Bakgrund: Språkbarriärer i hälso- och sjukvården har blivit alltmer förekommande då invandringen och migrationen ökat. Vikten av Kommunikation, jämlik vård, patientsäkerhet och patienters erfaranheter framförs. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av språkbarriärer i vården. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt genomfördes enligt Fribergs (2017) analysmodell. 10 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades varav 9 var kvalitativa och en kvantitativ artikel. Artiklar hämtades från databaserna PUBMED, CINAHL Complete och Medline med följande sökord: nurse perception, nurse-patient-relations, nurse experience och language barriers. Resultat: Resultatet visade att vårdkvaliteten påverkades negativt av språkbarriärer, resultatet påvisade även risk för patientsäkerheten. Sjuksköterskor tillämpade olika sätt för att besegra språkhindren. Litteraturstudiens resultat presenteras utifrån dessa huvudkategorier: språkbarriärer leder till osäkerhet, frustration och oro, att kommunicera genom tolk, att tala samma språk och alternativa kommunikationsmedel. Sammanfattning: I denna litteraturöversikt har sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av språkbarriärer i vården belysts samt hur det påverkar omvårdnaden. För att uppnå jämlikhet och kunna ge personcentrerad vård till patienter så bör sjuksköterskan ha en kulturell kompetens samt förstå innebörden av kulturell omvårdnad. Det är viktigt att kunna utbilda framtida sjuksköterskor och etablerade sjuksköterskor om språkbarriärer samt om mångkulturell omvårdnad. / Background: Language barriers in health care have become increasingly common as immigration and migration have increased. The importance of communication, equal care, patient safety and patient’s experiences of language barriers are presented. Aim: The purpose of the literature study was to shed light on nurse’s experiences of language barriers in care. Method: A general literature review was conducted according to Fribergs (2017) analysis model. 10 scientific articles were analyzed of which 9 were qualitative and one quantitative article. Articles were retrieved from the databases PUBMED, CINAHL Complete and Medline with the following keywords: nurse perception, nurse-patient-relations, nurse experience and language barriers. Results: The results showed that the quality of care was negatively affected by language barriers and risked patient safety. Nurses applied different ways to overcome language barriers. The results of the literature study are presented based on these main categories: Language barriers lead to uncertainty, frustration and anxiety, to communicate through an interpreter, to speak the same language and alternative means of communication. Summary: In this literature review, nurses' experiences of language barriers in care have been highlighted, as well as how it affects nursing. In order to achieve equality and be able to provide person-centered care to these patients, the nurse should have a cultural competence and be able to understand the meaning of cultural nursing. It is important to be able to train future nurses and established nurses about language barriers and about multicultural nursing.

S'il est bien établi que le théâtre francophone professionnel s'est imposé de façon durable au Québec dès le tournant du XXe siècle, on connaît moins le rôle majeur qu'a tenu Julien Daoust (1866-1943) dans cette percée historique, autant à Montréal qu'à Québec. Il était l'artiste québécois le plus médiatisé et le plus connu du théâtre entre les années 1898 et 1928. Pour saisir l'ampleur de l'action et de l'œuvre de Julien Daoust et pour comprendre aussi les innovations qu'il a apportées à la scène francophone locale, dont l'intégration de vues animées au spectacle dramatique, il est impératif de rappeler ses expériences en tant que metteur en scène et producteur, en 1907, d'un spectacle théâtro-cinématographique : La Fin du Monde. Pour réaliser ce spectacle inédit, Daoust a dû créer un lieu propice à sa diffusion, soit la Salle Duvernay. Les informations sur ce spectacle étonnant sont rares. Toutefois, de nouvelles archives, issues de la famille de Julien Daoust et disponibles depuis 2021, ouvrent de nouvelles pistes d'investigation avec en particulier, le tapuscrit original (sur six pages) de La Fin du Monde. Ce texte, autour duquel s'articule le présent mémoire, nous permettra d'établir des liens entre le contexte sociohistorique du Montréal culturel du début du XXe siècle, les agentivités du milieu théâtral et les dispositifs techniques et médiatiques utilisés par Daoust pour créer ce qu'on peut bien qualifier d'œuvre d'avant-garde : La Fin du Monde. Il aura permis, par son approche audacieuse, de créer une pratique théâtrale francophone moderne qui remédie tous les médias disponibles en 1907. / While it's well established that professional French-language theater made a lasting impact in Québec at the turn of the 20th-century, what is less well known is the major role played by Julien Daoust (1866-1943) in this historic breakthrough, both in montreal and Quebec City. Between 1898 and 1928, he was Quebec's most publicized and best-known theater artist. To grasp the scope of Julien Daoust's action and work, and to understand the innovations he brought to the local French-language scene, including the integration of animated views into dramatic performance, it is imperative to recall his experiences as a stage director and producer, in 1907, of a theatrical-cinematographic show : La Fin du Monde. To produce this groundbreaking show, Daoust had to create a suitable venue, the Duvernay Hall. Information on this astonishing show is scarce. However, new archives from Julien Daoust's family, available since 2021, have opened up new avenues of investigation, in particular the original typescript, a six-page text. This text, around wich the present dissertation is strutured, will enable us to establish links berween the sosio-historical context of early 20th-century cultural Montreal, the agencies of the theatrical milieu and the technical and media devices used by Daoust to create what can best be described as an avant-garde work : La Fin du Monde. Daoust's daring approach has enabled the creation of a modern French-language theatrical practice that remediates all the media available in 1907.

