As the demand for better and faster applications increase every year, so does the demand for new communication systems between computers. Today, a common method for computers and software systems to exchange information is the use of REST APIs, but there are cases where more efficient solutions are needed. In such cases, RPC can provide a solution. There are many RPC libraries to choose from, but gRPC is the most widely used today. gRPC is said to offer faster and more efficient communication than conventional web-based API calls. The problem investigated in this thesis is that there are few available resources demonstrating how this performance difference translates into request throughput on a server. The purpose of the study is to benchmark the difference in request throughput for conventional API calls (REST) and gRPC. This was done with the goal of providing a basis for making better decisions regarding the choice of communication infrastructure between applications. A qualitative research method with support of quantitative data was used to evaluate the results. REST and gRPC servers were implemented in three programming languages. A benchmarking client was implemented in order to benchmark the servers and measure request throughput. The benchmarks were conducted on a local network between two hosts. The results indicate that gRPC performs better than REST for larger message payloads in terms of request throughput. REST initially outperforms gRPC for small payloads but falls behind as the payload size increases. The result can be beneficial for software developers and other stakeholders who strive to make informed decisions regarding communication infrastructure when developing and maintaining applications at scale. / Eftersom efterfrågan på bättre och snabbare applikationer ökar varje år, så ökar även behovet av nya kommunikationssystem mellan datorer. Idag är det vanligt att datorer och programvara utbyter information genom användning av APIer, men det finns fall där mer effektiva lösningar behövs. I sådana fall kan RPC erbjuda en lösning. Det finns många olika RPC-bibliotek att välja mellan, men gRPC är det mest använda idag. gRPC sägs erbjuda snabbare och mer effektiv kommunikation än konventionella webbaserade API-anrop. Problemet som undersöks i denna avhandling är att det finns få tillgängliga resurser som visar hur denna prestandaskillnad översätts till genomströmning av förfrågningar på en server. Syftet med studien är att mäta skillnaden i genomströmning av förfrågningar för konventionella API-anrop (REST) och gRPC. Detta gjordes med målet att ge en grund för att fatta bättre beslut om val av kommunikationsinfrastruktur mellan applikationer. En kvalitativ forskningsmetod med stöd av kvantitativa data användes för att utvärdera resultaten. REST- och gRPC-servrar implementerades i tre programmeringsspråk. En benchmarking-klient implementerades för att mäta servrarnas prestanda och genomströmning av förfrågningar. Mätningarna genomfördes i ett lokalt nätverk mellan två datorer. Resultaten visar att gRPC presterar bättre än REST för större meddelanden när det gäller genomströmning av förfrågningar. REST presterade initialt bättre än gRPC för små meddelanden, men faller efter när meddelandestorleken ökar. Resultatet kan vara fördelaktig för programutvecklare och andra intressenter som strävar efter att fatta informerade beslut gällande kommunikationsinfrastruktur vid utveckling och underhållning av applikationer i större skala.

Med dagens snabba utveckling av informationsteknologin och med ökningen av antalet människor som är uppkopplade mot Internet, blir utvecklingen av webbtjänster allt viktigare. Eftersom webbtjänster har en betydande roll för utvecklingen av Internet, uppstår frågan om vilka verktyg som bör användas för att uppnå den prestanda som dagens användare kräver. Ett vanligt tillvägagångssätt för implementering av webbtjänster är med arkitekturen REST. Dock har REST prestandasvagheter som overfetching, underfetching och hantering av slutpunkter som uppstår i fall där flera slutpunkter nås. Ett alternativ till REST är frågespråket GraphQL som utvecklades för att utesluta de svagheter som REST har och således förbättra prestanda vid datahämtning. I detta arbete utfördes prestandamätningar där latens och datavolym mättes vid olika typer av frågor för respektive GraphQL, REST utan cache och REST med cache. Latens är tidsintervallet från att en klient skickar en förfrågan