll position of the test device, leading to the use of different positions, without know how it can influence the test. Besides not having a definition of from what aggregate size the wedge splitting test is advisable in despite of the bending test on notched beams. In this work was analyzed the influence of the rolls positions in the wedge splitting test and of the aggregate size in the measures of fracture energy and maximum load of test.

Os materiais cerâmicos são utilizados pelo homem há milhares de anos e podem ser considerados os primeiros materiais utilizados na fabricação de ferramentas. Argamassas são materiais cerâmicos formados pela mistura de cimento, areia e água, são fluidos nas primeiras horas e endurecem com o tempo, ganhando resistência mecânica, já os refratários são materiais constituídos basicamente por duas partes, uma de granulometria fina denominada matriz e a outra de granulometria grosseira, chamada agregado, trabalham em altas temperaturas e muitas vezes sofrem choques térmicos. Devido a sua fragilidade, são susceptíveis a fratura catastrófica, por isso o conhecimento de seu comportamento mecânico é tão importante. Uma importante propriedade dos materiais cerâmicos é a energia de fratura e o método mais conhecido para a sua determinação é o da barra entalhada flexionada em três ou quatro pontos, porém o grande problema deste método é a relação de tamanho de agregado/área de fratura, pois como a barra apresenta, em geral, pequenas dimensões, o material pode apresentar um agregado de dimensões próximas à dimensão da área de fraturada e o resultado final pode ser fortemente afetado. Então, em 1986, Tschegg patenteou o método da cunha (wedge splitting test) que minimiza este efeito, devido à utilização de amostras com grande área de fratura. Desde então, este método vem sendo utilizado com freqüência por diversos pesquisadores no mundo. Porém não há estudos publicados que definam a posição ideal dos roletes do dispositivo de teste, levando ao uso de diferentes posições, sem que se saiba como isso pode influenciar o ensaio. Além de não existir uma definição de, a partir de que tamanho de agregado o método da barra entalhada passa a ser desaconselhável sendo necessário o uso do método da cunha. Neste trabalho analisou-se a influência da posição dos roletes e do tamanho de agregados nas medidas de energia de fratura e na carga máxima atingida no ensaio. / The ceramic materials are used by humans for thousands of years and can be considerate the first materials used in the manufacture of tools. Mortar are ceramic materials made by the mixture of cement, sand and water, it is fluid in the first hours and stiffen over time, gaining mechanical strength, the refractories in turn are made basically of two phases, one of fine granulometry called matrix and another of coarse called aggregate. It works over high temperature and many times suffer thermal shock. Due to its fragility, it is susceptible to catastrophic fracture; therefore the knowledge of its mechanical behavior is so important. One of the mainly properties of ceramic materials is the fracture energy and o most knew method for its determination is of three-point bending test on notched beams, but the biggest problem of this method is the relation between aggregate size and fracture area, because as the beam has small dimensions the aggregate can have a dimension so closed of the fracture area dimension and the final result can be tightly affect. Then in 1986, Tschegg patented the wedge splitting test, which minimizes this effect, because of the use of samples with a big fracture area. Since then, this method has been used for scientists around the world. But there are no studies that define the roll position of the test device, leading to the use of different positions, without know how it can influence the test. Besides not having a definition of from what aggregate size the wedge splitting test is advisable in despite of the bending test on notched beams. In this work was analyzed the influence of the rolls positions in the wedge splitting test and of the aggregate size in the measures of fracture energy and maximum load of test.

The work deals with issues of evaluation of the shear properties of timber structural materials, particularly CLT elements. The work contains an overview of extensive research so far presented scientific studies dealing with the characteristic shear properties of wood. In the practical part was carried out the experiment dealing with the failure mode of transverse lamellae of CLT elements that were exposed to shear stress. There were observed individual effects that this may affect the material properties. In the first part of the experiment were performed numerical models using FEM. In the second part, the test specimens were tested in three point bending. Here, attention was paid to the influence of macroscopic properties of wood on the distribution of stress cracks and shear strength, the tests were recorded using DIC system.

