Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3161.pdf: 4637531 bytes, checksum: 4c53d765063e54a9fc0993350014649e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The complexity assigned to the strategy term has been largely discussed in the literature. The large amount of theoretical contributions to this issue, brought by several knowledge areas; the different tools proposed by academicians and consultants to operationalize its concepts, the plurality of actors that play their roles inside the organizational field are just some examples of the building blocks of such complexity. Also relevant to this discussion is the movement named Strategy as Practice , initiated by European researchers in order to bring a sociological focus to organizational strategies, considering them as something a company does instead of something a company has. Thus, the main goal of this thesis is to identify and compare how Brazilian companies actually practice their competitive strategy, and to what extent/in which way such practice is aligned with the main firm s idiosyncratic variables and with their competitive environments. In order to achieve such goal, this work took advantage of a mixed research method, with a survey with companies listed on Brazilian Stock Exchange and six case studies. Concerning industry perception and company praxis, the main findings indicate that: (1) the internal and external views of competitive advantage are, indeed, perceived as complementary regarding firm strategies; (2) even in more traditional industries, companies perceive their environment as dynamic, due to companies´ mobility, group consolidations or internal rivalry; (3) even in industry with high barriers to entry, firms regularly adopt a surveillance approach to monitor newcomers; (4) innovation tends to be more focused on process than on products, and there is a gap between intended and implemented innovation; (5) the perception of resources and competences spread throughout company networks suggests that controlling these resources may be more important than owning them; (6) at least in the studied companies, low relevance has been assigned to knowledge as a strategic advantage. Regarding strategy practices: (7) an annual strategy planning cycle takes place, focused on formulation activities and perceived as static in nature; (8) workshops and performance meetings were the most often identified strategic events; (9) strategy tools were perceived as highly effective and mainly targeted at structuring analysis and ensuring strategy implementation, with special emphasis to the abundance of financial tools and lack of creativity ones. Concluding, concerning practitioners: (10) it could by empirically identified the existence of an organizational structure responsible for companies strategic planning, generally close to financial areas; (11) those generally involved in strategic activities show a primarily analytical profile, with low presence of women; (12) senior executives have developed their careers mainly inside the company or inside the industry, with relevant business knowledge, while middle management plays its role by implementing decisions made by high executives; (13) consultancies tend to be highly used, and their recontracting is contingent upon the patterns of their involvement in the strategy process; (14) business press has been assigned low relevance, being substituted in some cases by financial releases or by information from industry entities. / A complexidade do tema estratégia tem sido amplamente discutida por diversos autores na literatura. O grande conjunto de contribuições teóricas ao tema, prestadas pelas mais diversas áreas do conhecimento; as diversas ferramentas propostas por acadêmicos e consultores para a operacionalização de seus conceitos; e a pluralidade dos vários atores deste espaço organizacional são apenas alguns exemplos dos fatores constituintes desta complexidade. Relevante também ao tema é o movimento Estratégia como Prática , iniciado por pesquisadores europeus no sentido de trazer um enfoque sociológico às estratégias, considerando-as como algo que as empresas fazem e não algo que as mesmas puramente possuem. Desta forma, o principal objetivo desta tese foi identificar e comparar como as empresas brasileiras efetivamente praticam sua estratégia competitiva e como esta prática está alinhada com as diversas variáveis intrínsecas às firmas e aos seus ambientes competitivos. Para tanto, foi empregado um método de pesquisa combinado, com a realização de survey junto às empresas da BM&F Bovespa e seis estudos de caso. No que se refere à compreensão setorial e à práxis das empresas, as principais conclusões do trabalham apontam que: (1) as visões internas e externas da origem de vantagem competitiva são, de fato, percebidas como complementares no que tange às estratégias da firma; (2) mesmo em setores mais tradicionais, as empresas os percebem como dinâmicos, seja por mobilidade de empresas, por consolidação de grupos ou por rivalidades internas; (3) mesmo em setores com elevadas barreiras à entrada, as firmas adotam postura de vigilância permanente sobre novos competidores; (4) a inovação tende a ser mais focada em processos que produtos, e existe uma lacuna entre inovação pretendida e aquela efetivamente implementada; (5) a percepção de recursos e competências espalhados na rede indica que talvez seja mais relevante controlar