till att klienten mottar svaret, och datavolym avser storleken på data i ett svarspaket som överförs från en server till en klient. REST med cache togs med i prestandamätningarna då det inte har undersökts i tidigare arbeten som jämfört prestanda mellan GraphQL och REST. Resultaten visade att GraphQL presterar bättre med avseende på både latens och datavolym, i jämförelse med de övriga systemen i fall där förfrågningar ställs mot två eller flera slutpunkter i REST. GraphQL presterade sämre än övriga system, med avseende på latens, när endast en slutpunkt i REST kontaktades. Däremot presterade GraphQL bättre än de övriga systemen, med avseende på datavolym, i samtliga fall. Vid jämförelse av REST med och utan cache visade det sig att ju fler slutpunkter som kontaktades, desto bättre presterade REST utan cache med avseende på datavolym medan REST med cache presterade bättre med avseende på latens. / With today’s rapid development of information technology and with the increase in the number of people connected to the Internet, the development of web services is becoming more important. As web services play a significant role in the development of the Internet, the question arises as to which tools should be used to achieve the performance required by today’s users. A common approach for implementing web services is with the architecture REST. However, REST has performance weaknesses such as overfetching, underfetching, and maintenance of endpoints, that arise in cases where multiple endpoints are accessed. An alternative to REST is the GraphQL query language, which was developed to exclude the weaknesses that REST has and thus improve performance in data retrieval. In this work, performance measurements were conducted where latency and data volume were measured for different types of queries for GraphQL, REST without cache and, REST with cache. Latency is the time interval between a client sending a request and the client receiving the response, and data volume refers to the size of data in a response packet that is transmitted from a server to a client. REST with cache was included in the experiment as it has not been investigated in previous work comparing performance between GraphQL and REST. The results showed that GraphQL performs better, in terms of both latency and data volume, compared to the other systems in cases where requests are made to two or more endpoints in REST. GraphQL performed worse than the other systems, in terms of latency, when only one endpoint in REST was contacted. However, GraphQL performed better than the other systems in terms of data volume in all cases. When comparing REST with and without cache, it turned out that the more endpoints that were contacted, the better REST without cache performed in terms of data volume, while REST with cache performed better in terms of latency.

The paper examines the design and development of a system for mentoring company employees for the iOS OS. In the course of the study, an analysis of modern architectural solutions for writing applications on iOS is carried out: various approaches to the architecture of the presentation layer (Cocoa MVC, MVP, MVVM), the application module (The Clean Architecture, Clean Swift VIPER), network interaction (REST, SOAP, gRPC, GraphQL) and multiple requests (interval polling, long polling, Websockets) are compared. Then, the process of designing the architecture and developing an application for mentoring employees is considered, including a description of the company's business process, testing and implementation of the final solution in the company with subsequent evaluation of the effects of implementation (ELTV, NPS and other metrics). / В работе исследуется проектирование и разработка системы менторинга сотрудников компании для ОС iOS. По ходу исследования проводится анализ современных архитектурных решений для написания приложений на iOS: сравниваются различные подходы к архитектуре слоя представления (Cocoa MVC, MVP, MVVM), модуля приложения (The Clean Architecture, Clean Swift VIPER), сетевого взаимодействия (REST, SOAP, gRPC, GraphQL) и многократных запросов (интервальный поллинг, длинный поллинг, Websockets). Затем рассматривается процесс проектирования архитектуры и разработки приложения для менторинга сотрудников, включая описание бизнес-процесса компании, тестирование и внедрение конечного решения в компанию с последующей оценкой эффектов от внедрения (ELTV, NPS и другие метрики).

