Cette recherche a pour objet le lien conceptuel entre participation politique et lien social dans la théorie politique de Rousseau. Elle présente une réinterprétation de la volonté générale, considérée comme un concept descriptif avant d’être normatif, affectif avant d’être rationnel,attribuée aux membres du collectif avant de l’être à celui-ci. L’activité de la volonté générale mesure l’attachement des citoyens aux lois, dans la mesure où ils y voient le moyen de promouvoir leur propre intérêt, compte tenu du fait de la socialisation. La volonté générale des citoyens ne saurait toutefois se maintenir sans que ces derniers soient régulièrement amenés à contrôler les termes de leur association et à vérifier leur effectivité dans le cadre d’institutions spécifiques. L’exigence exorbitante de souveraineté populaire, identifiée à l’exercice direct du pouvoir législatif, est manifestement attenante à l’idéal de socialité juridique que Rousseau place au coeur de sa théorie politique. Cet idéal trouve une incarnation contrefactuelle dans les pratiques et demandes de la bourgeoisie de Genève, en particulier durant le premier tiers du XVIIIe siècle, auxquelles le Contrat Social donne un fondement théorique ex post facto. Plutôt que d’abstraire le Contrat Social de son contexte, croyant ainsi en étendre la portée, c’est de l’intérieur de celui-ci que s’éclaire son universalité. Nous montrons, en dialogue critique avec les philosophies de Rawls et de Habermas, qu’il soutient l’exigence d’une démocratie délibérative radicale. / This research focuses on the link between political participation and social bonds in Rousseau's political theory. We present a new interpretation of the concept of general will as relevant to individuals rather than the collective, focusing on its descriptive and emotionalrather than normative and rational dimensions. General will measures citizens' attachment to laws in so far as they see them as a means of promoting their own best interests as social beings.However, the general will of citizens could not be maintained if they did not regularly reassess the terms of their association and verify their effectiveness within specific institutions. The exorbitant demand for popular sovereignty, which is the direct exercise of legislative power, is rooted in the ideal of legal sociality at the heart of Rousseau’s political theory. This ideal finds counterfactual embodiment in the practices and demands of the Geneva bourgeoisie, to which the Social Contract gives a theoretical foundation ex post facto, especially during the first third of the eighteenth century. Rather than abstracting the Social Contract from its context in the hope of extending its scope, we argue that, paradoxically, its universality lies in this particular context. Through a dialogue with the theories of Rawls and Habermas, we show that the Social Contract supports the demand for a radical deliberative democracy.

This study investigates J.M. Coetzee's use of the female voice in In the Heart of the Country, Foe and Age of Iron, and is based on the premise that Coetzee's position as a male author using a female voice is important for readings of these novels. Although the implications of Coetzee's strategy are examined against the theoretical background of feminist or gender-related discourses, this study does not attempt to claim Coetzee for feminism, nor to prove him a misogynist. Instead, it focuses on the specific positional and narrative possibilities afforded by Coetzee's use of a female voice. Chapter One comments on the fact that Coetzee's strategy of "textual cross-dressing" has not been given much critical attention in the past, observing that research on South African literature has largely been limited to studies of racial and colonial problematics. This introductory chapter mentions that the different female narrators in Coetzee's novels articulate aspects of a discourse in crisis, resulting in profound ambivalence in their representation. Chapter Two observes that the female voices in Coetzee's novels invoke the textual illusion of a speaking/writing female body, and explains that this is useful in expressing aspects of what Coetzee refers to as the suffering body. Although Coetzee appropriates a female narrative position and employs certain subversive textual elements associated with "the feminine", attempts made by certain critics to label Coetzee's writing as ecriture feminine are rejected as highly problematic. Instead, the study contends that the femaleness of the narrators relative to "masculine" discursive power enables Coetzee to perform a critique of power "from a position of weakness". Furthermore, the presence of certain "feminine" elements within these narrators suggests Coetzee's affiliation with characteristics derided within phallocratic discourses, and becomes a strategic means of fictive self-positioning, of figuring his own position as a dissident. Chapter Three is a study of In the Heart of the Country, and proposes that Magda is represented as a typical nineteenth century hysteric. Her hystericized narrative is linked to certain avant-garde narratives, such as the nouveau roman and "New Wave" cinematography, both cited by Coetzee as influences on the novel. Furthermore, the novel provides insight into the ambiguous role of the hysteric and dramatises the position of the dissident: on a discursive level Magda's narrative is subversive, and yet in terms of social "reality" her revolt is ineffectual. Chapter Four addresses the issue of author-ity in Foe, and draws on Coetzee's affiliation with Susan Barton, the struggling authoress, whose narrative reveals the levels of power and authority operating within, novelistic discourse when she asks "Who ,is speaking me?". The study observes that Foe also performs a critique of the power-seeking project of liberal feminism, as the novel sets Susan's quest for authorship against the background of a more radical "otherness", that of Friday. Chapter Five asserts that Age of Iron exploits the ethical possibilities of a maternal discourse. Tracing parallels between images of motherhood in psychoanalytic feminism and in Age of Iron, this chapter argues that Kristeva's theory of abjection is relevant for a reading of Elizabeth Curren's position as a mother who has cancer. The childbirth metaphor as it appears in Age- of Iron becomes an alternative and profoundly ethical way of figuring the process of novel writing.

