Orientador: Sylvain Souchaud / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T05:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Xavier_IaraRolnik_M.pdf: 6019340 bytes, checksum: 810bc19551fec150fdf310cab1d0c1fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é conhecer a lógica da inserção socioterritorial dos migrantes bolivianos residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Por meio de uma abordagem que busca ir além das determinantes estrututrais de organização e formação do território metropolitano, o trabalho procura apontar os sentidos contidos nas trajetórias urbanas inscritas nos projetos migratórios dos próprios bolivianos. O trabalho utiliza, entre outras fontes, dados quantitativos (Censo 2000, registro de bolivianos no Sistema Único de Saúde) e qualitativos (entrevistas semidigiridas e observação de campo), sendo estruturado em três dimensões de análise. A primera é uma breve descrição do contexto das migrações na Bolívia, para situar as origens dos movimentos migratórios para o Brasil, desde os anos 1950. Focamos El Alto (departamento de La Paz), com base na hipótese de que o maior contingente populacional da migração boliviana à RMSP, a partir dos anos 1980, é oriundo desta cidade. A segunda dimensão consiste em apresentar a localização dos bolivianos na escala metropolitana, privilegiando alguns pontos de sua agregação. A terceira, enfim, contempla a escala microssocial, analisando as trajetórias urbanas dos bolivianos neste espaço e, entendendo o mesmo como recurso, busca acompanhar seu uso por estes migrantes / Abstract: This research aims to understand the socioterritorial insertion of Bolivian migrants in São Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP). Through an analysis that goes beyond the structural determinants of organization and formation of São Paulo's metropolitan territory, the dissertation focus the urban trajectories inserted in the migratory projects of the migrants themselves. Among others sources, the work uses quantitative data (2000 Census, data from the register of Bolivians in the Unified National Health System) and qualitative (semistructured interviews and field work), to present three dimensions of analysis. The first is a brief description of the migratory context in Bolivia, to point out the origins of the migratory movements to Brazil, since 1950's. We focus on the city of El Alto (La Paz's department), based on the the hypothesis of that the most part of of the Bolivian migration to the RMSP, since the 1980's, is derived from this city. The second dimension presents the Bolivians location at the Metropolitan scale, focusing some of its aggregation points. The third, contemplates the microssocial scale, analyzing the urban trajectories of the Bolivians in this territory and, taking it as a resource, aims to understand its appropriation by the migrants / Mestrado / Mestre em Demografia

Orientador: Lea Maria Leme Strini Velho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Feltrin_RebecaBuzzo_M.pdf: 4845623 bytes, checksum: f354966366370256b3d090849bf8ff0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Os programas habitacionais brasileiros, embora apresentem facilidades às famílias de baixa renda, tendem a excluir os futuros moradores da participação nas decisões sobre sua própria casa. O projeto da casa popular ou ¿habitação social¿ apresenta uma arquitetura padrão e fechada que não leva em consideração as necessidades individuais das famílias moradoras, gerando frustrações com relação ao produto final. Os futuros moradores, excluídos da fase de elaboração do desenho de suas casas, acabam encarando uma segunda luta pela moradia adequada: a adaptação da casa padrão de forma a transformá-la em uma moradia que realmente atenda às necessidades de sua família. No entanto, o processo de transformação das casas populares passa a ser uma batalha individual para essas famílias, sem o apoio do Estado. O presente trabalho analisa o processo de planejamento, negociação, construção e transformação de casas populares em um Projeto Habitacional brasileiro, destacando a participação das famílias mutirantes ¿ futuros moradores ¿ nesses processos. Utiliza-se o referencial teórico do Construtivismo Social da Tecnologia, com destaque para as relações entre gêneros. Desta forma, alguns aspectos foram observados, como: os grupos sociais relevantes, os conflitos de interesses entre os grupos, a influência dos moradores no processo de decisão e implementação dos acordos entre grupos, fechamento das situações de conflito, além da participação das mulheres na construção física e social das casas populares. A análise se baseia, principalmente, na observação direta da atuação do grupo de moradores e representantes da Prefeitura durante reuniões para discussão dos rumos do Projeto Habitacional no bairro Jardim dos Lírios, em Americana/SP. Algumas entrevistas com os principais atores envolvidos no caso estudado contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. A organização dos futuros moradores ¿ em especial das mulheres ¿ com o objetivo de criar estratégias para influenciar o processo de desenvolvimento do artefato, conquistando alterações no desenho inicial das casas tem-se mostrado um grande avanço na busca por projetos habitacionais mais participativos e democráticos / Abstract: Although the Brazilian housing programs presents some facilities to low-income