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The purpose of this study was to explore adolescent self-views of singing ability through both implicit theories and self-concept meaning systems. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine these self-views specifically in the context of a choral hierarchy. Using a researcher-designed survey instrument, I gathered data from middle- and high-school students currently enrolled in a choir program organized in a hierarchical structure. I analyzed descriptive statistics of survey responses to items designed to measure implicit theories of singing ability, singing self-concept, and goal orientation. I also examined differences among participants by ensemble placement in implicit theory and self-concept scores, correlation between implicit theory and self-concept, and whether implicit theory, self-concept, goal orientation, or current enrollment could predict future enrollment decisions. In addition to these quantitative measures, I coded open-ended responses to two failure scenarios and examined participant responses by ensemble and gender. Both implicit theory and self-concept scores were higher for participants at the top of the choral hierarchy than at the bottom. Open-ended responses, however, did not align with the implicit theory scale and a number of students presented a false growth mindset. Open-ended responses also indicated that failure scenarios were likely to result in an altered view of the self and shame in placement in an ensemble at the bottom of the choral hierarchy. The means scores for participants in the middle- and high-school ensembles in both implicit theory and self-concept were significantly different, with participants in the high-school ensembles having higher scores in both constructs. Implicit theory and self-concept were significantly related, and self-concept, goal orientation, and current enrollment significantly predicted future enrollment decisions.

Information visualization (InfoVis) makes data accessible in a graphical form, enables visual and interactive data exploration, and is becoming increasingly important in our data-driven world - InfoVis empowers people from various domains to truly benefit from abstract and vast amounts of data. Although they often target desktop environments, nowadays, data visualizations are also used on omnipresent mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. However, most mobile devices are personal digital companions, typically visualizing moderately complex data (e.g., fitness, health, finances, weather, public transport data) on a single and very compact display, making it inherently hard to show the full range or simultaneously different perspectives of data. The research in this thesis engages with these aspects by striving for novel mobile device interactions that enable data analysis with more than a single device, more than a single visualization view, and more than a single user. At the core of this dissertation are four realized projects that can be connected by the following research objectives: (i) Facilitating data visualization beyond the casual exploration of personal data, (ii) Integrating mobile devices in multi-device settings for InfoVis, and (iii) Exploiting the mobility and spatiality of mobile devices for InfoVis. To address the first objective, my research mainly concentrates on interactions with multivariate data represented in multiple coordinated views (MCV). To address the second objective, I consider two different device settings in my work: One part investigates scenarios where one or more people sit at a regular table and analyze data in MCV that are distributed across several mobile devices (mobile devices on a table). The other part focuses on scenarios in which a wall-sized display shows large-scale MCV and mobile devices enable interactions with the visualizations from varying positions and distances (mobile devices in 3D space). The settings also allow to look at different purposes and roles of mobile devices during data exploration. To address the