This research aims to explore why Russia and China have been more successful in establishing economic cooperation with post-Soviet Uzbekistan than the Western major powers. It will be based on the following key interrelated questions: Why do Russia and China win this so called 'New Great Game'? What is the role of Russia's attempt to reclaim its 'Great Power' status since 2000 and President Putin's attempt to build and expand the Eurasian Economic Union? What were the Chinese competitive strategies that shifted its attention towards Uzbekistan? What is the role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in China's expanding trade relations with Uzbekistan? How do domestic politics, economics, and culture, formed historically, contribute to shaping Uzbekistan's international engagement? How can we conceptualise Uzbekistan's own post-Soviet foreign economic policy and its decision-making? To address these questions, the research will examine the role of the state and globalisation in Critical International Political Economy (CIPE), utilising mainly a neo-Gramscian approach, and analyse the interaction of various domestic and international factors. Based on these analyses I will show why Uzbekistan has sought to forge a lasting cooperation with the major powers like China and Russia rather than with the West.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T21:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_5542_Dissertação ANA GABRIELA MEDEIROS.pdf: 1298203 bytes, checksum: 359f62eeda27ed3c5ddd17147efff0e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 / A proposta deste estudo é elaborar uma análise que envolve a emulação de valores a partir de rituais em um contexto específico: o esportivo. Para isto, partimos da compreensão de que as cerimônias esportivas possuem uma dimensão ritualística que se constitui como um palco privilegiado para a celebração de valores (MORÁGAS, MacALOON e LLINÉS, 1995). Os Jogos Olímpicos como referência central de competição é evidente na esfera esportiva, de forma que a quantidade de olimpíadas se expande, abrangendo competições poliesportivas desde níveis comunitários até mundiais. Torna-se perceptível que, direta ou indiretamente, estas competições baseiam-se no modelo cerimonial olímpico. Baseando-se nesse pressuposto, buscamos identificar e analisar os valores que orientam diferentes jogos escolares bem como os sentidos e significados atribuídos às cerimônias de abertura e ao esporte por alunos-atletas e organizadores de quatro jogos escolares (selecionados intencionalmente). Para tanto, combinamos os dados advindos da observação direta das cerimônias, das entrevistas guiadas realizadas com alunos-atletas e organizadores, bem como da aplicação de questionários. Seguindo às hipóteses do estudo, percebeu-se que os jogos e olimpíadas escolares analisados emularam as cerimônias olímpicas e seus valores ao mesmo tempo em que promoveram sua identidade e valores específicos. Entretanto, constatou-se a partir das falas dos organizadores que as especificidades valorativas dos seus eventos não são claramente distinguíveis em relação aos Jogos Olímpicos e/ou aos valores associados ao esporte como um todo. Verificou-se também que à medida que os jogos escolares apresentam características mais locais (com menor dimensão e população), a forma das cerimônias parece configurar-se de maneira mais flexível, sobretudo, no que se refere a como e em que ordem os elementos protocolares são dispostos ao longo da cerimônia. No que se refere às representações valorativas dos elementos e símbolos olímpicos, percebe-se que o caráter ritual da cerimônia esportiva é objetivamente pouco compreendido em termos de significados pelos entrevistados, mas, temos subsídios para pensar que a cerimônia parece manter sua eficácia social situada na produção das crenças.