families, they tend to exclude future residents from the participation in the decision-making process about their own houses. The ¿social housing¿ project presents a standard and closed design, which does not take into consideration the residents¿ needs and life styles.The tenants, after receiving the standard houses, have to struggle again, by rebuilding and transforming the received units, in order to achieve what they consider as adequate housing. At this stage, however, the process of transformation of the popular houses becomes an individual battle for these families, without State support. The present work analyzes the process of planning, negotiation, construction and transformation of popular houses in a Brazilian Housing Project, with a special focus on the participation of the future residents in these processes. The research is undertaken in line with the framework of the social construction of technology (SCOT). As such, it is concerned with the social process of building of popular houses in a Brazilian Housing Project, identifying all relevant social groups involved, their interests and views about the final artefact (the house unit), as well as their strategies to shape the artefact. The analysis has also identified situations of conflict among social actors, negotiation processes and agreements reached. Special attention was given to the women¿s role in the whole process. The analysis is based, mainly, on direct observation of the performance of the participants during the meetings between the group of future residents and representatives of the City Hall. Interviews with key actors in the housing project contributed to the development of the research. The organization of the group of residents - in special of the women - to influence the construction process and to search alterations in the initial design of the house has proved to be a new and successful route to more participative and democratic housing projects / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

A partir d’une ethnographie de la mobilité des travailleurs colombiens originaires de classes moyennes urbaines, cette recherche explore les recompositions spatiales, sociales et d’entraide, à la lumière d’une mondialisation qui prône la flexibilité tout en limitant la mobilité de certains. Les Colombiens font parti du groupe des indésirables au niveau de la mobilité internationale et passent par des formes de contournement et de dénationalisation; mais ils sont bien placés au sein de l’échelle des migrants aux Etats-Unis où ils reconstruisent des identités positives. Cette approche contribue aux études sur les latinos aux Etats-Unis en y positionnant le groupe des Colombiens qui bien que numériquement important est aujourd’hui invisible, mais aussi au débat sur le rôle des réseaux sociaux dans les mobilités. Ces migrants n’utilisent les réseaux d’origine nationale que comme une aide parmi d’autres et la méfiance joue un rôle récurrent dans les liens qu’ils développent. L’approche multi sites incluant le pays d’origine a permis de mieux interpréter les stratégies des personnes qui se construisent au sein d’un seul champ social. L’étude rend compte de la remise en question des hiérarchies et du rôle des femmes au sein des relations transnationales. Enfin, ce travail questionne la fonction de la ville globale et des quartiers multi ethniques non ségrégués dans l’accueil des migrants. En effet, loin des schémas des quartiers ethniques isolés, les Colombiens ont construit différents «espaces colombiens» dont Jackson Heights, dans le Queens, serait un nœud essentiel leur donnant accès à un capital social au niveau du «Grand New York», mais aussi de certains réseaux transnationaux. / Based on the ethnography of the mobility of middle-class Colombian workers of urban origin, this research explores the spatial, social and solidarity reconstructions, amidst a globalization process which advocates for flexibility while restricting the mobility of certain individuals. Colombians belong to an undesirable group when it comes to international mobility and they go through certain forms of bypassing and citizenship denial; however they are well positioned when it comes to the social standing of migrants in the United States, finding ways to recreate positive identities. This approach contributes to the studies about Latinos in the United States, not only placing Colombians within this group, currently invisible in spite of their growing number, but also placing them in the debate of the roll of social networks in mobilities. These migrants only use the national origin networks as an aid among others and distrust plays a recurrent roll in the connections they develop. The multi city approach, including the country of origin, has allowed a better interpretation of the strategies of persons who grow in a unique social field. This study brings back the question of hierarchy and of the roll of women in transnational relationships. Finally, this study questions the function of the global city and of non segregated multi-ethnical neighbourhoods concerning the reception of migrants. In fact, far from the schemes of isolated ethnic neighbourhoods, Colombians have built different «Colombian spaces», Jackson Heights in Queens being an essential knot giving them access to a social capital, not only at a «Great New York» level, but also to certain transnational networks.