third objective, I examine different spatial device interactions. This includes placing and organizing multiple mobile devices in meaningful spatial arrangements and also pointing interaction that combines touch and spatial device input. Overall, with my research, I apply an exploratory approach and develop a range of techniques and studies that contribute to the understanding of how mobile devices can be used not only for typical personal visualization but also in more professional settings as part of novel and beyond-the-desktop InfoVis environments.:Publications ... ix List of Figures ... xix List of Tables ... xx 1. Introduction ... 1 1.1. Research Objectives and Questions ... 5 1.2. Methodological Approach ... 8 1.3. Scope of the Thesis ... 10 1.4. Thesis Outline & Contributions ... 13 2. Background & Related Work ... 15 2.1. Data Visualization on a Mobile Device ... 16 2.1.1. Revisiting Differences of Data Visualization for Desktops and Mobiles ... 16 2.1.2. Visualization on Handheld Devices: PDAs to Smartphones ... 18 2.1.3. Visualization on Tablet Computers ... 20 2.1.4. Visualization on Smartwatches and Fitness Trackers ... 21 2.1.5. Mobile Data Visualization and Adjacent Topics ... 22 2.2. Cross-Device Data Visualization ... 24 2.2.1. General Components of Cross-Device Interaction ... ... 24 2.2.2. Cross-Device Settings with Large Displays ... 26 2.2.3. Cross-Device Settings with Several Mobile Devices ... 27 2.2.4. Augmented Displays ... 29 2.2.5. Collaborative Data Analysis ... 30 2.2.6. Technological Aspects ... 31 2.3. Interaction for Visualization ... 32 2.3.1. Touch Interaction for InfoVis ... 33 2.3.2. Spatial Interaction for InfoVis ... 36 2.4. Summary ... 38 3. VisTiles: Combination & Spatial Arrangement of Mobile Devices ... 41 3.1. Introduction ... 43 3.2. Dynamic Layout and Coordination ... 45 3.2.1. Design Space: Input and Output ... 46 3.2.2. Tiles: View Types and Distribution ... 46 3.2.3. Workspaces: Coordination of Visualizations ... 47 3.2.4. User-defined View Layout ... 49 3.3. Smart Adaptations and Combinations ... 49 3.3.1. Expanded Input Design Space ... 50 3.3.2. Use of Side-by-Side Arrangements ... 50 3.3.3. Use of Continuous Device Movements ... 53 3.3.4. Managing Adaptations and Combinations ... 54 3.4. Realizing a Working Prototype of VisTiles ... 55 3.4.1. Phase I: Proof of Concept ... 55 3.4.2. Phase II: Preliminary User Study ... 56 3.4.3. Phase III: Framework Revision and Final Prototype ... 59 3.5. Discussion ... 63 3.5.1. Limitations of the Technical Realization ... 63 3.5.2. Understanding the Use of Space and User Behavior ... 64 3.5.3. Divide and Conquer: Single-Display or Multi-Display? ... 64 3.5.4. Space to Think: Physical Tiles or Virtual Tiles? ... 65 3.6. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 66 4. Marvis: Mobile Devices and Augmented Reality ... 69 4.1. Introduction ... 71 4.2. Related Work: Augmented Reality for Information Visualization ... 74 4.3. Design Process & Design Rationale ... 75 4.3.1. Overview of the Development Process ... 75 4.3.2. Expert Interviews in the Design Phase ... 76 4.3.3. Design Choices & Rationales ... 78 4.4. Visualization and Interaction Concepts ... 79 4.4.1. Single Mobile Device with Augmented Reality ... 79 4.4.2. Two and More Mobile Devices with Augmented Reality ... 83 4.5. Prototype Realization ... 86 4.5.1. Technical Implementation and Setup ... 87 4.5.2. Implemented Example Use Cases ... 88 4.6. Discussion ... 94 4.6.1. Expert Reviews ... 94 4.6.2. Lessons Learned ... 95 4.7. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 98 5. FlowTransfer: Content Sharing Between Phones and a Large Display ... 101 5.1. Introduction ... 103 5.2. Related Work ... 104 5.2.1. Interaction with Large Displays ... 104 5.2.2. Interactive Cross-Device Data Transfer ... 105 5.2.3. Distal Pointing ... 106 5.3. Development Process and Design Goals ... 106 5.4. FlowTransfer’s Pointing Cursor and Transfer Techniques ... 108 5.4.1. Distance-dependent Pointing Cursor ... 109 5.4.2. Description of Individual Transfer Techniques ... 