A efervescência da cidade moderna somente é possível devido ao deslocamento contínuo de pessoas e mercadorias. A movimentação de bens é trivial para a realização das atividades comerciais, industriais e de prestação de serviços. Sua demanda, entretanto, é condicionada pelos padrões de uso e ocupação do solo e adensamento urbano. Esta pesquisa aborda aspectos da relação entre o transporte urbano de carga e a estruturação das áreas urbanas no Brasil. O principal objetivo é analisar a influência mútua entre a logística urbana e o uso e ocupação do solo no desenvolvimento de áreas urbanas no Município de São Paulo. Dessa forma, foram identificados, selecionados e analisados abordagens, metodologias e modelos aplicáveis à análise e proposição de diretrizes que integrem os condicionantes de desenvolvimento urbano e de transporte urbano de carga. Um modelo selecionado, o Freturb, foi aplicado em um recorte urbano do Município de São Paulo. Localizada na região de Santa Cecília e Higienópolis, a área de estudo foi modelada, primeiramente, de acordo com a sua configuração urbana atual e, em seguida, com as suas predições urbanas para os anos de 2025 e 2030, conforme os parâmetros urbanísticos do novo Plano Diretor Estratégico de São Paulo, em vigor desde 2014. Os resultados da modelagem foram abordados, qualitativamente, sob três categorias, que organizam parâmetros de planejamento e que se inter-relacionam no ambiente urbano: Aspectos do Uso e Ocupação do Solo, Aspectos da Logística e Aspectos do Tráfego Urbano. O trabalhou comparou, ainda, os resultados da configuração urbana atual do recorte urbano de São Paulo, com áreas urbanas francesas, selecionadas no Centro de Lyon e no 4o. Arrondissement de Paris. Essa comparação permitiu analisar a relação entre a empregabilidade e a densidade de movimentos da carga, nas três regiões urbanas. O estudo revelou que a área estudada em São Paulo necessita de mais movimentação de carga e exige mais do viário urbano e/ou é suprida por sistemas logísticos menos organizados, em relação às duas áreas francesas. Ainda, o porte e o perfil do estabelecimento podem incrementar o tempo de carga e descarga em uma área urbana. Finalmente, as predições urbanas, de 2025 e 2030, motivadas pelo novo Plano Diretor Estratégico do Município de São Paulo, permitiram avaliar e compreender os possíveis impactos do adensamento populacional e de empregos na demanda por transporte urbano de carga. E, verificar os possíveis impactos associados, tais como incremento em paradas em \"fila-dupla\" e ocupação viária por veículos de carga. / The effervescence of the modern city is only possible due to the continuous movement of people and goods. The movement of goods is trivial for of commercial, industrial and service activities. However, it is conditioned by the patterns of land use and urban density. This research approaches aspects of the relation between the urban freight transport and the structuring of urban areas in Brazil. The main objective is to analyze the mutual relationship among urban logistics and urban land use parameters on developing urban areas in São Paulo. Thus, applicable approaches, methodologies and models were identified, selected and analyzed, in light of their potential to support the integration of urban development and urban freight transport conditions. A selected model, the Freturb, was applied in an urban area in the city of São Paulo. Located in the region of Santa Cecilia and Higienopolis, the case study area was modeled, firstly, according to its current urban setting and then with their urban predictions for the years 2025 and 2030, according the new parameters of Master Plan of São Paulo, approved in 2014. The modeling results were classified and discussed accordingly to three aspects: Land Use Aspects, Logistics Aspects and Urban Traffic Aspects. The research also compared the results of the case study area located in São Paulo with other French urban areas, selected in the Center of Lyon and 4th. Arrondissement of Paris. Such a comparison allowed analyzing the relationship between the employability and the density of freight movements, in the three urban areas. The research revealed that the area in São Paulo requires more freight movement and urban road space and/or is supplied by less organized logistics systems, with regard to the latter two French areas. Also, the size and profile of the establishment can increase the loading and unloading time of operation in an urban area. Finally, the urban predictions, 2025 and 2030, motivated by the new Master Plan of São Paulo, allowed evaluating and understanding the possible impacts of population density and employment in demand for urban freight transport. And, they also allowed verifing the possible associated impacts, such as the increase in stops at \"double-park\" and road occupancy by goods vehicles.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la réconciliation entre le défi mondial du changement climatique et les solutions locales et sectorielles qu'il convient de bien articuler pour contribuer, efficacement, équitablement et de la manière la plus acceptable, à la réduction des émissions de CO2. Plus précisément, nous étudions les conditions pour une mise en place réussie de la politique climatique à l'échelle de la mobilité urbaine des personnes. / This PhD thesis deals with the reconciliation of the global challenge that is climate change and the local and sectoral solutions that need to be accurately designed to remedy to it the most efficiently, equitably and acceptably possible. More specifically, we investigate the conditions for a successful implementation of climate policy at the scale of the urban mobility of passengers.