Orientador: José Antonio Resende de Almeida Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T13:46:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amadio_Ligia_M.pdf: 4774937 bytes, checksum: 36ca66afcebaf53c305b55bf25058572 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Koellreutter: um caminho rumo à Estética do Impreciso e Paradoxal investiga a atuação de Hans-Joachim Koellreutter como compositor, pensador da música e fomentador de movimentos de renovação estética. Analisa sua obra composicional desde a década de 30 aos dias de hoje. A década de 40, para Koellreutter, é o momento de um grande surto produtivo, influenciado pelas doutrinas estéticas e técnicas compositivas da Segunda Escola de Viena; é o período, alias, em que ele liderou o grupo Música Viva, responsável pela divulgação de tantas obras da vanguarda européia e brasileira. Na década de 50 Koellreutter conheceu o Japão, a Índia e outros países de Oriente, que lhe provocaram um encontro consigo mesmo, com um desejo latente de buscar uma poética que conjugasse todos os valores que sempre lhe despertaram o interesse mais profundo. A década de 60 viu nascer a concretização desse caminho poético. A convivência intensa com a musica da Índia e do Japão, até meados dos anos 70, lhe inspirou maior ousadia em sua experimentação. No fim da década de 80 e ao longo da de 90, Koellreutter alcançou um nível de subjetividade e de conceitualização tanto no campo ideológico como em sua forma de compor, chegando a um desdobramento depurado dos preceitos sobre os quais desde a década de 60 ¿ refletiu e que sintetizou na chamada Estética Relativista do Impreciso e Paradxal / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Artes

M.A. (African Languages) / Philosophical opinions on the status of proper names are widely divergent. They range from one extreme, expressed by Mills (1986:19), that proper names are mere labels which denote but do not connote, to the view that proper names are abbreviated or disguised definite descriptions. It is only comparatively recently that philosophers acknowledged the contribution that the discipline of linguistics could make toward the solution of this problem. Especially the realization that languages can be analysed as a rule-governed structure made a strong impact as we see in Searle (Annegarn, 1975:32) and later authors. Philosophers of an earlier period, the "ordinary language" philosophers, avoided any systematic theoretical concern. Searle (Annegarn, 1975: i), in particular, studied certain general features of language such as reference, truth, meaning and necessity by focusing attention on speech acts. But for the enigma of proper names he could do no better than taking up an intermediate position: proper names are logically connected with the object to which they refer "in a loose sort of way".

[From Introduction]. Aan het werk van Johannes Van Melle is tot dusver geen allesomvattende studie gewijd. Het is vooral in dit tekort dat het onderhavige proefschrift wil voorzien. Reeds vroeger hebben enkelen hun aandacht op onderdelen van Van Melles proza gericht maar niemand heeft eft ooit ondernomen de hele reeks van Van Melles gepubliceerde en ongepubliceerde gechriften te onderzoeken en deze zowel in hun samenhang als afzonderlijk naar waarde te schatten.

From the canon of the poetry of E. J. Pratt emerges a composite picture of man, the various elements of which are given cohesion by patterns of images and symbols. It is the purpose of this thesis to trace these patterns, to discover their relation to Pratt's main themes of man and the mechanical universe, and to reveal his view of man. Chapter I discusses the patterns of images and symbols that exist in Pratt's lyrics and less successful narratives. Image patterns of the sea, ships, machinery, heroes, light and religion reveal that Pratt sees man as surrounded by death, which he fights with machines, the products of his reason, and with his feelings which may lead him to sacrifice himself so that others may live. The two most significant image patterns in these poems are those of the sea and of light. The sea symbolizes both death and the Void of the universe, from which, in Pratt, all life comes and to which all life returns. Light symbolizes the determination of the human spirit to overcome death, but in images of hell-fire, light symbolizes the evil in men. Christianity is not so important in Pratt's work as Desmond Pacey and John Sutherland maintain. Pratt does not view Christ as divine. God is no more caring of man than He is of his other natural, products. Chapter II deals with The Roosevelt and the Antinoe as Pratt's greatest expression of the conflict between man and death. Common men rise to godhead when they overcome the forces of death (symbolized by the sea) through feeling for others and through their determination to succeed (symbolized by light). A pattern of images of machines reveals that the power of