This thesis is intended to identify the mode I and mode II fracture toughness to characterize the thin laminate interface by using the Double Cantilever Beam test (DCB) and End Notched Flexure test (ENF). This study’s thin laminate was Polyethylene Terephthalate and Low-Density Polyethylene (PET-LDPE), which is mostly used by packaging industries in the manufacturing of packages to store liquid food. As PET-LDPE film is very flexible and difficult to handle, DCB and ENF tests cannot be performed directly so, sheet metal (Aluminium) was used as carrier material. PET-LDPE film is placed between two aluminum plates to reduce the flexibility and perform the tests. Therefore, the Aluminium plate was also studied to find the constitutive parameters (young’s modulus (E) and mixed hardening parameters (Plastic properties)) under the tensile test and three-point bending test. From the test response, energy release rate calculation has been done for different Pre-crack lengths to validate the DCB and ENF experimental setup, study the different Pre-crack lengths, and characterize the laminate interface. Finite Element simulation (FE simulation) for those tests were carried out in AbaqusTM2020. When needed, the force versus displacement response from FE simulation was optimized against experimental response to find the required constitutive parameters (Young’s modulus, Hardening parameters, and PET-LDPE material properties). Implementing of optimization algorithm and automated simulation has been done with the help of MATLAB code. In contrast, MATLAB works as a server, and Abaqus works as a client and connected two interfaces to run the optimization. The results obtained from experiments and FE simulations were compared to the results found in the literature.

In order to satisfy the mechanical requirements for space structures, achieving lightweight designs is of the greatest significance. The primary focus of this study is the utilization of Kelvin cell core in the design of sandwich structures for space applications. The research encompasses a variety of production techniques, analyzes, and tests related to the design of sandwich structures with Kelvin cells as the core material. While a variety of configurations are evaluated in a general sense, particular configurations are examined in greater extensive detail. In this context, the structure's bending stiffness, compression stiffness, and vibration characteristics are analyzed. The analytical procedure begins with a simplified structure analysis, followed by the modeling of the actual geometry. According to applicable standards, stiffness values are calculated based on the deflection results of the analyzes. However, it is important to note that the tests performed on the modeled structures are conducted in a laboratory environment using additively manufactured samples. This permits a comparison between the obtained test results and the findings of the analyzes, shedding light on the effect of the manufacturing method. This study demonstrates that the honeycomb sandwich structure is superior in terms of overall stiffness. In addition, a specially designed reinforced Kelvin Cell structure possesses exceptional bending rigidity properties. In light of these findings, it is clear that the combination of Kelvin Cell core and specific reinforcement strategies has the potential to improve the mechanical performance of sandwich structures. In addition, the deformation results revealed by the analyzes showed that the structure can be deformed in large amounts in directions other than the direction of the force it is exposed to. This situation is of great importance for damping in space applications. As a result of vibration analyzes and tests, the effect of stiffness and mass increase in a certain direction on natural frequencies has been revealed, and with 3-point bending tests, the facing elastic modulus and core shear modulus values of the structure have been determined separately and its effect on the sandwich structure has been shown. Accordingly, this study examined and evaluated many aspects of the possible role of the Kelvin Cell in space applications. / För att tillgodose de mekaniska kraven på rymdkonstruktioner är det av största vikt att uppnå lätta konstruktioner. Det primära fokuset för denna studie är utnyttjandet av Kelvin-Cellkärna vid design av sandwichstrukturer för rymdtillämpningar. Forskningen omfattar en mängd olika produktionstekniker, analyser och tester relaterade till design av sandwichstrukturer med Kelvin-Celler som kärnmaterial. En mängd olika konfigurationer utvärderas generellt, medan vissa specifika konfigurationer undersöks mer utförligt på detaljnivå. I detta sammanhang analyseras strukturens böjstyvhet, kompressionsstyvhet och vibrationsegenskaper. Den analytiska proceduren börjar med en förenklad strukturanalys, följt av modellering av den faktiska geometrin. Enligt gällande standarder beräknas styvhetsvärdena baserat på strukturanalysens resultat. Det är dock viktigt att notera att de tester som utförs på de modellerade strukturerna utförs i en laboratoriemiljö med hjälp av additivt tillverkade prover. Detta möjliggör en jämförelse mellan de erhållna testresultaten och resultaten av analysen, vilket belyser effekten av tillverkningsmetoden. Denna studie visar att sandwichstrukturen honeycomb är bäst när det gäller total styvhet. Dessutom har en specialdesignad förstärkt Kelvin-Cellstruktur exceptionella böjstyvhetsegenskaper. I ljuset av dessa fynd är det tydligt att kombinationen av Kelvin-Cellkärna och specifika förstärkningsstrategier har potential att förbättra den mekaniska prestandan hos sandwichstrukturer. Dessutom visade deformationsresultaten från analyserna att strukturen kan deformeras till hög grad i andra riktningar än den kraft som den utsätts för. Denna iaktagelse är av stor betydelse för dämpning i rymdapplikationer. Som ett resultat av vibrationsanalyser och tester har effekten av styvhet och massökning i en viss riktning på naturliga frekvenser upptäckts, och med 3-punkts böjtester har konstruktionens elasticitetsmodul och skjuvmodulsvärden bestämts separat och dess effekt på sandwichstrukturen har visats. Följaktligen undersökte och utvärderade denna studie många aspekter av Kelvin-Cellens möjliga roll i rymdtillämpningar.

