No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>Ultra/Luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) are some of the most amazing systems in the local universe exhibiting extreme star formation triggered by mergers. Since molecular gas is the fuel for star formation, studying the warm, dense gas associated with star formation is important in understanding the processes and timescales controlling star formation in mergers. We have used high resolution (∼2.3”) observations of the local LIRG Arp 299 to map out the physical properties of the molecular gas. The molecular lines 12CO J=3-2, 12CO J=2-1 and 13CO J=2-1 were observed with the Submillimeter Array and the short spacings of the 12CO J=3-2 and J=2-1 observations have been recovered using James Clerk Maxwell Telescope single dish observations. We use the radiative transfer code RADEX to measure the physical properties such as density and temperature of the different regions in this system. The RADEX solutions of the two galaxy nuclei, IC 694 and NGC 3690, show two gas components: a warm moderately dense gas with T_kin ∼ 30-500 K (up to 1000K for NGC3690) and n(H2)~0.3-3×10^3 cm^−3 and a cold dense gas with T_kin~10-30 K and n(H2) > 3 × 10^3 cm^−3. The overlap region is shown to have a well-constrained solution with T_kin ∼ 10-30 K and n(H2)~3-30 × 10^3 cm^−3. We estimate the gas masses and star formation rates of each region in order to derive molecular gas depletion times. The depletion time of each region is found to be about 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of normal spiral galaxies. This can be probably explained by a higher fraction of dense gas in Arp 299 than in normal disk galaxies.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Clinical decision making is influenced by available literature, technology, and guidelines, but also by cultural expectations, physician experience, and personal biases. The treatment of various forms of disability is especially vulnerable to these prejudices. Alzheimer Dementia (AD) and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) represent forms of cognitive and physical disability, respectively. In severe forms of both diseases, patients are often unable to communicate and do not meet traditional definitions of autonomy. However, physicians and consensus guidelines adhere to these very same definitions of autonomy, which subsequently disadvantages patients that cannot verbalize. This bias is reflected in available guidelines for catheter-directed thrombectomy for acute ischemic strokes, which passively discourage physicians from treating patients with baseline AD. Inversely, pediatric definitions of autonomy may expose patients to over-treatment with nusinersen, a medication recently approved for the treatment of SMA. Adapting theories of bodily autonomy will allow physicians to approach the treatment of those who cannot verbalize in a more ethical fashion. / Urban Bioethics

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar, do ponto de vista volumétrico, qual seria o número de giros necessário, no Compactador Giratório Superpave (CGS), para produzir corpos de prova com características similares aos produzidos com a energia 50 golpes no compactador Marshall, para misturas tipo Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) com volume de vazios igual a 4%. Como complemento, realizaram-se dosagens no CGS com 100 giros, visando avaliar o impacto do aumento da energia de compactação no teor de projeto, também para volume de vazios igual a 4%, em comparação aos CPs compactados com o número de giros equivalente à Marshall determinada anteriormente. Foram utilizadas duas faixas granulométricas de misturas SMA: a com Tamanho Máximo Nominal (TMN) 7,93 mm do DER-SP e a com TMN 12,5 mm da AASHTO. Para todas as misturas foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas de corpos de prova com 4% de volume de vazios. Dos resultados dos ensaios concluiu-se que o número de giros no CGS para produzir misturas com volume de vazios igual a 4% nos teores de asfalto de trabalho Marshall são similares para as duas faixas granulométricas utilizadas. Por outro lado, a dosagem com 100 giros no CGS reduziu significativamente o teor de asfalto de trabalho para as duas faixas estudadas em comparação com os teores de trabalho obtidos das dosagens Marshall e no CGS com os números de giros equivalentes. Com relação às propriedades mecânicas, as resistências à tração e os módulos de resiliência dos corpos de prova produzidos com 100 giros no CGS são, de uma maneira geral, um pouco menores que os valores obtidos nos corpos de prova compactados no compactador Marshall, independente da faixa granulométrica, porém maiores que os valores obtidos para a compactação giratória nas energias equivalentes. A vida de fadiga para a faixa mais fina é significativamente maior para os corpos de prova compactados com 100 giros em comparação com a compactação Marshall e para a faixa mais grossa manteve-se na mesma ordem de grandeza da obtida para a compactação Marshall. Para as misturas ensaiadas, não foi constatado influência da compactação no dano causado pela umidade induzida / The aim of the work was to investigate, in terms of volumes properties, which