men acting for others' benefit transcends the power of the natural universe. Religious images suggest that, to Pratt, God is uncaring of men and that those who believe that He is beneficient are deluded. Pratt's world emerges as a world of chance. Chapter III examines The Titanic, in which Fate, rather than death, is the antagonist. The transcience of the material world of man (symbolized by the "Titanic") is posed against the permanence of the natural world (symbolized by the stars). Fate is an eternal force. Patterns of imagery of light dominate the world of the ship and symbolize men's illusions of strength over death, nature, and Fate. A pattern of images of heroes is discussed in relation to the wealthy passengers whose self-sacrifice is a ritual atonement for their hubris, and for the catastrophic results of their materialism on the rest of mankind, represented by the immigrant passengers. Chapter IV examines the patterns of fire, religion, and hero images in Brébeuf and His Brethren. These patterns present Pratt's view that the Jesuits are misguided. Their ambition to succeed as martyrs and as Jesuits blinds them to the need for communication of feeling among men. The Jesuits exist in the illusion that religious abstractions are more vital to men's welfare than are kindness and charity. Both Jesuits and most of the Indians, in their zeal, devote their energies to death rather than to life, and both exhibit in extreme the misdirection of the human will to succeed. Chapter V presents minor patterns of imagery and symbolism in which images are contrasted or balanced to reveal the strengths and weaknesses in men. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the total image of man in Pratt's work: man is both good and evil; he rises to his highest levels through communication with other men in transcending death by heroically opposing it; he sinks to his lowest levels when he becomes an incommunicative agent of death. Man exists in illusion when he believes that his machines or his faith in God and hope in religious systems can overcome death. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Pessimiste, misogyne et sadiste: ces termes constituent une analyse concise de l'oeuvre littéraire de Joris-Karl Huysmans (1848-1907). Etemellement insatisfait, il se servait de ses livres comme véhicules pour exprimer ses réactions en face du microcosme parisien qu'il fréquentait. C'est que rien ne le touchait -- mouvements politiques, questions sociales, ou causes naturelles -- ses réflexions se portaient sur son “moi”. Bien qu'il n'ait jamais permis à la vie de son milieu de le dominer, deux problèmes l'ont touché intimement (selon ses oeuvres autobiographiques): la quête d'un repas acceptable et la recherche désespérée d'une femme idéale. On trouve que ces deux thèmes s’entrepénètrent dans les oeuvres de Huysmans et qu'ils en sont le fil conducteur de ses débuts littéraires jusqu' à la fin de sa carriére littéraire. L'oeuvre de J.-K. Huysmans se divise assez nettement en trois parties chronologiques, selon la foi esthétique ou religieuse qu'il met en évidence dans les livres. Sous la rubrique de "roman naturaliste" se trouvent ses premières oeuvres: Marthe, (1876) Les Soeurs Vatard, (1879) En ménage, (1881) et A Vau-l'eau. (1882). A ce groupe on peut rattacher ses recueils, L'Art modeme (1883) et Croquis parisiens (1880). Le groupe de livres "décadents" comporte A rebours, (1884) Là-bas, (1891) et un recueil de critiques d'art, Certains, (1889) et un roman écrit à cette époque mais qui n'est pas, à proprement parler, "décadent" -- En rade (1887). Les oeuvres de la troisieme catégorie que l'on a consultées sont nettement "catholiques" au point de vue du sujet: En route, (1895) La Cathedrale, (1898) Sainte Lydwine de Schiedam. (1901) De Tout, (1902) L'Oblat. (1903) Trois Primitifs, (1905) et Les Foules de Lourdes (1906). Dans chacune de ces oeuvres, de Marthe aux Foules de Lourdes, on est conscient de la présence de la Femme, une présence qui ronge l'esprit et le coeur de l'auteur. Huysmans, dans les "oeuvres naturalistes" se révèle hanté par les souvenirs, à peine cachés, d'une trahison materelle: il se sert d'un personnage autobiographique dans ses premiers livres (et dans tous ceux qui suivent) pour discuter interminablement son enfance malheureuse, son dégoût de la femme sur le plan physique, et son désir contradictoire d'être "en ménage" avec une femme qui ne salt que raccommoder et faire de la cuisine. Huysmans subit le tiraillement de cette dichotomie -- femme physique contre femme spirituelle -- pendant toute son oeuvre. Son insatisfaction sexuelle et émotionnelle se voit aggravée dans les "oeuvres décadentes", jusqu' à la névrose. Les thèmes de la cuisine et de l'amour redoublent de leur intensité pour refléter l'incapacité de Joris-Karl de trouver du bonheur ou de valeurs affectives; et 1auteur/héros est poussé aux manifestations sadiques. Huysmans, dans ses