Aujourd’hui, le terme de logement social est généralement associé en France à l’activité de construction et de gestion locative réalisée par les organismes HLM. Depuis l’invention des Habitations à Bon Marché à la fin du 19ème siècle, le contenu de cette catégorie n’a cependant cessé d’évoluer. La diversité des acteurs qui sont à l’origine de l’émergence du logement social et la multiplicité des causes qu’ils défendent ont été étudiées par les travaux portant sur les « réformateurs sociaux » au tournant du 20ème siècle. Mais ces questions sont peu traitées par les recherches historiques et sociologiques qui portent sur le mouvement HLM depuis les années 1950. Cette thèse entend donc examiner la recomposition des frontières du secteur du logement social depuis cette date en se penchant sur la diversité interne du mouvement HLM et sur les rapports de force qui le traversent. Pour cela, elle prend pour objet principal des acteurs minoritaires parmi les élites dirigeantes de ce mouvement : les promoteurs et spécialistes de l’accession dite « sociale » à la propriété. Elle analyse les processus qui rendent cette activité plus ou moins légitime selon les périodes, qui font évoluer son cadre juridique, et modifient les pratiques économiques auxquelles renvoie ce terme. A partir d’un travail réalisé à partir de sources écrites (dépouillement d’archives publiques et de publications du mouvement HLM), d’une enquête de terrain menée auprès de responsables nationaux de fédérations professionnelles ainsi que de dirigeants d’organismes, complétée par des sources statistiques, cette thèse cherche ainsi à rompre avec une vision homogénéisante du secteur du logement social, comme institution et groupe d’acteurs aux intérêts et aux positions unifiées. / Social housing is a term usually associated in France with the building and the management of rental housing by the organisations of « Habitations à Loyer modéré » in France. However, since the creation of these institutions at the end of the 19th century, the meaning of the term « social housing » as kept evolving. The diversity of the actors who contributed to the institutionnalisation of a social housing sector, and of their discording views on the form it shoud take, has been thoroughly studied by research on social reformers at the turn of the 20th century. By contrast, these questions have been little studied by sociological or historical research on social housing since the 1950’s. This research aims at analyzing how the frontiers of the social housing sector have evolved since then, taking into account the inner diversity of the HLM movement, and the power struggles which characterizes this institution. To that purpose, it focuses on a specific category of actors, which hold a minority situation in the HLM movement, the promoters of « social » home-ownership. It analyzes the processes through which this specific activity gains or loses legitimacy in this institution, the evolution of its legal framework and of its economic content. Relying on a the study of public archives, on a fieldwork conducted on the political and economic elites of the HLM movement, and on the use of statistical data, this research aims at breaking with the homogeneous image which is often given of this institution, too often seen as a unified interest group.

This thesis charts the increasing volume and changing nature of tourism in Europe. It was allowed by the liberalization of air travel market (the emergence of Low-Cost Carriers), and by the emergence of sharing economy (Airbnb). Followed by these changes a new segment of tourists, who were described as independent travelers, emerged. The thesis focuses on the interaction of those three factors and their effect on urban space - thus on its socio- geographic, socio-economic and socio-cultural fabric. Because of Low-Cost Carriers, tourists and travelers are concentrated in several European cities - those which were able to accommodate its environment for these airlines. In the cities, tourism spread from the concentric zones of the city center to the zones of the inner city, where a new tourist industry was adjusted for independent travelers. This touristification deepens the process of gentrification and spatial inequalities. Because of Airbnb, the limited hotel supply in the city center was surpassed, and the accommodation sector was integrated into residential fabric of the inner city. Those touristified spaces of the city become socio-culturally heterogenic. However, with increasing costs of living in the inner city, this space is more and more socio- economically homogenous. Consequently,...