do que efetivamente possuir tais recursos; (6) ao menos nas empresas estudadas, baixa relevância pode ser atribuída à questão do conhecimento como diferencial estratégico. No que se refere às práticas, tem-se que: (7) na maioria das empresas existe um ciclo anual de planejamento estratégico, com foco em atividades de formulação e que são percebidos como estáticos; (8) workshops e reuniões de resultado foram os eventos estratégicos mais frequentemente identificados; (9) as ferramentas de estratégia foram percebidas como de alta eficácia e principalmente voltadas para estruturação de análise e garantia de implementação, com destaque para abundância de ferramentas financeiras e escassez de ferramentas de criatividade. Por fim, acerca dos praticantes tem-se que: (10) ficou evidenciada a existência de uma estrutura organizacional com responsabilidade sobre planejamento estratégico da empresa, geralmente próxima a áreas de finanças; (11) os profissionais envolvidos possuem perfil eminentemente analítico e com baixa presença de mulheres; (12) o executivo sênior desenvolveu sua carreira eminentemente na empresa ou no setor, com relevante conhecimento do negócio, enquanto a média gerência assume papel de implementadora de decisões da alta direção; (13) as consultorias tendem a ser bastante utilizadas e a recontratação das mesmas é contingente à forma do envolvimento no processo estratégico da companhia; (14) a imprensa de negócios assume pouca relevância, sendo substituída, em alguma medida, por releases financeiros das empresas ou informações de entidades setoriais.

Several attempts to facilitate understanding the behavior of software systems have been proposed. Perfective changes in well-established software systems are easier to perform when the development team has a solid understanding of the internals. However, it is reasonable to assume that the use of an open source system to incorporate new features and obtain a new software product is an appealing approach instead of coding a new product from scratch. Considering this scenario, and considering that it is not uncommon that systems are poorly documented, there is no widely accepted approach to guide the perfective maintenance for developers with low understanding of the system or that recovers high-level information about both the structure and the behavior of large systems. This work proposes a new approach to simplify comprehension tasks of object oriented programs through the analysis of summarized execution traces. The approach is perfomed on two techniques: The rst technique enables the separation of common parts of source code from specic parts related to important features that drive the addition of the new one. An evaluation is done to verify if the summarized execution traces helps the technique to locate potential elements of code that can guide the development of a new feature. The evaluation was conducted with real-world systems and with meaningful evolution tasks. The second is based on a technique that reconstructs structural and behavioral highlevel diagrams by the analysis of summarized execution traces. Precision and recall were evaluated using two third-party open-source systems, including the webserver Tomcat. The result suggests the feasibility for using the approach on real world large scale systems. / Várias abordagens para facilitar a compreensão do comportamento de sistemas de software têm sido propostas. Mudanças perfectivas em sistemas de software bem estabelecidos são mais fáceis de executar quando a equipe de desenvolvimento tem um entendimento sólido do código fonte. Mas é razoável assumir que o uso de um sistema de código aberto para incorporar novas características e obter um novo produto de software é uma abordagem interessante, ao invés de codificar um novo produto a partir do zero. Em consideração a este cenário e considerando que não é incomum sistemas pobres em documentação, não existe uma abordagem amplamente aceita para guiar em mudanças perfectivas desenvolvedores com baixo conhecimento do sistema ou que recupera informações em alto nível de abstração sobre a estrutura e comportamento de sistemas complexos. Este trabalho propõe uma nova abordagem para simplificar tarefas de compreensão de programas orientados a objetos através da análise de rastros de execução sumarizados. A abordagem é aplicada sobre duas técnicas: a primeira permite a separação de partes comuns do código fonte das partes específicas relacionadas a características importantes que conduz a adição de uma nova. Uma avaliação é feita para verificar se os rastros de execução sumarizados ajudam a técnica na localização de elementos potenciais de código que podem guiar o desenvolvimento de uma nova característica. A avaliação foi realizada com sistemas do mundo real e com tarefas de evolução significativas. A segunda é baseada na reconstrução de diagramas estruturais e comportamentais de alto nível baseada na análise de rastros de execução sumarizados. É apresentada uma avaliação do desempenho da abordagem em termos de precisão e recall em dois sistemas públicos de terceiros, dentre eles o servidor Web Tomcat. O resultado sugere a viabilidade da abordagem para uso em sistemas reais de larga escala. / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Substantiality of the thesis is the question of moral and ethic in the sphere of developing genetic and inheritance research. Thesis is especially