would be the number of gyrations required in the Superpave Gyrations Compactor (SGC), to produce samples with characteristics similar to the energy produced with 50 blows in the Marshall Compactor, for Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures with voids content equal to 4%. As a complement, samples designed in the SGC with 100 gyrations, were made to evaluate the impact of increased compaction energy in the binder content, also for voids content equal to 4%, compared to the samples compacted with a number of gyrations equivalent to Marshall, as previously determined. It was used two different aggregates gradations for SMA mixtures: Nominal Maximum Size (NMS) 7,93 mm of the DER and the NMS 12,5 mm of the AASHTO. The mechanical properties of all samples were evaluated with voids content of 4%. The number of gyrations in the SGC to produce mixtures containing voids content equal to 4% for the Marshall`s binder content are similar for both aggregates gradations used. On the other hand, the SMA mixture design with 100 gyrations reduced the binder content for both gradations in comparison with the binder content obtained from Marshall Compaction and SGC with the equivalent number of gyrations. Concerning mechanical properties, the tensile strength and resilient modulus of the samples produced with 100 gyrations in the SGC are, generally, slightly lower than the values obtained with the samples compacted in the Marshall compactor, independent of the aggregate gradations, but higher than the values obtained with the samples compacted with a equivalent energy in the SGC. The fatigue life for the fine gradation (NMS=7,93mm) is significantly higher for the samples compacted in the SGC with 100 gyrations compared with the Marshall compaction, and for the coarse gradation (NMS=12,5 mm) remained in the same order of magnitude that of the Marshall compaction. It was not observed any influence of the compaction method in the induced damage caused by moisture

Esta pesquisa foi baseada em um projeto de Stone Matrix Asphalt - SMA na faixa 0/8S com asfalto CAP 20, feito para a execução de revestimento delgado em trecho experimental na Rodovia Presidente Dutra, ligando São Paulo ao Rio de Janeiro. A ocorrência de alguns defeitos neste trecho experimental motivou o estudo de misturas SMA 0/8S alternativas empregando dois asfaltos convencionais: CAP 20 e CAP 50/60, e dois modificados por polímeros: um com 3,0% de SBS e outro com 6,5% de SBS. Foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais para a verificação da dosagem das misturas asfálticas e determinação de propriedades mecânicas em laboratório por meio de ensaios de deformação permanente em trilha de roda, de resistência à tração por compressão diametral e de módulo de resiliência. Observou-se que o uso de asfalto modificado por polímero e do asfalto convencional CAP 50/60 acarreta uma redução significativa de afundamentos em trilha de roda. O módulo de resiliência a 25°C também apresenta redução de valor nas amostras com asfalto modificado por polímero e com CAP 50/60, em comparação com o convencional CAP 20. A resistência à tração sofre pouca variação quando se comparam os asfaltos empregados, considerando-se ensaios realizados na mesma temperatura. Foram feitos ensaios em campo para a avaliação funcional e de aderência no trecho experimental da Rodovia Presidente Dutra, tendo sido realizados monitoramentos logo após a execução do trecho e decorridos 2 anos e 7 meses de operação. Os resultados demonstraram que o revestimento do trecho experimental apresenta atualmente poucos defeitos de superfície, com fechamento da macrotextura nas trilhas de roda e pequena diminuição do conforto ao rolamento. / This research was based on a Stone Matrix Asphalt SMA in the band 0/8S design made with asphalt binder AC 20, used as a thin wearing course of a test section on the Presidente Dutra Highway, that connects São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro. The occurrence of some distresses in the test section motivated the study of alternative SMA 0/8S mixtures using two conventional asphalt binders: AC 20 and AC 50/60, and two modified by polymer: one with 3.0% of SBS and other with 6.5% of SBS. Laboratory tests were conducted to verify the mix design and to determine their mechanical behavior such as the resistance against rutting, the indirect tensile strength and the resilient modulus. It was observed that the use of SBS polymer modified binders and asphalt binder AC 50/60 causes a significant reduction of rutting. The resilient modulus at 25°C also presents a reduction in the samples with SBS polymer modified binders and AC 50/60 in comparison with AC 20. The indirect tensile strength suffers little variation across the different types of asphalt binders, tested at the same temperature. Field tests related to functional evaluation and skid-resistance of the test section were carried out. The test section was monitored immediately following the construction and after 2 years and 7 months of continuous use. The results showed that the wearing coarse presented a few distresses in the surface, in particular a reduction of the macrotexture at the wheel tracks and a slight worsening of the riding quality.