Vorhersagen von miRNA-Bindestellen enthalten oft einen hohen Prozentsatz an falsch positiven Ergebnissen (24-70%). Gleichzeitig ist es schwierig die biologischen Interaktionen von miRNAs und ihren Zieltranskripten auf experimentellem Wege und Genom weit zu messen. Daher wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Frage beantwortet, ob ChIP-Sequenzierungsdaten, von denen es immer mehr gibt, verwendet werden können, um Vorhersagen von miRNA-Bindestellen zu filtern. Dabei wurde von einem Netzwerk aus miRNAs und Transkriptionsfaktoren gebraucht gemacht, die Zieltranskripte gemeinsam regulieren. Zunächst wurden verschiedene Methoden getestet, mit denen „Peaks“ aus der ChIP-Sequenzierung Zielgenen zugeordnet werden können. Zielgenlisten des transkriptionalen Repressors RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST/NRSF) wurden mithilfe von ChIP-Sequenzierungsdaten erzeugt. Ein Algorithmus zur Suche nach überrepräsentierten miRNA-Zielgenen in REST-Genlisten basierend auf Vorhersagen von TargetScanHuman wurde entwickelt und angewandt. Die detektierten „enrichment“-miRNAs waren Teil eines vielfältig regulierten REST-miRNA-Netzwerks. Mögliche Funktionen von miRNAs wurden vorgeschlagen und ihre Rolle im gemeinsamen Netzwerk mit REST und im damit gebildeten Netzwerkmotiv (Inkoherente Schleife zur Vorwärtskopplung Typ 2) wurde analysiert. Es stellte sich heraus, dass ein Filtern der Vorhersagen tatsächlich möglich ist, da Gene, die sowohl von REST als auch von einer oder mehreren „enrichment“-miRNAs reguliert werden, einen höheren Anteil an wahren miRNA-Transkript-Interaktionen haben. / Predictions of miRNA binding sites suffer from high false positive rates (24-70%) and measuring biological interactions of miRNAs and target transcripts on a genome wide scale remains challenging. In the thesis at hand the question was answered if the ever growing body of ChIP-sequencing data can be applied to filter miRNA target predictions by making use of the underlying regulatory network of miRNAs and transcription factors. First different methods for association of ChIP-sequencing peaks to target genes were tested. Target gene lists of the transcriptional repressor RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST/NRSF) were generated by means of ChIP-sequencing data. An enrichment analysis tool based on predictions from TargetScanHuman was developed and applied to find ‘enrichment’-miRNAs with over-represented targets in the REST gene lists. The detected miRNAs were shown to be part of a highly regulated REST-miRNA network. Possible functions could be assigned to them and their role in the regulatory network and special network motifs (incoherent feedforward loop of type 2) was analyzed. It turned out that miRNA target predictions of genes shared by enrichment-miRNAs and REST had a higher proportion of true positive associations than the TargetScanHuman background, thus the procedure made a filtering possible.

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Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-08-01T18:32:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ArquiteturaOrientadaServicos.pdf: 6969374 bytes, checksum: 1c20514e4d649104c5044050223c5bbf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-08-22T12:31:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ArquiteturaOrientadaServicos.pdf: 6969374 bytes, checksum: 1c20514e4d649104c5044050223c5bbf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T12:31:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ArquiteturaOrientadaServicos.pdf: 6969374 bytes, checksum: 1c20514e4d649104c5044050223c5bbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-31 / A evolução tecnológica dos smartphones e tablets, a grande quantidade de informações armazenadas eletronicamente, e a necessidade de tomada de decisão, individual ou colaborativa, em qualquer lugar e momento demandam a concepção e desenvolvimento de serviços para visualização desses dados. A Internet tem desempenhado um importante papel como rede de compartilhamento de conhecimento, e neste contexto tem surgido aplicações com arquiteturas orientadas a serviços (SOA) nos mais diversos campos de estudo. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a concepção e desenvolvimento de um agregado de serviços que favoreçam a ubiquidade e pervasividade em aplicações de visualização de dados, permitindo que o usuário construa visualizações de dados sobre um determinado domínio de problema de maneira fácil e intuitiva. Com este tipo de serviço é possível construir aplicações de visualizações de dados em diferentes dispositivos inteligentes, tais como: smartphones, tablets, desktop, TV Digital e etc. Esta abstração é conseguida através de uma API Web que suporta as principais características de aplicações de visualização de informações em diferentes plataformas. O modelo arquitetural de comunicação utilizado na concepção do serviço foi o REST (REpresentational State Transfer), as aplicações cliente e servidora foram desenvolvidas na linguagem Java, e foi utilizado um motor de geração de visualizações de dados denominado PRISMA. Como cenário de uso, foi desenvolvida uma aplicação cliente Android para testar os serviços criados. Por fim, serão apresentados dados iniciais sobre testes de usabilidade realizados na aplicação desenvolvida. / Technological developments of smartphones and tablets, the great amount of electronic stored information and the need for decision-making, individually or collaboratively, anywhere and anytime, demands the conception and development of services for data visualization. The Internet has played an important role as a knowledge-sharing network and in this context, some service oriented architecture (SOA) applications have emerged in all kind of study fields. Therefore, this work aims the conception and development of a service aggregation that will favor ubiquity and pervasiveness in data visualization applications, allowing users to build domain-specific data visualizations in an easy and intuitive way. With this kind of service, it is possible to build data visualization applications for different smart devices such as smartphones, tablets, desktop, smart TV's, etc. A Web API that supports the main characteristics of an information visualization tool in different platforms reaches this abstraction. REST (REpresentational State Transfer) Style was employed in the service conception as the architectural communication model. Client-side and server-side applications were developed using Java with a data visualization generator engine called PRISMA. As a use case, was developed a client Android application in order to test the created services. Lastly, initial data about usability essays performed in the developed application will be presented.