The diploma thesis The Images of a City: the Resident's View of the Town of Nymburk deals with the issue of why people behave differently. The thesis is inspired by the approach of behavioral geography, which is represented by Kevin Lynch's work. Lynch has proposed the concept of the image of the city, the people's vision about the surroundings of a place where they live. The image of the city consists of its visible features evoking a strong impression and having an effect on people's sensory perception. Moreover, the direct influence of the city represented by architectural-urbanistic determinism and environmental psychology is also taken into account. I have found out during the research that both of theoretical approaches are important for identifying the relation between the town and his residents which relates to the behavior in the town. The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out which images of the town of Nymburk its inhabitants have, which components create their images and what is the composition of these components. The thesis focuses both on universal image of Nymburk and on images of the town with regard to the current lifecycle stage and respondents' sex. The research is made by the qualitative method using the mental maps and the semi-structured interview with sixteen respondents...

Diese Dissertation forscht in der Philosophie und in der Theorie des Sozialraumes, und kommt zu einer theoretischen Betrachtung des Sozialraumes, die helfen kann, Sozialprozesse in Berlin zu erklären. Bezug nehmend auf Lefebvres, Theorien der Unterschiedlichkeit und der Vielfältigkeit wird spatialisiert. Im Gegenzug werden anhand von Theorien, der Unterschiedlichkeit und Vielfältigkeit, die auf transnationalem Urbanismus, und der feministischen Geographie basieren, die Grenzen der lefebvreschen Theorie des Sozialunterschiedes herausgestellt. Während die Theorien von Lefebvre schwerpunktmäßig auf Marx basieren, basieren die feministischen poststructural Theorien des Unterschiedes in der Darlegung auf endloser Flexibilität, Zerteilung und radikaler Vielfältigkeit. Es gibt folglich eine unüberwindbare Kluft zwei theoretischen Perspektiven. Um die Beschränkungen und die Möglichkeiten dieser Perspektiven zu veranschaulichen, werden zwei soziale Phänomene beschrieben Das erste ist die Entwickelung der Hausbesetzerszene in Berlin nach dem Mauerfall. Das zweite sind die Erfahrungen, der Newcomers in Berlin. Einige Grenzen der Hausbesetzer und der Newcomers werden durch die Anwendung der Theorien des produzierten Raumes von Lefebvre, der flexiblen Vielfältigkeit von Doreen Massey, der übernationalen feministischen Geographie von Geraldine Pratt, und der radikalen Flexibilität und Fragmentation von Zygmunt Bauman deutlich. Die Geographie der Hausbesetzerbewegungs- und die Geschichte der Newcomers decken nicht nur einen Mangel an Zentralität, sondern auch ein umfangreiches überterritoriales Netz auf. Sie zeigen auch, dass Unterschiedlichkeit sich im Raum materialisiert. Eine Brücke zwischen Lefebvre und poststruktureller Unterschiedlichkeit konnte durch das Überdenken der für Lefebvre notwendigen Zentralität des Sozialraumes, so wie des ökonomische Reduktionismus gefunden werden. Gleichzeitig, kann der Diskurs der Unterschiedlichkeit einen Nutzen aus einer tieferen Analyse der materiellen Form des Raumes. Diese Abhandlung ist folglich ein Zugang zum allgemeinen Überdenken der räumlichen Sozialtheorie. / This ideational dissertation delves into the philosophy and theory of social space, and arrives at a theoretical vision of social space which can help explain social processes in Berlin. Drawing on Lefebvre, theories of difference and multiplicity are spatialised. Conversely, drawing on theories of difference and multiplicity from transnational urbanism and feminist geography, the limits of Lefebvre’s theory of social difference are exposed. While the theories of Lefebvre are heavily based on Marx, the feminist poststructural theories of difference are based in the discourse on infinite flexibility, fragmentation, and radical multiplicity. There is thus a gaping cleft between the two theoretical perspectives. To illustrate the limitations and possibilities of these perspectives, two social phenomena are described. The first involves the post-Wall squatter scene in Berlin. The second involves experiences of newcomers in Berlin. By examining the theory of produced space from Lefebvre, the theories of coeval and flexible multiplicity from Doreen Massey, the theories transnational feminist geographies of Geraldine Pratt, and the imagery of flexible everything from Zygmunt Bauman, some theoretical borders of squatters and newcomers come into focus. The geographies of squatter movements and newcomers’ history reveal not only a profound lack of centrality, rather an extensive trans-territorial network. They also show that difference is deeply spatialised and material. A bridge between Lefebvre and poststructuralist difference might be found in the rethinking Lefebvre’s necessary centrality of social space, as the economic reductionism his Marxism requires. At the same time, the discourse on difference might benefit from a deeper analysis of the materiality of space. This dissertation is therefore an entry point into the general rethinking of social space.