In this thesis, a new Poly Phase Motor (rotary actuator) based on the Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is presented. Details of Design, Modeling, Characterization, Realization and Control of Poly Phase SMA Motor are presented. Motor with 3 and 6 Phases, with appropriate Control circuit have been realized in laboratory and simulated results have been verified experimentally. In literature, broadly two types of Shape Memory Alloy based motors namely limited rotation motor and unlimited rotation motor are found. In the unlimited rotation type SMA based motor the SMA element is in the spring form. Hence, an attempt has been made in this research to develop an Unlimited Rotating type Balanced Poly Phase Motor based on SMA wire in series with a spring in each phase. By isolating SMA actuation and spring action a constant force by the SMA wire through out its range of operation is achieved. While designing the motor, similarity in function between Poly Phase SMA Motor and Stepper Motor was found. Hence, the Poly Phase Motor is characterized similar to that of a Stepper Motor. Functionally, the Poly Phase Motor can be used in stepping mode for generating incremental motion and servo mode for generating continuous motion. Various parameters of the motor have been defined. The motor can be actuated in either direction with different Phase sequencing methods, which are presented in this work. While explaining sequencing methods, effect of the thermal time constants has also been presented. The lumped thermal model is used for dynamic simulation of motor. The motor has been modeled with a new approach to the SMA wire Hysteresis model. This model is simple and useful for real time control applications. Model is implemented using Simulink and used for the simulation of the motor. Generalization of the motor concept is done and motor up to 16 Phases are studied and the simulation results done using MATLAB are discussed. It could be observed that the torque generated by the motor increases with increased number of phases while the torque ripple reduces. The motor torque ripple is better for motor with odd number of phases due to its construction. Two methods of achieving servo motion are presented. The first method is Micro Stepping, consisting of controlling single phase temperature with a position feedback. The second method is Antagonistic Control of temperatures of phases with position feedback. Both the above methods use PID Controller with optical encoder feedback for position sensing. Performance of the actuator with step, ramp and triangle inputs has been simulated using Simulink and verified experimentally for various loads and disturbances. Positional accuracy of 0.07% for the Step input and for the full rotation of 3600 is achieved. Vector Control of SMA Motor is presented. By this method Speed and the torque of the motor will be effectively controlled. Since the temperatures of the wires are controlled in this research, this method is named as Thermal Space Phasor or Vector Based Control. This method of rotation of motor is simulated using Simulink and verified experimentally. Here the current through the SMA is controlled so as to get near sinusoidal variation in temperature. This leads to a near Sinusoidal variation of force. It is shown that by controlling the temperature of phases Sinusoidally with a phase shift of 1200, the Resultant Force will be a constant over the Spatial angle of 3600 and its Velocity of rotation will be Constant. Open loop and closed loop control of the speed and torque is presented. While the motor rotates at fixed Speed and Torque in Open Loop Control, motor adopts to change in torque and velocity in Closed Loop control with reduced ripple. PID Controller is used for closed loop control. The presented rotary actuator and their experimental results set a new standard for SMA based new generation rotary actuators and control.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar, do ponto de vista volumétrico, qual seria o número de giros necessário, no Compactador Giratório Superpave (CGS), para produzir corpos de prova com características similares aos produzidos com a energia 50 golpes no compactador Marshall, para misturas tipo Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) com volume de vazios igual a 4%. Como complemento, realizaram-se dosagens no CGS com 100 giros, visando avaliar o impacto do aumento da energia de compactação no teor de projeto, também para volume de vazios igual a 4%, em comparação aos CPs compactados com o número de giros equivalente à Marshall determinada anteriormente. Foram utilizadas duas faixas granulométricas de misturas SMA: a com Tamanho Máximo Nominal (TMN) 7,93 mm do DER-SP e a com TMN 12,5 mm da AASHTO. Para todas as misturas foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas de corpos de prova com 4% de volume de vazios. Dos resultados dos ensaios concluiu-se que o número de giros no CGS para produzir misturas com volume de vazios igual a 4% nos teores de asfalto de trabalho Marshall são similares para as duas faixas granulométricas utilizadas. Por outro lado, a dosagem com 100 giros no CGS reduziu significativamente o teor de asfalto de trabalho para as duas faixas estudadas em comparação com os teores de trabalho obtidos das dosagens Marshall e no CGS com os números de giros equivalentes. Com relação às propriedades mecânicas, as resistências à tração e os módulos de resiliência dos corpos de prova produzidos com 100 giros no CGS são, de uma maneira geral, um pouco menores que os valores obtidos nos corpos de prova compactados no compactador Marshall, independente da faixa granulométrica, porém maiores que os valores obtidos para a compactação