110 5.5. Technical Implementation and Setup ... 115 5.6. User Study ... 115 5.6.1. Study Design and Methodology ... 115 5.6.2. General Results ... 117 5.6.3. Results for Individual Techniques ... 117 5.7. Design Space for Content Sharing Techniques ... 119 5.8. Discussion ... 120 5.8.1. Design Space Parameters and Consequences ... 121 5.8.2. Interaction Design ... 121 5.8.3. Content Sharing-inspired Techniques for Information Visual- ization ... 122 5.9. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 123 6. Divico: Touch and Pointing Interaction for Multiple Coordinated Views ... 125 6.1. Introduction ... 127 6.2. Bringing Large-Scale MCV to Wall-Sized Displays ... 129 6.3. Interaction Design for Large-Scale MCV ... 130 6.3.1. Interaction Style and Vocabulary ... 131 6.3.2. Interaction with Visual Elements of Views ... 132 6.3.3. Control of Analysis Tools ... 134 6.3.4. Interaction with Visualization Views ... 134 6.4. Data Set and Prototype Implementation ... 135 6.5. User Study: Goals and Methodology ... 136 6.5.1. Participants ... 137 6.5.2. Apparatus ... 137 6.5.3. Procedure and Tasks ... 138 6.5.4. Collected and Derived Data ... 139 6.6. Results: User Behavior and Usage Patterns ... 140 6.6.1. Data Analysis Method ... 140 6.6.2. Analysis of User Behavior and Movement ... 140 6.6.3. Analysis of Collaboration Aspects ... 142 6.6.4. Analysis of Application Usage ... 145 6.7. Discussion ... 146 6.7.1. Setup ... 146 6.7.2. Movement ... 147 6.7.3. Distance and Interaction Modality ... 147 6.7.4. Device Usage ... 148 6.7.5. MCV Aspects ... 149 6.8. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 149 7. Discussion and Conclusion ... 151 7.1. Summary of the Chapters ... 151 7.2. Contributions ... 152 7.2.1. Beyond Casual Exploration of Personal Data ... 153 7.2.2. Multi-Device Settings ... 154 7.2.3. Spatial Interaction ... 156 7.3. Facets of Mobile Device Interaction for InfoVis ... 157 7.3.1. Mobile Devices ... 158 7.3.2. Interaction ... 160 7.3.3. Data Visualization ... 161 7.3.4. Situation ... 162 7.4. Limitations, Open Questions, and Future Work ... 162 7.4.1. Technical Realization ... 163 7.4.2. Extent of Visual Data Analysis ... 164 7.4.3. Natural Movement in the Spectrum of Explicit and Implicit User Input ... 165 7.4.4. Novel Setups & Future Devices ... 166 7.5. Closing Remarks ... 167 Bibliography ... 169 A. Appendix for ViTiles ... 219 A.1. Examples of Early Sketches and Notes ... 219 A.2. Color Scheme for Visualizations ... 220 A.3. Notes Sheet with Interview Procedure ... 221 A.4. Demographic Questionaire ... 222 A.5. Examplary MCV Images for Explanation ... 223 B. Appendix for Marvis ... 225 B.1. Participants’ Expertise ... 225 B.2. Notes Sheet with Interview Procedure ... 226 B.3. Sketches of Ideas by the Participants ... 227 B.4. Grouped Comments from Expert Interviews (Design Phase) ... 228 C. Appendix for FlowTransfer ... 229 C.1. State Diagram for the LayoutTransfer Technique ... 229 C.2. User Study: Demographic Questionnaire ... 230 C.3. User Study: Techniques Questionnaire ... 231 D. Appendix for Divico ... 235 D.1. User Study: Demographic Information ... 235 D.2. User Study: Expertise Information ... 237 D.3. User Study: Training Questionnaire ... 239 D.4. User Study: Final Questionnaire ... 241 D.5. Study Tasks ... 245 D.5.1. Themed Exploration Phase ... 245 D.5.2. Open Exploration Phase ... 246 D.6. Grouping and Categorization of Protocol Data ... 246 D.7. Usage of Open-Source Tool GIAnT for Video Coding Analysis ... 248 D.8. Movement of Participants (Themed Exploration Phase) ... 250 D.9. Movement of Participants (Open Exploration Phase) ... 254 E. List of Co-supervised Student Theses ... 