focused on ethics consequences which result from the application of this research. Thesis is divided in two parts. First part contains general information about genetics science and it is more likely descriptive. This part outlines fundamental principles of genetic, its evolution and genetics breakthroughs and their today exploitation. Thereinafter are mentioned genetics techniques divided in singles areas of interest with main focus on human genetic manipulation {--} main topic of the thesis. Close of this part is dedicated to the theoretical aspects of the ambition in the field of human changing and the description of achieved goals. There are mentioned controlling and regulating mechanisms as conclusions of the first part of the thesis. Opinion on regulation of clerical representatives, civil law, laic public and scientists themselves are referred-to. Second part of the thesis is focused directly on the ethics risks of the practical use of genetic technologies and their impact on human being. The principles of catholic ethic are foreshadowed. The expectations of human genetic improvement are confronted gradually by those principles. [90] Statement, that the human improvement by the genetic manipulation is non tenable by means of the Christian ethics is a conclusion of this thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eugenia_Antunes_Dias_Dissertacao.pdf: 1199049 bytes, checksum: fa96405be1759a59bd958cfcb59b360d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-27 / Permanent Preservation Areas (APP s), specially in Brazil s coastal region, have been constantly occupied and degraded by anthropic activities which thrive on the hegemonic model built and consolidated trough a social-historic process that constitute the current relationship between Nature and human society an exteriorization of Nature and its submission to mostly economic interests the anthropocentric view of Nature. In its essence, the juridical field, including environmental law, is a form of softened anthropocentrism that contributes to the annihilation of other kinds of relationships between humans animals and Nature, among them the ecocentric view defended by the environmental movement. This qualitative study focused on unraveling and understanding the vision of Nature s privilege in the juridical practice of the Court of Justice of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (TJ/RS) based on the analysis of decisions and general manifestations of agents of the Judiciary Power when solving conflicts between commercial occupations in APP s and the local Executive Power at Laranjal Beach, Municipality of Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. To exercise its obligation of fulfilling the fundamental right of an ecologically balanced natural environment, the local Executive Power, from 2001 onwards, initiated the process of administrative regularization of the area. This study revealed that the TJ/RS reverberated the anthropocentric view of Nature when pronouncing the custody of APP s and judging in contumacy of the protective law. The anthropocentric view of Nature is difficult to overcome, since its symbolic power and practical utility are strongly impregnated in contemporary societies. Despite the fact that the application of Environmental Law can secondarily protect Nature without the appraisal of utilitarian values, in practical terms the verified motivations reject this possibility. / Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP s), sobretudo na Zona Costeira Brasileira, têm sido constantemente ocupadas e degradadas pela atividade antrópica, baseada no hegemônico modelo de relação da sociedade com a Natureza, construído e consolidado num processo histórico-social de exteriorização da mesma e de sua subjugação aos interesses, especialmente econômicos, dos animais humanos, consubstanciando a visão antropocêntrica de Natureza. O campo jurídico e o próprio Direito Ambiental, este notadamente nomeado pela luta do movimento ambiental, majoritariamente refletem o antropocentrismo amortecendo e, por vezes, aniquilando outras formas de relação dos animais humanos com a Natureza, como a visão ecocêntrica defendida pelo movimento ecológico. Esta pesquisa qualitativa objetivou desvelar e compreender a visão de Natureza privilegiada na prática jurídica do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TJ/RS). Tal objetivo foi perseguido através da análise de decisões e manifestações diversas dos agentes do Poder Judiciário, quando chamados a dirimir o conflito entre ocupações comerciais em APP s, no Balneário Laranjal, Município de Pelotas (RS), e o Poder Executivo local. Este, a partir de 2001, no exercício de seu poder-dever de efetivar o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, iniciou processo de regularização administrativa da área. O estudo demonstrou que o TJ/RS reverberou a visão antropocêntrica de Natureza quando do pronunciamento pela tutela das APP s, bem como nos casos em que julgou a revelia da legislação protetiva, posto que a força simbólica e a utilidade prática de tal visão estão dominantemente impregnadas nas sociedades contemporâneas e suas instituições, dificultando sua superação. Embora, secundariamente, através da aplicação do Direito Ambiental a Natureza não humana possa ser protegida sem fins utilitários, as motivações verificadas rejeitaram esta possibilidade que informa a visão de cunho ecocêntrico.