abstract: Individuals fluent in sign language who have at least one deaf parent are considered native signers while those with non-signing, hearing parents are non-native signers. Musculoskeletal pain from repetitive motion is more common from non-natives than natives. The goal of this study was twofold: 1) to examine differences in upper extremity (UE) biomechanical measures between natives and non-natives and 2) upon creating a composite measure of injury-risk unique to signers, to compare differences in scores between natives and non-natives. Non-natives were hypothesized to have less favorable biomechanical measures and composite injury-risk scores compared to natives. Dynamometry was used for measurement of strength, electromyography for ‘micro’ rest breaks and muscle tension, optical motion capture for ballistic signing, non-neutral joint angle and work envelope, a numeric pain rating scale for pain, and the modified Strain Index (SI) as a composite measure of injury-risk. There were no differences in UE strength (all p≥0.22). Natives had more rest (natives 76.38%; non-natives 26.86%; p=0.002) and less muscle tension (natives 11.53%; non-natives 48.60%; p=0.008) for non-dominant upper trapezius across the first minute of the trial. For ballistic signing, no differences were found in resultant linear segment acceleration when producing the sign for ‘again’ (natives 27.59m/s2; non-natives 21.91m/s2; p=0.20). For non-neutral joint angle, natives had more wrist flexion-extension motion when producing the sign for ‘principal’ (natives 54.93°; non-natives 46.23°; p=0.04). Work envelope demonstrated the greatest significance when determining injury-risk. Natives had a marginally greater work envelope along the z-axis (inferior-superior) across the first minute of the trial (natives 35.80cm; non-natives 30.84cm; p=0.051). Natives (30%) presented with a lower pain prevalence than non-natives (40%); however, there was no significant difference in the modified SI scores (natives 4.70 points; non-natives 3.06 points; p=0.144) and no association between presence of pain with the modified SI score (r=0.087; p=0.680). This work offers a comprehensive analysis of all the previously identified UE biomechanics unique to signers and helped to inform a composite measure of injury-risk. Use of the modified SI demonstrates promise, although its lack of association with pain does confirm that injury-risk encompasses other variables in addition to a signer’s biomechanics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Exercise and Nutritional Sciences 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal profile of strong and weak subjects during ballistic and nonballistic potentiation complexes. Eight strong (relative back squat = 2.1 ± 0.1 times body mass) and 8 weak (relative back squat = 1.6 ± 0.2 times body mass) males performed squat jumps immediately and every minute up to 10 minutes following potentiation complexes that included ballistic or nonballistic concentric-only half-squat (COHS) performed at 90% of their 1 repetition maximum COHS. Jump height (JH) and allometrically scaled peak power (PPa) were compared using a series of 2 × 12 repeated measures analyses of variance. No statistically significant strength level main effects for JH (p = 0.442) or PPa (p = 0.078) existed during the ballistic condition. In contrast, statistically significant main effects for time existed for both JH (p = 0.014) and PPa (p < 0.001); however, no statistically significant pairwise comparisons were present (p > 0.05). Statistically significant strength level main effects existed for PPa (p = 0.039) but not for JH (p = 0.137) during the nonballistic condition. Post hoc analysis revealed that the strong subjects produced statistically greater PPa than the weaker subjects (p = 0.039). Statistically significant time main effects existed for time existed for PPa (p = 0.015), but not for JH (p = 0.178). No statistically significant strength level × time interaction effects for JH (p = 0.319) or PPa (p = 0.203) were present for the ballistic or nonballistic conditions. Practical significance indicated by effect sizes and the relationships between maximum potentiation and relative strength suggest that stronger subjects potentiate earlier and to a greater extent than weaker subjects during ballistic and nonballistic potentiation complexes.