259 / Informationsvisualisierung (InfoVis) macht Daten in grafischer Form zugänglich, ermöglicht eine visuelle und interaktive Datenexploration und wird in unserer von Daten bestimmten Welt immer wichtiger. InfoVis ermöglicht es Menschen in verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen, aus den abstrakten und enormen Datenmengen einen echten Nutzen zu ziehen. Obwohl sie häufig auf Desktop-Umgebungen ausgerichtet sind, werden Datenvisualisierungen heutzutage auch auf den allseits präsenten Mobilgeräten wie Smartphones und Tablets eingesetzt. Die meisten Mobilgeräte sind jedoch persönliche digitale Begleiter, die in der Regel mäßig komplexe Daten (z.B. Fitness-, Gesundheits-, Finanz-, Wetter-, Nahverkehrsdaten) auf einem einzigen und sehr kompakten Display visualisieren, wodurch es grundsätzlich schwierig ist, die gesamte Bandbreite von bzw. gleichzeitig mehrere Blickwinkel auf Daten darzustellen. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Forschung greift diese Aspekte auf und versucht, neuartige Mobilgeräte-Interaktionen zu untersuchen, die eine Datenanalyse mit mehr als nur einem Gerät, mehr als nur einer Visualisierung und mehr als nur einem Benutzer ermöglichen. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Dissertation stehen vier durchgeführte Projekte, die sich anhand der folgenden Forschungsziele miteinander verbinden lassen: (i) Datenvisualisierung jenseits der einfachen Exploration persönlicher Daten ermöglichen, (ii) Mobilgeräte für InfoVis in geräteübergreifende Umgebungen einbinden und (iii) die Beweglichkeit und Räumlichkeit von Mobilgeräten für InfoVis ausnutzen. Um auf das erste Ziel hinzuarbeiten, liegt der Schwerpunkt meiner Forschung auf der Interaktion mit multivariaten Daten, die in mehreren miteinander verknüpften Visualisierungen (engl. multiple coordinated views, kurz MCV) abgebildet werden. Um das zweite Ziel zu adressieren, werden in meiner Arbeit zwei grundlegend unterschiedliche Gerätekonfigurationen behandelt: Der eine Teil befasst sich mit Szenarien, in denen eine oder mehrere Personen an einem Tisch sitzen, um Daten mit MCV zu analysieren, wobei die Ansichten auf mehrere Mobilgeräte verteilt sind (Mobilgeräte auf einem Tisch). Der andere Teil beschäftigt sich mit Szenarien, in denen ein wandgroßes Display eine große Anzahl von MCV anzeigt, während Mobilgeräte die Interaktion mit diesen Ansichten aus unterschiedlichen Positionen und Entfernungen ermöglichen (Mobilgeräte im 3D-Raum). Die Gerätekonfigurationen erlauben es zudem, verschiedene Einsatzzwecke und Rollen von mobilen Geräten während der Datenexploration zu untersuchen. Um auf das dritte Ziel hinzuwirken, untersuche ich mehrere räumliche Geräteinteraktionen. Dies umfasst die Platzierung und Anordnung mehrerer Mobilgeräte in sinnvollen räumlichen Konstellationen sowie Pointing-Interaktion die Touch- und räumliche Geräteeingaben miteinander kombiniert. Allgemein betrachtet wende ich in meiner Forschung einen explorativen Ansatz an. Ich entwickle eine Reihe von Techniken und führe Untersuchungen durch, die zu einem besseren Verständnis beitragen, wie Mobilgeräte nicht nur für typische persönliche Visualisierungen, sondern auch in einem eher professionellen Umfeld als Teil neuartiger InfoVis-Umgebungen jenseits klassischer Desktop-Arbeitsplätze eingesetzt werden können.:Publications ... ix List of Figures ... xix List of Tables ... xx 1. Introduction ... 1 1.1. Research Objectives and Questions ... 5 1.2. Methodological Approach ... 8 1.3. Scope of the Thesis ... 10 1.4. Thesis Outline & Contributions ... 13 2. Background & Related Work ... 15 2.1. Data Visualization on a Mobile Device ... 16 2.1.1. Revisiting Differences of Data Visualization for Desktops and Mobiles ... 16 2.1.2. Visualization on Handheld Devices: PDAs to Smartphones ... 18 2.1.3. Visualization on Tablet Computers ... 20 2.1.4. Visualization on Smartwatches and Fitness Trackers ... 21 2.1.5. Mobile Data Visualization and Adjacent Topics ... 22 2.2. Cross-Device Data Visualization ... 24 2.2.1. General Components of Cross-Device Interaction ... ... 24 2.2.2. Cross-Device Settings with Large Displays ... 26 2.2.3. Cross-Device Settings with Several Mobile Devices ... 27 2.2.4. Augmented Displays ... 29 2.2.5. Collaborative Data Analysis ... 30 2.2.6. Technological Aspects ... 31 2.3. Interaction for Visualization ... 32 2.3.1. Touch Interaction for InfoVis ... 33 2.3.2. Spatial Interaction for InfoVis ... 36 2.4. Summary ... 