A Marrakech, circuler dans la ville relève du défi. La ville connaît plusieurs problèmes en termes de mobilité, de stationnement et de transports publics. Les déplacements urbains posent également la question de la fluidité des mouvements, de la sécurité des usagers, de la qualité de vie et de la maîtrise des pollutions sonores et atmosphériques. La mobilité urbaine constitue donc un enjeu actuel et à venir pour la ville de Marrakech. Par ailleurs, la mobilité est un bon indicateur du comportement d’une ville. Comment les Marrakchis se déplacent-ils au quotidien dans leur ville ? Qui se déplace et pour quels motifs ? A quelle fréquence et à quel prix ? Marrakech enregistre 5 millions de mouvements par jour. Sur l’ensemble des déplacements, 60% se font à pied, 21% en deux roues, 15% en voiture et 4% par les transports en commun. Paradoxalement, cette répartition pose déjà des problèmes de congestion et d’insécurité du trafic. Pour quelles raisons Marrakech est-elle arrivée à ce constat ? Quelles sont les mesures mises en place pour améliorer la mobilité urbaine ? D’autres propositions d’amélioration peuvent-elles être apportées en termes de stationnement, de circulation et de transports ? / To drive and to walk in Marrakesh is very demanding. Main issues concerns mobility, parking and public transport. The global approach on urban transportation also concerns the freely flowing, the safety of the users, the quality of life as well as the sound and air pollutions. Therefore, urban mobility is a current and a future issue in the city of Marrakesh. Moreover, the concept of urban mobility is a relevant indicator of the urban policy of a city. How do the unhabitants daily move in their city? More precisely, who moves and what are the reasons that lead people to move? What is the frequency of these moves and what is the price to pay for moving? Five millions of daily trips are counted in Marrakesh. These daily trips share out like this way: 60% are on-foot trips, 21% are two-wheels trips, 15% are car trips and 4% are public transport trips. The paradox consists in this sharing already causes problems of traffic jam and insecurity of the roads. How Marrakech has led to this point? What kind of measures have been chosen to improve urban mobility in Marrakesh? Are there other suggestions that could make the parking, the driving and the transportation to get better?

To meet the ambitious goals of carbon neutrality by 2050 that the European Union has set for itself, urban mobility is going to have to contribute much more to the overall reduction of greenhouse emissions. Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) are the latest policy of choice coming from the European Commission set to deal with this issue. Interdisciplinary and based on best practices, this holistic transport strategy focuses on people, both as stakeholders in the planning process and as its ultimate beneficiaries. Although successful and popular, the take up process of these policies has been rather uneven across European cities. This paper attempts to uncover what possibly influences decision makers in small and medium sized European cities to adopt a SUMP, via binomial logistic regression on a large subset of cities (296) in 12 EU countries. The findings suggest that cities, which are in geographic proximity to an award-winning city, that have in their vicinity a higher education institution and that have continuously participated in European Mobility Week events, exemplify a higher likelihood to adopt a SUMP. Additionally, we differentiate between city networks, by grouping them as a "commitment" network and a "project" network. The findings indicate that, "commitment" networks have no...

Dans le cadre du développement des innovations dans les Systèmes de Transport Intelligents, les véhicules connectés devront être capables de télécharger des informations basées sur la position sur et depuis des serveurs distants. Ces véhicules seront équipés avec des différentes technologies d’accès radio, telles que les réseaux cellulaires ou les réseaux véhicule-à-véhicule (V2V) comme IEEE 802.11p. Les réseaux cellulaires, avec une couverture presque omniprésente, fournissent un accès à internet avec garanties de qualité de service. Cependant, l’accès à ces réseaux est payant. Dans cette thèse, un algorithme de clustering multi-saut est proposé avec pour objectif de réduire le coût d’accès au réseau cellulaire en agrégeant des données sur le réseau V2V. Pour faire ceci, le leader du cluster (CH, de l’anglais Cluster Head) est utilisé comme passerelle unique vers le réseau cellulaire. Pour le test d’une application d’exemple pour télécharger du Floating Car Data agrégé, les résultats des simulations montrent que cette approche réduit l’utilisation du réseau cellulaire de plus de 80%, en s’attaquant à la redondance typique des données basées sur la position dans les réseaux véhiculaires. Il y a une contribution en trois parties : Premièrement, une approche pour déléguer la sélection du CH à la station de base du réseau cellulaire afin de maximiser la taille des clusters, et par conséquent le taux de compression. Deuxièmement, un algorithme auto-adaptatif qui change dynamiquement le nombre maximum de sauts afin de maintenir un équilibre entre la réduction des coûts d’accès au réseau cellulaire et le taux de perte de paquets dans le réseau V2V. Finalement, l’incorporation d’une théorie de la justice distributive, afin d’améliorer l’équité sur la durée concernant la distribution des coûts auxquels les CH doivent faire face, améliorant ainsi l’acceptabilité sociale de la proposition. Les algorithmes proposés ont été testés via simulation, et les résultats montrent une réduction significative dans l’utilisation du réseau cellulaire, une adaptation réussie du nombre de sauts aux changements de la densité du trafic véhiculaire, et une amélioration dans les métriques d’équité, sans affecter la performance des réseaux. / For the development of innovative Intelligent Transportation Systems applications, connected vehicles will frequently need to upload and download position-based information to and from servers. These vehicles will be equipped with different Radio Access Technologies (RAT), like cellular and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technologies such as LTE and IEEE 802.11p respectively. Cellular networkscan provide internet access almost anywhere, with QoS guarantees. However, accessing these networks has an economic cost. In this thesis, a multi-hop clustering algorithm is proposed in the aim of reducing the cellular access costs by aggregating information and off-loading data in the V2V network, using the Cluster Head as a single gateway to the cellular network. For the example application of uploading aggregated Floating Car Data, simulation results show that this approach reduce cellular data consumption by more than 80% by reducing the typical redundancy of position-based data in a vehicular network. There is a threefold contribution: First, an approach that delegates the Cluster Head selection to the cellular base station in order to maximize the cluster size, thus maximizing aggregation. Secondly, a self-adaptation algorithm that dynamically changes the maximum number of hops, addressing the trade-off between cellular access reduction and V2V packet loss. Finally, the incorporation of a theory of distributive justice, for improving fairness over time regarding the distribution of the cost in which Cluster Heads have to incur, thus improving the proposal’s social acceptability. The proposed algorithms were tested via simulation, and the results show a significant reduction in cellular network usage, a successful adaptation of the number of hops to changes in the vehicular traffic density, and an improvement in fairness metrics, without affecting network performance.