Großstädte in Deutschland und Europa befinden sich im Zuge des Strukturwandels von der Industriegesellschaft zur Dienstleistungsgesellschaft in einem tiefgreifenden ökonomischen, sozialen und politischen Wandlungsprozess, der zu einer schärferen Segregation der Städte führt. Die sozialräumliche Konzentration von Arbeitslosigkeit, Armut und sozialer Ausgrenzung in benachteiligten Großstadtgebieten entfernt solche Stadtgebiete in ihren sozialen Standards und Lebenschancen immer weiter vom urbanen Leben der Mehrheit. Dies wirft die Frage nach der sozialen und politischen Integration der Städte auf. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich einem Teilaspekt der Frage nach der Integration in den Städten und fokussiert die Wahrnehmungen und Einstellungen ihrer Bürgerinnen und Bürger. Anlass dazu geben rückläufige Wahlbeteiligungen und eine zunehmende „Politikverdrossenheit“ in benachteiligten Stadträumen, die die Enttäuschung und Resignation benachteiligter Gruppen gegenüber der Politik signalisieren, sowie Entsolidarisierungstendenzen in privilegierten Gebieten. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den lokalen politischen Einstellungen und vergleicht diese in sozialstrukturell benachteiligten und privilegierten Stadtquartieren in vier Großstädten: Berlin, Köln, Leipzig und Mannheim. Unter politischen Einstellungen werden das lokale politische Vertrauen, die Wahrnehmung der lokalen Politik und die politische Partizipation sowie die Solidaritätsbereitschaft, das soziale Vertrauen und das bürgerschaftliche Engagement verstanden. Insgesamt wurden 3200, d.h. in jedem untersuchten Stadtgebiet 400 standardisierte Telefoninterviews durchgeführt und statistisch ausgewertet. / In the course of structural change from an industrial society to a service society large cities in Germany and Europe undergo a profound economic, social and political process of change, which leads to a sharper segregation in the cities. The social spatial concentration of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion in underprivileged city areas removes such areas in their social standards and life chances far from the urban life of the majority. This raises the question of urban social and political integration. The doctoral thesis is dedicated to one aspect of the question regarding integration of cities. It focuses on the political perceptions and attitudes of their citizens. A noticeable declining of turnouts of voters and an increasing “disenchantment with politics”, which signal the disappointment and resignation of disadvantaged groups toward policy, and a tendency towards desolidarization in privileged areas give reason to analyze political attitudes in cities. Therefore, the doctoral thesis deals with local political attitudes in privileged and underprivileged city areas in four cities: Berlin, Cologne, Leipzig and Mannheim. Political attitudes are operationalized as political trust, the perception of responsivity of local policy, political participation as well as solidarity, social confidence and social commitment. A telephone poll was carried out with 400 standardized interviews in each of four privileged and four underprivileged quarters. In total, 3200 interviews were conducted and included in the statistical analysis.