38 3. VisTiles: Combination & Spatial Arrangement of Mobile Devices ... 41 3.1. Introduction ... 43 3.2. Dynamic Layout and Coordination ... 45 3.2.1. Design Space: Input and Output ... 46 3.2.2. Tiles: View Types and Distribution ... 46 3.2.3. Workspaces: Coordination of Visualizations ... 47 3.2.4. User-defined View Layout ... 49 3.3. Smart Adaptations and Combinations ... 49 3.3.1. Expanded Input Design Space ... 50 3.3.2. Use of Side-by-Side Arrangements ... 50 3.3.3. Use of Continuous Device Movements ... 53 3.3.4. Managing Adaptations and Combinations ... 54 3.4. Realizing a Working Prototype of VisTiles ... 55 3.4.1. Phase I: Proof of Concept ... 55 3.4.2. Phase II: Preliminary User Study ... 56 3.4.3. Phase III: Framework Revision and Final Prototype ... 59 3.5. Discussion ... 63 3.5.1. Limitations of the Technical Realization ... 63 3.5.2. Understanding the Use of Space and User Behavior ... 64 3.5.3. Divide and Conquer: Single-Display or Multi-Display? ... 64 3.5.4. Space to Think: Physical Tiles or Virtual Tiles? ... 65 3.6. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 66 4. Marvis: Mobile Devices and Augmented Reality ... 69 4.1. Introduction ... 71 4.2. Related Work: Augmented Reality for Information Visualization ... 74 4.3. Design Process & Design Rationale ... 75 4.3.1. Overview of the Development Process ... 75 4.3.2. Expert Interviews in the Design Phase ... 76 4.3.3. Design Choices & Rationales ... 78 4.4. Visualization and Interaction Concepts ... 79 4.4.1. Single Mobile Device with Augmented Reality ... 79 4.4.2. Two and More Mobile Devices with Augmented Reality ... 83 4.5. Prototype Realization ... 86 4.5.1. Technical Implementation and Setup ... 87 4.5.2. Implemented Example Use Cases ... 88 4.6. Discussion ... 94 4.6.1. Expert Reviews ... 94 4.6.2. Lessons Learned ... 95 4.7. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 98 5. FlowTransfer: Content Sharing Between Phones and a Large Display ... 101 5.1. Introduction ... 103 5.2. Related Work ... 104 5.2.1. Interaction with Large Displays ... 104 5.2.2. Interactive Cross-Device Data Transfer ... 105 5.2.3. Distal Pointing ... 106 5.3. Development Process and Design Goals ... 106 5.4. FlowTransfer’s Pointing Cursor and Transfer Techniques ... 108 5.4.1. Distance-dependent Pointing Cursor ... 109 5.4.2. Description of Individual Transfer Techniques ... 110 5.5. Technical Implementation and Setup ... 115 5.6. User Study ... 115 5.6.1. Study Design and Methodology ... 115 5.6.2. General Results ... 117 5.6.3. Results for Individual Techniques ... 117 5.7. Design Space for Content Sharing Techniques ... 119 5.8. Discussion ... 120 5.8.1. Design Space Parameters and Consequences ... 121 5.8.2. Interaction Design ... 121 5.8.3. Content Sharing-inspired Techniques for Information Visual- ization ... 122 5.9. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 123 6. Divico: Touch and Pointing Interaction for Multiple Coordinated Views ... 125 6.1. Introduction ... 127 6.2. Bringing Large-Scale MCV to Wall-Sized Displays ... 129 6.3. Interaction Design for Large-Scale MCV ... 130 6.3.1. Interaction Style and Vocabulary ... 131 6.3.2. Interaction with Visual Elements of Views ... 132 6.3.3. Control of Analysis Tools ... 134 6.3.4. Interaction with Visualization Views ... 134 6.4. Data Set and Prototype Implementation ... 135 6.5. User Study: Goals and Methodology ... 136 6.5.1. Participants ... 137 6.5.2. Apparatus ... 137 6.5.3. Procedure and Tasks ... 138 6.5.4. Collected and Derived Data ... 139 6.6. Results: User Behavior and Usage Patterns ... 140 6.6.1. Data Analysis Method ... 140 6.6.2. Analysis of User Behavior and Movement ... 140 6.6.3. Analysis of Collaboration Aspects ... 142 6.6.4. Analysis of Application Usage ... 145 6.7. Discussion ... 146 6.7.1. Setup ... 146 6.7.2. Movement ... 147 6.7.3. Distance and Interaction Modality ... 147 6.7.4. Device Usage ... 148 6.7.5. MCV Aspects ... 149 6.8. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 149 7. Discussion and Conclusion ... 151 7.1. Summary of the Chapters ... 151 7.2. Contributions ... 