Elektrifizierte Lastenfahrräder werden als ein Lösungsansatz für die wachsenden Herausforderungen des städtischen Wirtschaftsverkehrs gesehen. Fokus dieser Arbeit ist eine Abschätzung des Einsatzpotenzials dieses Fahrzeugkonzepts unter Betrachtung von konzeptionellen, verkehrlichen und wirtschaftlichen Aspekten. Als kumulative Dissertation enthält sie fünf Fachartikel, gruppiert zu drei Forschungsbeiträgen. Im ersten Forschungsbeitrag wird erörtert, wie erfolgversprechend das E-Lastenrad, eine Neuauflage des alten Konzepts Lastenfahrrad, in einem Markt mit ersten Anwendern (Kurierdienstleistung) ist. Die Auftragsstruktur im Stadtkuriergeschäft bietet ein substanzielles Marktpotenzial für E-Lastenräder, allerdings erschwert die Positionierung zwischen zwei etablierten Modi (Pkw und Fahrrad) den Markteintritt. Der zweite Teil der Analyse weitet den Blick auf alle Branchen und bietet eine strukturierte Beschreibung der verschiedenartigen Einflussfaktoren (Treiber und Hemmnisse), die auf die Lastenradnutzung im städtischen Wirtschaftsverkehr wirken. Als relevante Entscheidungskriterien konnten identifiziert werden: fahrzeugseitige Aspekte, Strukturen und Prozesse des adoptierenden Unternehmens, Einstellungen der Entscheider*innen, weiche Faktoren sowie regulative und räumliche Rahmenbedingungen. Der dritte Beitrag thematisiert die operative Eignung des E-Lastenrads, indem seine Fahrtzeiten einem Pkw gegenübergestellt werden. Bei Strecken bis zu 3 km sind beide Modi nahezu gleich schnell. Die Hälfte aller Fahrten bis 20 km Distanz würde bei einem Wechsel vom Pkw zum Lastenrad höchstens 2–10 min länger dauern (ohne Berücksichtigung der Parksuchzeit). Bereits kleine Änderungen an den Verkehrsbedingungen könnten noch bestehende Vorteile des Pkw spürbar verringern. Insgesamt erweitert die Arbeit maßgeblich das Wissen zu einem „neuen alten“ Fahrzeugkonzept, dem ein Potenzial zur Auflösung von bislang auf das Automobil hin ausgerichteten Systemen beigemessen wird. / Shifting trips to electric cargo bikes is one possible solution to deal with the growing challenges of urban commercial transport. This thesis combines conceptual, transport-related, and economic aspects as a foundation to assess the feasibility of this vehicle concept for freight and service trips. It contains five scientific papers, which provide three research contributions. The first contribution identifies the potentials of electric cargo bikes among first users (i.e., courier logistics services). Electric cargo bikes are an updated and re-envisioned version of freight bicycles. The features of point-to-point courier logistics assignments offer a substantial market opportunity for electric cargo bikes. However, being positioned between two established modes (i.e., car and bicycle) handicaps the market entry of cargo bikes. For the second contribution, the scope was widened to include all business sectors. A structured description is presented of the various determinants (i.e., drivers and barriers) affecting commercial cargo bike use. Among these were vehicle-specific factors, structures and practices of the company, attitudes of decision-makers, soft factors, regulatory frameworks, and spatial conditions. The third contribution explores the travel time differences between electric cargo bikes and cars for commercial trips. For trip distances of up to 3 kilometers, the travel times of both modes largely overlap. Half of all trips up to 20 kilometers would take only a maximum of 2 to 10 minutes longer by electric cargo bike (excluding the additional time for finding a parking spot). Small modifications in traffic could have considerable effects in reducing the current travel time advantages of cars. Consequently, this dissertation contributes towards the state-of-research by expanding the scientific knowledge of a type of vehicle that has the potential to disrupt car-dependent transportation systems.