giratória nas energias equivalentes. A vida de fadiga para a faixa mais fina é significativamente maior para os corpos de prova compactados com 100 giros em comparação com a compactação Marshall e para a faixa mais grossa manteve-se na mesma ordem de grandeza da obtida para a compactação Marshall. Para as misturas ensaiadas, não foi constatado influência da compactação no dano causado pela umidade induzida / The aim of the work was to investigate, in terms of volumes properties, which would be the number of gyrations required in the Superpave Gyrations Compactor (SGC), to produce samples with characteristics similar to the energy produced with 50 blows in the Marshall Compactor, for Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures with voids content equal to 4%. As a complement, samples designed in the SGC with 100 gyrations, were made to evaluate the impact of increased compaction energy in the binder content, also for voids content equal to 4%, compared to the samples compacted with a number of gyrations equivalent to Marshall, as previously determined. It was used two different aggregates gradations for SMA mixtures: Nominal Maximum Size (NMS) 7,93 mm of the DER and the NMS 12,5 mm of the AASHTO. The mechanical properties of all samples were evaluated with voids content of 4%. The number of gyrations in the SGC to produce mixtures containing voids content equal to 4% for the Marshall`s binder content are similar for both aggregates gradations used. On the other hand, the SMA mixture design with 100 gyrations reduced the binder content for both gradations in comparison with the binder content obtained from Marshall Compaction and SGC with the equivalent number of gyrations. Concerning mechanical properties, the tensile strength and resilient modulus of the samples produced with 100 gyrations in the SGC are, generally, slightly lower than the values obtained with the samples compacted in the Marshall compactor, independent of the aggregate gradations, but higher than the values obtained with the samples compacted with a equivalent energy in the SGC. The fatigue life for the fine gradation (NMS=7,93mm) is significantly higher for the samples compacted in the SGC with 100 gyrations compared with the Marshall compaction, and for the coarse gradation (NMS=12,5 mm) remained in the same order of magnitude that of the Marshall compaction. It was not observed any influence of the compaction method in the induced damage caused by moisture

Esta pesquisa foi baseada em um projeto de Stone Matrix Asphalt - SMA na faixa 0/8S com asfalto CAP 20, feito para a execução de revestimento delgado em trecho experimental na Rodovia Presidente Dutra, ligando São Paulo ao Rio de Janeiro. A ocorrência de alguns defeitos neste trecho experimental motivou o estudo de misturas SMA 0/8S alternativas empregando dois asfaltos convencionais: CAP 20 e CAP 50/60, e dois modificados por polímeros: um com 3,0% de SBS e outro com 6,5% de SBS. Foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais para a verificação da dosagem das misturas asfálticas e determinação de propriedades mecânicas em laboratório por meio de ensaios de deformação permanente em trilha de roda, de resistência à tração por compressão diametral e de módulo de resiliência. Observou-se que o uso de asfalto modificado por polímero e do asfalto convencional CAP 50/60 acarreta uma redução significativa de afundamentos em trilha de roda. O módulo de resiliência a 25°C também apresenta redução de valor nas amostras com asfalto modificado por polímero e com CAP 50/60, em comparação com o convencional CAP 20. A resistência à tração sofre pouca variação quando se comparam os asfaltos empregados, considerando-se ensaios realizados na mesma temperatura. Foram feitos ensaios em campo para a avaliação funcional e de aderência no trecho experimental da Rodovia Presidente Dutra, tendo sido realizados monitoramentos logo após a execução do trecho e decorridos 2 anos e 7 meses de operação. Os resultados demonstraram que o revestimento do trecho experimental apresenta atualmente poucos defeitos de superfície, com fechamento da macrotextura nas trilhas de roda e pequena diminuição do conforto ao rolamento. / This research was based on a Stone Matrix Asphalt SMA in the band 0/8S design made with asphalt binder AC 20, used as a thin wearing course of a test section on the Presidente Dutra Highway, that connects São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro. The occurrence of some distresses in the test section motivated the study of alternative SMA 0/8S mixtures using two conventional asphalt binders: AC 20 and AC 50/60, and two modified by polymer: one with 3.0% of SBS and other with 6.5% of SBS. Laboratory tests were conducted to verify the mix design and to determine their mechanical behavior such as the resistance against rutting, the indirect tensile strength and the resilient modulus. It was observed that the use of SBS polymer modified binders and asphalt binder AC 50/60 causes a significant reduction of rutting. The resilient modulus at 25°C also presents a reduction in the samples with SBS polymer modified binders and AC 50/60 in comparison with AC 20. The indirect tensile strength suffers little variation across the different types of asphalt binders, tested at the same temperature. Field tests related to functional evaluation and skid-resistance of the test section were carried out. The test section was monitored immediately following the construction and after 2 years and 7 months of continuous use. The results showed that the wearing coarse presented a few distresses in the surface, in particular a reduction of the macrotexture at the wheel tracks and a slight worsening of the riding quality.