The presence of human destitution, impoverishment and degradation in the midst of plenty has puzzled social thinkers for millennia. One of the oldest and grandest of theories: the theory of ideology attempts to provide an answer to the puzzle of domination in society. Michael Rosen, in his book On Voluntary Servitude (1996), argues that the solution provided by the theory of ideology is problematic. Furthermore, on the basis of his critique, Rosen argues that we should abandon the theory of ideology and consider alternatives to it. Even though many contemporary academics have turned away from the theory of ideology, because they view it as an imprisoning meta-theory, this study explores the possibility of there being a meta-theory that could help us to make sense of the world. Through an examination of Rosen's critique this thesis shows that Rosen is too quick in his dismissal of the theory of ideology because he fails to consider that a revised functionalist theory of ideology can be expanded to account for the mechanism(s) that ensure that, over time, the society in question acquires ideological consciousness to further its welfare. This thesis shows that Rosen is correct in his criticism of the theory of ideology's explanation of domination because the content, history and social effects of ideological consciousness cannot be fully explained in terms of their role in promoting or stabilising relations of domination. In light of Rosen's criticism the thesis shows that if one provides both an explanation of the psychological motivations of individuals and of the nature of the oppressive society in which they find themselves then what I call an integrated theory of ideology can be developed. In order to illustrate the importance of an integrated theory of ideology the study moves away from high-level theoretical abstraction to concrete social analyses, focusing on the work of Frantz Fanon and Steve Biko and their explanations of domination. The reason this study focuses on their work is because in their role as social scientists, Fanon and Biko provided a powerful critique of colonial, post-colonial and neo-colonial society. It will be argued that Fanon and Biko were able to provide a lasting critique of colonial reality because they offered their critique within the framework of such an integrated theory. Consequently, this study argues that, as Fanon and Biko's work illustrate, an integrated theory of ideology qua critical theory ought not to be abandoned because it is crucial for understanding and resisting forms of oppression that exist in the world today.

Through a liberal feminist perspective, this essay investigates the unconventional marital views of the fictional character Elizabeth Bennet. These are analyzed and compared to the traditional marital opinions of the novel's social environment. Moreover, the historical context is important in understanding the marital views in Pride and Prejudice, because the novel was written at a time when the views toward marriage changed significantly. This paper argues that Elizabeth's behavior, expressed opinions and rejections of Mr. Collins's and Mr. Darcy's proposals depict liberal feminist ideas of marriage. The literary review supports the notion that there are two contrasting attitudes toward marriage in Pride and Prejudice: the traditional view and the liberal feminist view. The thorough examination of Elizabeth Bennet's character strongly suggests that she represents the unconventional view of marriage, while characters such as Mr. Collins, Mrs. Bennet, and Charlotte Lucas voice the traditional view of marriage. Furthermore, an analysis of Mr. Darcy's attraction toward Elizabeth indicates that it was Elizabeth's very unconventionality that made Mr. Darcy fall in love with her.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished