This thesis Development of the Rudé právo during 1972 - 1991 discusses the activities and developments of this journal and its editors at a time when in Czechoslovakia began the period of normalization, causing compaction ratios and purges especially among journalists. The other titles had to respond to this situation, including the Rudé právo itself, which was, however, in exceptional circumstances, as reported directly to the directives of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. In the Rudé právo so appeared only official information (political, social, cultural and sports), which corresponded to the ideology of the Communist Party. It is therefore interesting to investigate this periodical in the context of contemporary events and to analyze its activities in connection with the fact that we now have. The editor's work was based on the discussions and proposals adopted at a meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and its Secretariat, whose member was also editor in chief of the Rudé právo. The journal had automatically secured the highest allocations of newsprint, even during the late '80s, when it was real shortage of this material. After 1990, when began the consolidation of printed periodicals, the Rudé právo transformed into a joint-stock company whose majority...

Introduction: The aim of this paper is to discuss the phenomenon of the Shoah from most angles and sides to avoid simplification and generalization. The result is the creation of activities for pupils outlining the Holocaust, the Shoah. I want to combine eyewitness testimony uměleckoliterárním rendition of the theme of the Shoah. For greater expertise as a starting point of my work I choose: I. general characteristics of totalitarianism or the system that gave rise to the Shoah, II. insight into historical context, as my activity is usable in more subjects: literature, civics and history is necessary for me this season prepared and factually. III. The art of literature related to the topic of the Shoah affected by the "wine", I will try to demonstrate the immanence of the destruction of human society, which is also what should be heard even at the end of my activities. IV. The final activity will be articulated eyewitness testimony and artistic text (which process the same historical events) will be outlined their educational use in the subjects: civics, history and literature. Target activity will be interdisciplinary, as it is mainly designed for the needs of secondary schools, for the interconnection of multiple information sources and their mutual confrontation, which leads to less distortion of...

This dissertation aims to introduce propagandistic activity of Nazi Germany and Communist Russia, which fundamentally impacted all areas of people´s lives including human culture, which signifies absolute freedom under normal circumstances. Art production was faced with such immense ideological pressure that the artwork became mere tools of the propagandistic regime. In order to fully comprehend the success of the propaganda, the dissertation focuses mostly on the official art production of both regimes and its insertion into historical and psychological context. The dissertation follows the development of both regimes and their art worlds in order to find their basic characteristics, which in turn serve to show the common principles used by the propaganda that managed to manipulate millions of people all over the world under different ideologies.

Le concept de totalitarisme élaboré par Hannah Arendt à partir de 1951 est aujourd'hui une référence incontournable. Son examen critique, ici proposé, commence par resituer cette théorie arendtienne dans l'histoire des idées juridiques. Ce faisant, il apparaît que non seulement la terminologie, mais également une partie des arguments et des conclusions de la philosophe ont été élaborés dès les années 1920 par la doctrine juridique, aussi bien anti- que pro-totalitaire.Dans un second temps, la théorie du droit, qui a nourri les réflexions de Hannah Arendt, est utilisé comme un instrument pour la critique. En particulier, la thèse la plus polémique défendue par la philosophe - à savoir qu'il n'y eut que deux régimes totalitaires, l'Allemagne nazie et l'Union soviétique – ne résiste guère à l'examen juridique et théorique.À travers ce dialogue historique et critique entre le droit et la philosophie, cette thèse interroge l'idée d'un droit totalitaire, qu'il s'agisse de sa nature, de ses conditions de possibilité ou de sa distinction avec l'Etat de droit. / The concept of totalitarianism developed by Hannah Arendt from 1951 is a major reference today. Its critical review, proposed here, begins by re-placing this arendtian theory in the history of legal ideas. In doing so, it appears that not only the terminology, but also some of the arguments and conclusions of the philosopher were developed from the 1920's by the theory of law, anti- and pro-totalitarian as well.In a second step, the theory of law, which nourished Hannah Arendt's reflections, is used as an instrument for criticism. In particular, the most controversial thesis defended by the philosopher - namely, that there were only two totalitarian regimes, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union - can hardly withstand a legal and theoretical scrutiny.Through this historical and critical dialogue between law and philosophy, this thesis questions the idea of a totalitarian law, its nature, its conditions of possibility and its distinction with the rule of law.

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本篇論文共分五章：第一章為研究動機與研究方法，以及馬庫色早期的思想發展歷程；第二章討論馬庫色之勞動的自由觀；第三章討論馬庫色對於極權主義的批判，其中包括極權主義與自由主義的內在關聯、極權主義的精神內涵與思想背景之批判；第四章討論馬庫色對資產階級權威理論的批判；第五章為結論。

The essay at hand is a New Historicist reading of C. S. Lewis’ dystopian fantasy novel That Hideous Strength. According to New Historicist theory it is informed by many disciplines, namely, philosophy, history, literary theory, theology, social science, and psychology, and it attempts to lessen injustices of race and class. The essay examines how satire operates in the novel, focusing on its societal targets: totalitarianism, laboratory animals, and education. Lewis’ philosophical idea expressed in his “The Abolition of Man” – that a society that averts from what he calls universal, timeless, objective values will eventually lead to a loss of that which is truly humane – is a main theme of the novel as well as for this essay. Another, complementary, main theme is that a cultivation of the heart is necessary for individuals of society since childhood if society is going to stay humane.