152 7.2.1. Beyond Casual Exploration of Personal Data ... 153 7.2.2. Multi-Device Settings ... 154 7.2.3. Spatial Interaction ... 156 7.3. Facets of Mobile Device Interaction for InfoVis ... 157 7.3.1. Mobile Devices ... 158 7.3.2. Interaction ... 160 7.3.3. Data Visualization ... 161 7.3.4. Situation ... 162 7.4. Limitations, Open Questions, and Future Work ... 162 7.4.1. Technical Realization ... 163 7.4.2. Extent of Visual Data Analysis ... 164 7.4.3. Natural Movement in the Spectrum of Explicit and Implicit User Input ... 165 7.4.4. Novel Setups & Future Devices ... 166 7.5. Closing Remarks ... 167 Bibliography ... 169 A. Appendix for ViTiles ... 219 A.1. Examples of Early Sketches and Notes ... 219 A.2. Color Scheme for Visualizations ... 220 A.3. Notes Sheet with Interview Procedure ... 221 A.4. Demographic Questionaire ... 222 A.5. Examplary MCV Images for Explanation ... 223 B. Appendix for Marvis ... 225 B.1. Participants’ Expertise ... 225 B.2. Notes Sheet with Interview Procedure ... 226 B.3. Sketches of Ideas by the Participants ... 227 B.4. Grouped Comments from Expert Interviews (Design Phase) ... 228 C. Appendix for FlowTransfer ... 229 C.1. State Diagram for the LayoutTransfer Technique ... 229 C.2. User Study: Demographic Questionnaire ... 230 C.3. User Study: Techniques Questionnaire ... 231 D. Appendix for Divico ... 235 D.1. User Study: Demographic Information ... 235 D.2. User Study: Expertise Information ... 237 D.3. User Study: Training Questionnaire ... 239 D.4. User Study: Final Questionnaire ... 241 D.5. Study Tasks ... 245 D.5.1. Themed Exploration Phase ... 245 D.5.2. Open Exploration Phase ... 246 D.6. Grouping and Categorization of Protocol Data ... 246 D.7. Usage of Open-Source Tool GIAnT for Video Coding Analysis ... 248 D.8. Movement of Participants (Themed Exploration Phase) ... 250 D.9. Movement of Participants (Open Exploration Phase) ... 254 E. List of Co-supervised Student Theses ... 259

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Iraq War and the War on Terror were pivotal issues in the presidential race for the White House in 2004. Competing frames about the meaning of September 11, 2001, terrorism, and American power were constructed by the rival candidates and established a limited debate that marginalized alternative interpretations of war and peace. It is likely that the dilemma over U.S. forces in Iraq and the War on Terror will continue to be a major issue in the upcoming 2008 Presidential Election. Therefore, the campaign speeches of the presidential candidates, President George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry, during the 2004 Election regarding terrorism were important to understanding the themes that initiated public debate in the U.S. about the conflict in Iraq and the War on Terror. In this document analysis, these candidates’ public addresses illustrated how the role of the U.S. power to combat terrorism shaped a particular perspective about the post-9/11 world. Ideas that challenged “official” debate about war and national security were excluded from mainstream media coverage of the campaign. In order to examine the narrow debate over terrorism and how alternative “ways of seeing” war have been and continue to be marginalized, this study compared how the candidates framed the war in contrast to anti-war voices. Cindy Sheehan, who is an emergent leader in the peace and social justice movement, and more “official” voices of dissent like Representative Dennis Kucinich, have criticized “official” framing of the war. Dissenting perspectives about the Iraq War and the War on Terror invite a different understanding about U.S. hegemony, terrorism, and the consequences of the War on Terror for foreign and domestic policies. The impact of the war upon domestic policy and national crises, such as the widely televised and heavily criticized federal response to Hurricane Katrina Summer 2005, were examined to explore how domestic crises undermine “official” framing of the Iraq War and the War on Terror and empower alternative understandings of war and peace.