Cette recherche porte sur le changement social dans la période postsocialiste à Cluj-« Napoca », une ville transylvaine de Roumanie. En mobilisant une approche en termes de rapports sociaux à l’espace, l’étude explore les principes de différenciation tant spatialement que socialement. Les concepts d’« espace public » et de « lieu » ont permis une analyse aux multiples facettes menée selon quatre axes : matérialité et la visibilité des espaces, sphère publique-politique, vie sociale publique, investissements et appropriations individuelles. La thèse examine ainsi les activités qui se déroulent dans les places publiques centrales, les investissements spatiaux, les rituels quotidiens et les manifestations contestataires, les multiples attachements ethniques et religieux des habitants. L’ethnographie des places publiques centrales de Cluj-« Napoca » a mis en évidence une « faible classification des espaces » centraux de la ville, traduite par une grande diversité sociale. Les marques ethnicisantes parsemées à Cluj-« Napoca » renvoient aux groupes ethniques, mais aussi à d’autres enjeux qui relèvent du processus de restructuration du champ politique dans le postsocialisme. Dans le même registre, les stratégies de type ethnique sont mobilisées pour désigner de nouveaux critères de différenciation sociale et pour redéfinir d’anciennes catégories sociales. Oublis, silences et exigences d’esthétisation reflètent des demandes implicites des habitants pour redéfinir les cadres de la politique. Finalement, la thèse montre comment l’espace public à Cluj-« Napoca » pendant la période postsocialiste relève d’un processus continuel de diversification sociale et d’invention des Autres par d’incessantes mises à distance. L’espace public n’est pas la recherche de ce que pourrait constituer le vivre ensemble, mais la quête de ce qui nous menace et qu’il faut mettre à distance. / This research focuses on the social change in the Transylvanian city of Cluj-“Napoca” in post-socialist Romania. The study explores the principles of differentiation in both social and spatial terms. Drawing on the concepts of “public space” and “place”, a multi-dimensional analysis was conducted in four areas: materiality and visibility of space, public-political sphere, public social life, individual investment and appropriation. Thus, the thesis examines the activities that take place in the central public squares, the spatial investments, the everyday rituals and the protests, the inhabitants’ multiple ethnic and religious attachments. The ethnography of the central public spaces of Cluj-“Napoca” shows a “weak classification of spaces” in the center city, which reflects a wide social diversity. The marks of ethnic identification found throughout the population and public space of Cluj-“Napoca”, refer to ethnic groups but also to a number of issues related to the process of political restructuring in post-socialism. In the same vein, ethnically based strategies are put in place in order to identify new criteria of social differentiation and redefine old social categories. Omissions, silences and aesthetic requirements convey the way that the inhabitants’ implicit claims redefine the policy framework. In conclusion, the thesis shows how the public space in post-socialist Cluj-“Napoca” is an on-going process of social diversification and invention of Others by adopting a continuous stance of distancing. The public space is not the inquiry of what could be the “living together” (vivre ensemble), but the quest of what threat us and must be hold-off.

Este trabalho procura compreender as práticas e ações dos movimentos de moradia e sem-teto em São Paulo e seus integrantes, na década de 1990, inseridos no contexto do desmanche. Este contexto modificou e transubstanciou as categorias, os diagramas e a forma como os movimentos sociais fazem a experiência e incidem no debate público, alterando os termos da ação política. A experiência circula, mas num campo de encolhimento do possível. A tese pretende mostrar que nesse contexto a política aparece como um excesso. Num contexto de encolhimento do possível a política só pode aparecer necessariamente no seu fundamento, o excesso democrático. A alteração desse contexto demanda uma reinterpretação dos movimentos sociais a partir da leitura das histórias narradas por seus participantes e pelos atores que os circundam. Para empreender a exposição escolhemos três movimentos de moradia e semteto em São Paulo que conformaram suas ações ao longo da década de 1990. A partir das histórias narradas procuramos traçar um mapeamento desses movimentos, suas práticas e os sentidos das nomeações estabelecidas. / This work intends to understand the practices and actions of the social movements which fight for housing projects and the sem-teto and its members in São Paulo, in the 1990 decade, inserted into the deconstruction context. This context has modified and transformed the categories, diagrams and the way which social movements experienced and fell upon public debate, changing terms of political action. The experience spreads, but in a field of possible shrinkage. The thesis intends to show that in this context politics appears as an excess. In a context of the possible shrinkage, politics can only appears necessarily on its principle, the democratic excess. The change of this context demands a re-interpretation of social movements starting from the observation of stories reported by its members and actors that surrounds them. Three movements that fight for housing projects and the sem-teto in São Paulo, which had their actions configured through the 1990 decade, were chosen to explore the thesis. Starting from the reported stories we focus on drawing a mapping of these social movements, its practices and the meanings of the established nominations.