This thesis will study the Italian literary phenomenon Gomorra, viaggi nell'impero economico e nel sogno di dominio della Camorra. First, the focus will be on the text's hybrid nature and implications and also on its literary and intellectual inspirations (such as Truman Capote, Pier Paolo Pasolini and Leonardo Sciascia). Secondly, we will take a closer look at the structure of the novel's narrative and its literary details, in order to reveal the different processes used by Roberto Saviano to convince the reader. Interwoven in this book's central plot, we will find a main obsession: the need to understand. Lastly, we will discuss the question of the great power treated in this novel, the one of a criminal organisation transformed by the revelations made throughout the story. These revelations will allow us to draw interesting comparisons between organized crime and merchant capitalism. For this part, we will refer to Guy Debord's La société du spectacle, and to Hannah Arendt's work on the question of totalitarianism. All of these elements will allow us to discuss the different perspectives within the narrative's framework, and more precisely, the figure of the narrator/author/character that gives Saviano's novel anthropological qualities, in the form of an ethnofiction (Augé). / Ce Mémoire cherchera a étudier le phénomène littéraire italien Gomorra, viaggio nell’impero economico e nel sogno di dominio della Camorra. Au fil de l’analyse il sera évoqué autant son caractère hybride et les implications que cela représente que les influences littéraires et intellectuelles, auquel un tel texte fait écho ( Truman Capote, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Leonardo Sciascia…). Par la suite nous nous attacherons aux structures narratives et aux particularités littéraires du roman, afin de faire ressortir les différents procédés utilisés par Roberto Saviano dans son intention de convaincre. Une obsession qui s’inscrit dans la dynamique centrale du livre, celle de comprendre. Enfin, il sera question de la grande force qui entoure ce roman, celle d’un crime organisé rendu différent de par les révélations faites au sein du roman. De cela nous tirerons une étude comparative entre le crime organisé et le capitalisme marchand, faisant appel autant à Guy Debord et son œuvre La société du spectacle, qu’à Hannah Arendt pour ses nombreux travaux entourant la problématique du totalitarisme. Tous ces éléments nous permettront de conclure sur la particularité des points de vue, notamment avec la figure du narrateur/auteur/personnage qui nous permettra de rapprocher le roman de Roberto Saviano au travail anthropologique, dans la dynamique d’une forme d’ethno- fiction (Augé)

Cette thèse retrace l’évolution des rapports entre le pouvoir communiste, l’institution ecclésiastique et les laïcs catholiques en Hongrie, de l’arrivée de l’Armée rouge, à la fin de l’année 1944, jusqu’à la signature de l’Accord partiel entre le Saint-Siège et le gouvernement hongrois, le 15 septembre 1964. Elle retrace le processus au terme duquel la domination communiste a été profondément intériorisée, aussi bien par les membres du clergé que par les fidèles eux-mêmes. Elle cherche aussi à comprendre de quelle manière cette domination a pu influer sur l’évolution de la vie ecclésiale et religieuse. Elle vise enfin à reconstituer la dynamique politique qui a porté cette volonté de domination, et la manière dont elle s’est transformée, notamment après le choc de la révolution de 1956. La thèse s’appuie sur un large corpus de sources inédites ou publiées, issues aussi bien de l’appareil de l’Etat-Parti (police politique, Bureau des Affaires ecclésiastiques, département de l’agit-prop du Parti) que de celui de l’Eglise (archives épiscopales, des ordres religieux ou des paroisses), corpus complété par des témoignages et des archives orales, produits avant comme après la chute du régime communiste. La thèse est divisée en trois grandes parties chronologiques : les années d’après-guerre, de 1944 à 1948 ; les années staliniennes, de 1948 à 1956 ; les premières années du kadarisme, de 1956 à 1964. A ce découpage chronologique se superpose une structure qui distingue les trois points de vue étudiés dans la thèse : celui de l’appareil communiste, celui de l’institution ecclésiastique et de la société cléricale, et enfin celui des laïcs. / This thesis reconstructs the development of relations among the Communist regime, the Church, and the Catholic laity in Hungary, from the arrival of the Red Army at the end of 1944 through the signing of the Partial Agreement between the Holy See and the Hungarian government on 15 September 1964. The thesis takes as its task the reconstruction of a process under whose auspices Communist domination was deeply internalized, as much by members of the clergy as by the faithful themselves. It seeks also to understand the manner in which that domination was able to shape the development of ecclesiastical and religious life. Finally, it aims to reconstruct the political dynamics that brought about this bid for domination and the manner in which that bid was subsequently transformed, particularly following the shock of the Revolution of 1956. The thesis is based on a large body of unpublished and published sources, hailing from the Party-State apparatus (political police, Office of Ecclesiastical Affairs, the Party agit-prop department) as well as the Church (collections of the Episcopate, religious orders, and parishes), supplemented by oral history testimony gathered both before and after the fall of the Communist regime.

The thesis deals with right-wing extremism in the context of democracy. In the first part, democracy, its development and basic values are characterised. The following part describes extremism and its rudimentary typology, historical roots of right-wing extremism and its strategy. The final part focuses on the fight of democracy against extremism. In this part, possible anti-extremist measures are proposed, including critical reflections on the principles of right-wing extremism. Furthermore, a concept of so-called militant democracy is introduced, along with the analysis of its application in the Czech Republic and its critical reflection.