Predicting language outcomes in children who at age two are "late talkers" is a concern of Speech Language Pathologists. Currently, there is no conclusive data allowing specialists to predict which children will outgrow their delays and which children will not. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the effect of a receptive language delay on the outcome of the slow expressive language delayed child, and determine whether or not it is a viable predictor of poor outcomes. The subject information used in this project was compiled from the data collected and reported by Paul (1991) during the Portland Language Development Project (PLDP). Children in the PLDP first participated in the longitudinal study between the ages of twenty to thirtyfour months. They were categorized as being slow in expressive language development if they produced fewer that fifty intelligible words during this age range. They were then subgrouped into an expressive-receptive delayed group if they scored more than one standard deviation below the mean on the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Of the twenty-five subjects with complete data over the five years of the study, nineteen were considered to be solely expressively delayed, while the remaining six were classified as having both an expressive and a receptive language delay. Lee's Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS) (1974) was used to track the subject's expressive language abilities to the age of seven. DSS scores were analyzed yearly, using the Mann-Whitney nonparametric statistical test. This would determine whether the subjects considered to be both expressively and receptively delayed were exhibiting more difficulties in their expressive language abilities than those subjects with expressive delays alone. The results of the study indicated that significant differences did not exist between the two groups. Therefore, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that a receptive language delay at twenty to thirty-four months of age is a feasible predictor of lasting expressive language delays. This leads to the recommendation that additional research be conducted focusing on areas other than receptive language abilities as being predictors of poor expressive language outcomes.

Pastaraisiais metais augant kelių transporto sektoriui didėja konkurencija tarp vežėjų. Siekdami užimti kuo didesnę rinkos dalį bei gauti kuo daugiau pelno, dažnai vežėjai siekia sutrumpinti pervežimų laiką pažeisdami nustatytas vairuotojų darbo ir poilsio laiko reguliavimo taisykles. Siekiant užtikrinti sąžiningą konkurenciją, o taip pat užtikrinti mobilių darbuotojų, kurie dirba ypatingomis darbo sąlygomis, sveikatą bei pagerinti eismo saugumą keliuose, būtina specialus darbo ir poilsio laiko reguliavimas, nustatytas Europos Sąjungos bei tarptautiniuose teisės aktuose. Lietuva įstojusi į Europos Sąjungą įsipareigojo perkelti į nacionalinę teisę bendrus reikalavimus, susijusius su darbo ir poilsio laiku, tačiau perkeliant teisės aktus kyla problemų, apie kurias mažai diskutuojama. Todėl magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas yra išnagrinėti kelių transporto darbuotojų darbo ir poilsio laiko reguliavimo ypatumus, atskleisti ir išanalizuoti šių darbuotojų darbo ir poilsio laiko reguliavimo ypatumų problemas ir pateikti pasiūlymus dėl reguliavimo tobulinimo. Remiantis tarptautiniais, Europos Bendrijos ir nacionaliniais teisės aktais, darbe analizuojama prielaidos diferencijuotam kelių transporto darbuotojų darbo reguliavimui bei darbo ir poilsio ypatingo reguliavimo tikslai, nagrinėjama specialūs pagrindiniai tarptautiniai, Europos Bendrijos bei nacionaliniai teisės aktai, reguliuojantys kelių transporto darbuotojų darbą, lyginama šiuo metu galiojantys ir jais pakeisti teisės aktai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In recent years competition between carriers has been growing simultaneously with road transport sector. With the aim to cut as large piece of market and to make as big profit as it is possible carriers often strive for shortening transportation period by violating the set rules for driver‘s work and rest time. In order to ensure fair competition and health of mobile employees, which work in particular conditions, as well as to improve road traffic safety, specific work and rest time control, in particular the one set out by legal acts of the European Union and international laws, is in urgent need. Having entered the European Union Lithuania has like-for-like undertaken to transfer general requirements related to work and rest time to its national law, however, such transfer causes considerable amount of problems, which have not been discussed widely and in greater detail. Therefore, the aim of this MA thesis is to analyze work and rest time control peculiarities of road traffic sector employees, to reveal and discuss problems related to such control and make offers on its improvement. Following international and national laws and legal acts of the European Union, this paper analyzes preconditions for differential control of the work of people employed in road transport sector and purpose of specific work and rest time control, discusses the main specific international and national laws and legal acts of the European Community regulating work of road transport sector... [to full text]