The two-part Views on Chemistry Practicals (VOCP) instrument for measuring the views of grade 10 to 12 Physical Science students about the benefits and problems of Chemistry practicals was empirically developed and trialed using six schools in Gauteng. The summary part of the resultant VOCP instrument comprises 24 Likert items and the explanatory part comprises 24 multiple-choice items with 163 options, thus creating a unique current record of a wide range of students' views of chemistry practicals and providing teachers with a tool for improving chemistry practicals. The trial of the instrument with 230 students from three schools indicated that the summary part of the instrument is reliable (Cronbach alpha coefficient) and that a shortened explanatory part of the instrument is reliable (Chi squared values for 17 items with 98 options). The validity of the VOCP instrument was established through the empirical development of the instrument using triangulation of data. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Natural Science Education)

Text in Afrikaans / This study investigates postcolonial aspects of the prose oeuvre of André P. Brink, with specific reference to his historiographical texts `n Oomblik in die wind, Houd-den-Bek, Die eerste lewe van Adamastor, Inteendeel, Sandkastele and Donkermaan. The texts can be described as links in a textual history of South Africa: a history corresponding to the official version, revisioning it in an imaginative way. The texts also criticize political (mal)practices, and the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial social contexts of the country are critically scrutinized. The texts offer suggestions for a new political dispensation. Since the seventies the Brink oeuvre has developed a multi-dimensional postcolonial approach. Aspects of post-colonialism, post-structuralism, magical realism and feminism as articulated in the texts, are analyzed and interpreted. Brink's investigation of problems concerning historiography, and the relation between history and fiction, comprised an important aspect of the research leading to this report. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil

This study examines carnival and ritual in Breyten Breytenbach's dramatic oeuvre and focuses on his Afrikaans drama texts Boklied (1998) and Die toneelstuk (2001). Seeing that these dramas had their debut performances at the Afrikaans national arts festival, the Afrikaans festival phenomenon, as well as Breytenbach's texts will be discussed as framed Events, within a carnival environment, as defined and described by Russian philosopher Bakhtin. The study evolves around three critical questions: 1. How does Bakhtin define the term "carnival" and could Afrikaans national arts festvals be seen as platforms for carnavalesque expression? 2. How does Professor Temple Hauptfleisch define an Event and why can the Afrikaans national arts festivals, as well as the drama texts under discussion, be seen as such Events? 3. How does Breyten Breytenbach's texts link up with Bakhtin's carnival theory and the ritual nature of the Dionysos festivals? / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

The subject of the present dissertation is a critique of feminist hermeneutics and exegesis with special focus on Jesus' approach to women. The dissertation commences with a discussion of the topic's relevance and a disclosure of this interpreter's presuppositions. This is followed by a survey of gender-conscious approaches to interpreting Scripture, including feminism, egalitarianism, and complementarianism. Also discussed are the nature of hermeneutics and relevant New Testament passages. The main body of the dissertation consists of a description and critique of the feminist and egalitarian interpretation of Scripture passages setting forth Jesus' approach to women. Chapter 2 starts with a description and assessment of the contributions by three major proponents of radical feminism, Mary Daly, Virginia Ramey Mollenkott, and Daphne Hampson. This is followed by a discussion of the work of reformist feminists Letty Russell, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza (including a critique of Fiorenza's reconstruction of the place of women in early Christianity), and Rosemary Radford Ruether. Chapter 2 concludes with a treatment of literary approaches by more recent feminist writers. The discussion of egalitarian literature on Jesus and women in Chapter 3 is divided into three periods: the early years (1966-1986); the maturing movement (1987-1999); and recent contributions (2000-2004). Writers whose work is assessed include Krister Stendahl, Letha Scanzoni and Nancy Hardesty, Paul Jewett, Mary Evans, Ben Witherington, Gilbert Bilezikian, Aida Spencer, Richard Longenecker, Grant Osborne, Ruth Tucker, R. T. France, Stanley Grenz, Linda Belleville, William Webb, and others. The final chapter of the dissertation (Chapter 4) contains a discussion of select exegetical insights from a study of New Testament passages on Jesus' approach to women, a comparison of feminist and egalitarian hermeneutics and exegesis of Jesus and women, a proposal concerning a proper hermeneutic on Jesus and women, and a summary of findings as well as a brief presentation of the dissertation's overall contribution and areas for further dialogue. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)