livres "catholiques", est à la fin de son odyssée personnelle, et peu à peu, il comprend que le havre d'affection maternelle qu'il s'était créé sous la forme de Notre-Dame, n'est qu'un mirage. Chaque année lors de la fête de la Nativité, Elle se révèle une femme perfide, voire sexuelle, comme toutes les autres, et Huysmans reste une épave flottante aux limbes. La réaction de l'auteur à ce refus ultime par une Mère adoptive est un renforcement infini des tendances sadiques qu'il a montrées dans ses livres antérieurs en faee du refus féminin. Les oeuvres "catholiques" de Huysmans ne sont point des expressions didactiques sur la "bonne voie" a suivre; au contraire, Joris-Karl s'y abandonne a un sadisme porté sur le plan littéraire; on ne trouve guère que des répertoires de douleurs féminines. "L'Art, la Femme, le Diable et Dieu furent les grands intérêts de sa vie mentale...."* dit Paul Valéry à propos de Huysmans. Toutefois, il nous semble qu'il sied de donner une place toute spéciale à la Femme. Nous nous proposons de montrer dans cet essai que sa hantise de la femme -- une trahison maternelle et la quête résultants d'une femme idéale, insexuée et maternelle qui puisse suppléer à l'affection qui lui a été arrachée, est le fond même de la psychologie de J.-K. Huysmans. Dans sa quête idéaliste, constamment déjouée par la femme "sexuelle", Huysmans ne fait autre chose que de recourir aux expressions sadiques qui révèlent l’essence veritable de ses livres, qu'ils soient "naturalistes", "décadents" ou "catholiques". / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

L'utilisation des matériaux polymères dans les applications de l'ingénierie augmente de plus en plus da part le monde. L'utilisation du polyéthylène (PE) dans la construction de canalisations est l'un des exemples les plus courant. Ceci exige de nouvelles méthodes afin d'évaluer la capacité du matériau à supporter des chargements mécaniques. Dans la présente thèse, le comportement contrainte-déformation en grandes déformations du PE haute densité (PEHD) a été examinée dans différentes configurations de triaxialité. Un large domaine de conditions de chargements (traction, compression et cisaillement simple) a été exploré. L'investigation a été réalisée à partir d'échantillons découpés dans des canalisations en PEHD. Les essais de traction ont été faits à partir d'échantillons sabliers présentant plusieurs rayons de courbure afin de fixer différents états de contrainte dans la section médiane. Une attention particulière a été portée à l'évolution de la déformation volumique résultant de l'endommagement par cavitation. L'effet de la triaxialité sur la déformation à rupture a pu également être dégagé. La méthode des éléments finis (EF) a été utilisée pour simuler le comportement en grandes déformations du PEHD. De plus, le phénomène d'endommagement par croissance de vide a été étudié à partir de cellules unitaires soumises à différentes conditions de triaxialité. Afin d'évaluer le comportement à la rupture du PEHD, une méthode expérimentale basée sur l'hypothèse de la séparation de la charge a été élaborée. En outre, une analyse numérique par EF a été réalisée pour le calcul des paramètres de rupture. L'investigation a été réalisée dans les directions longitudinale et radiale. / The use of thermoplastic materials in engineering applications is growing more and more all over the world. The use of polyethylene (PE) in pressure vessels and pipelines is one of the most common examples. This issue demands new methodologies in order to assess the material capability to withstand loads. In the present thesis, the stress-strain response under large plastic deformation of high density PE (HDPE) was investigated in different triaxiality frameworks. A wide range of loading conditions (tension, compression and simple shear) was explored. Investigation was performed using specimens cut from HDPE pipes. The tensile tests were achieved on hourglass-shaped specimens with different curvature radii in order to set different stress states in the median cross-section. The tests were achieved by means of an optical measuring system. A particular attention was given on the evolution of volumetric strain resulting from cavitation damage. The effect of stress triaxilality on the fracture strain was also examined. The finite element (FE) method was used to simulate the large deformation bahaviour of HDPE material when subjected to tensile loading. Moreover, the damage phenomenon by void growth was studied using an axisymmetric representative volume element with different triaxiality conditions. In order to evaluate the fracture behaviour of HDPE pipe, an experimental method based on load separation assumption was developed. Furthermore, a numerical analysis using FE method has been conducted for calculating the fracture parameters. The investigation of fracture parameters and bahaviour of HDPE was performed in longitudinal and radial directions.