This thesis helps develop a material model for a novel Fiber Core SandwichSheet construction. A test method was used to determine the mechanicalproperties of the sandwich material. Standard three point bendingtests coupled with digital image correlation was used. Results wereextracted from the digital image data. These results supplemented thedevelopment and tuning of an FE model of the sandwich material. Conclusionswere drawn about the feasibility of the method in studying sucha material. / Denna avhandling genomfördes mot utvecklingen av en homogeniseradmaterialmodell för en ny sandwich-konstruktion med fiberkärna. En testmetodanvändes för att bestämma de mekaniska egenskaperna hos sandwichmaterialet.Testmetoden involverade trepunkts i kombination meddigital bildkorrelation. Resultaten extraherades från den digitala bilddatanvid genomförande av trepunkts. Dessa resultat användes utvecklingenav en FE-modell av sandwichmaterialet. Slutsatser drogs om tillämplighetenav metoden för att studera ett sådant material.

Tato Diplomová práce se zabývá vlivem vyztužení na mechanické vlastnosti materiálu pro přípravu snímatelných náhrad. Pro testování byly použity tři sady vzorků: PMMA pryskyřice, PMMA pryskyřice s Dentapreg Mesh výztuží a PMMA pryskyřice vyztužena zesilující síťkou z nerezové oceli.Pro měření chování vzorků při statickém a dynamickém namáhání byl použit třibodový ohybový test a Charpy rázové kladivo. Viskoelastické vlastnostzi byly měřeny dynamicko-mechanickou analýzou (DMA). Skenovací elektronová mikroskopie (SEM) byla použita k charakterizaci lomových ploch. Během statického namáhání vzorků výztuž nehraje důležitou roli v porovnání s nevyztuženou pryskyřicí. Nicméně byl pozorován opačný trend při dymanickém namáhání, kde efekt výzruže rostl v řadě PMMA pryskyřice – síťka z nerezové oceli – Dentapreg Mesh.

Disertační práce se zabývá mechanickou odezvou vrstevnatých kompozitů pro stomatologické aplikace. Různé skladby vrstev a různé částicové a vláknové kompozity jsou studovány v tříbodovém ohybu za pokojové teploty. Tyto výsledky jsou korelovány s výstupy dynamické termomechanické analýzy (DMTA) a optické analýzy (vysokorychlostní video záznam, SEM). Exeprimentální data byla použita pro srovnání s výsledky analytických a numerických modelů s cílem určit nejvhodnější model pro predikci základních mechanických vlastností vrstevnatých kompozitů. Na základě těchto analýz jsou navržena základní pravidla pro klinické použití vrstevnatých kompozitů ve stomatologických aplikacích jako jsou minimálně invazivní můstky nebo stabilizační dlahy.