Die lichtaktivierte Kinase Phototropin aus Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, die photoaktivierte Adenylatcyclase (PAC) aus Euglena gracilis und das BLUF-Protein Slr1694 aus Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 wurden in Hinblick auf die molekularen Details der primären photochemischen Prozesse sowie der Signalweiterleitung untersucht. Phototropin wurde mit Hilfe von Arginin aus Escherichia coli in Milligramm Mengen isoliert. Ohne Arginin wurde E. coli cAMP Rezeptorprotein assoziiert aufgefunden, welches eine hohe Homologie zu einer cAMP aktivierten Kinase aus C. reinhardtii besitzt. Volllängen Phototropin bildet wie einzelne LOV-Domänenkonstrukte ohne Kinasedomäne den Flavin-Triplettzustand und das kovalente Cysteinyl-Addukt. Der Zerfall des Signalzustandes ist in Anwesenheit von ATP beschleunigt und deutet auf Photorezeptor-Kinase Interaktion hin. Strukturelle Änderungen in der Kinasedomäne wurden durch FTIR-Differenzspektroskopie gezeigt. Über ELDOR-Spektroskopie wurde der Abstand der Photorezeptordomänen auf etwa 25 Angstrom bestimmt. Mutationen in Slr1694 an S28, N31 und W91 zeigten keine konservierten Einfluss auf die Dynamik des Signalzustands. Die Entfernung der Seitenkette von S28 führte zu einer 15 nm Rotverschiebung des Absorptionsspektrums aufgrund veränderter Wasserstoffbrückenkoordination des Kofaktors. Die Einführung von positiv geladenen Seitenketten an Stelle von N31 erhöhte die Kofaktorbindung von phosphorylierten Flavinen. Künstliche Kofaktoren wie Roseoflavin konnten in Slr1694 durch Koexpression eines prokaryotischen Flavintransporters erreicht werden. Die Rolle von M152 in PAC für die Signalweiterleitung wurde anhand der lichtaktivierten cAMP Synthese-Aktivität gezeigt. Durch ultraschnelle IR-Spektroskopie wurde die Beteiligung der Seitenketten von Y8 sowie Q50 bestätigt und eine genauere Beschreibung der Wasserstoffbrücken im langlebigen Signalzustand ermöglicht. / The light activated kinase Phototropin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the photoactivated adenylylcyclase (PAC) from Euglena gracilis and the BLUF protein Slr1694 from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were investigated concerning the molecular details of the primary photochemistry as well as signal transduction. Phototropin was isolated from Escherichia coli in mg amounts after solubilization with arginine. Without arginine E. coli cAMP receptor protein, which shows high homology to a cAMP activated kinase from C. reinhardtii, was copurified. Full length Phototropin shows similar photochemistry to LOV-domain containing proteins without the kinase including triplet and covalent cysteinyl adduct formation. Signaling state decay is accelerated in the presence of ATP and suggests photoreceptor-kinase interaction. FTIR spectroscopy showed light induced structural changes in the kinase domain. The distance of the photoreceptor domains of 25 Angstrom was determined by ELDOR spectroscopy. Mutation of the side chains of S28, N31 and W91 in Slr1694 showed no conserved influence on the dynamic of the signaling state. Removal of the hydroxyl group of S28 lead to a 15 nm red shift of the absorption spectrum as a result of altered hydrogen bond coordination of the cofactor. Introduction of positively charged side chains at the position of N31 strengthened the binding of phosphorylated flavins. An artificial flavin like roseoflavin was introduced in Slr1694 by coexpression of a bacterial flavin transporter. The essential role of M152 in PAC for signal transduction was shown by determination of light activated cAMP synthesis activity. Ultrafast IR spectroscopy confirmed the contribution of Y8 and Q50 in the photocycle and gave a more detailed description of the hydrogen bonding situation in the signaling state.

Today, recombinant expression of proteins is used for a variety of purposes. One of these is the production of allergens, which are vital components in allergy diagnostics. However, traditional expression systems such as ​Escherichia coli​ and ​Pichia pastoris​ might not have the capacity to express all proteins of interest. Thermo Fisher, which is a leading producer of allergy tests, has requested an evaluation of different microorganisms and their capacity for heterologous protein expression in order to expand their existing toolbox of expression systems. This summary was made through a literature study, where twelve organisms were evaluated. Six eukaryotic and six prokaryotic expression systems are compared based on their ability to properly glycosylate protein, need for specific culture conditions, safety, protease activity, duration, protein yield and protein solubility. The prokaryotic systems – Corynebacterium glutamicum​ , ​Lactococcus lactis​ , ​Pseudomonas fluorescens​ , Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis​ , ​Ralstonia eutropha​ and ​Streptomyces lividans​ – are characterized by being easy to cultivate, operating in different temperature ranges and providing relatively high yields of recombinant protein. The eukaryotic systems – ​Aspergillus fungi, the green algae ​Chlamydomonas reinhardtii​ , the yeast ​Hansenula polymorpha​ , the parasite ​Leishmania tarentolae​ , the moss ​Physcomitrella patens​ and suspension-based plant cells – all have very different morphology and properties. In comparison with the prokaryotic systems, it can be concluded that they are generally better at folding and providing the correct glycosylation patterns for mammalian and plant proteins. However, they require more time and effort to establish a competent cell line. Furthermore, the resulting protein yield is usually less than for the prokaryotic systems. The conclusion can be drawn that no expression system is perfect. The solution is a toolbox, containing various expression systems and vector systems, providing the basis for successful expression of all kinds of complex proteins. Based on the evaluation of expression systems in this review, such toolbox can be obtained.

This dissertation presents a study of the molecular mechanism underlying the highly efficient solar energy conversion processes that occur in the Photosystem I (PS I) reaction centers in plants and bacteria. The primary electron donor P700 is at the heart of solar energy conversion process in PS I and the aim is to obtain a better understanding of the electronic and structural organization of P700 in the ground and excited states. Static Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) difference spectroscopy (DS) in combination with site directed mutagenesis and Density Functional Theory (DFT) based vibrational frequency simulations were used to investigate how protein interactions such as histidine ligation and hydrogen bonding modulate this organization. (P700+-P700) FTIR DS at 77K were obtained from a series of mutants from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. 6803 (S. 6803) where the amino acid residues near the C=O groups of the two chlorophylls of P700 where specifically changed. (P700+-P700) FTIR DS was also obtained for a set of mutants from C. reinhardtii where the axial ligand to A0-, the primary electron acceptor in PS I was modified. The FTIR DS obtained from these mutants provides information on the axial ligands, the hydrogen bonding status as well as the polarity of the environment of specific functional groups that are part of the chlorophyll molecules that constitute P700. Assignment of the FTIR bands to vibrational modes in specific types of environment is very difficult. In order to assist the assignment of the difference bands in experimental spectra DFT based vibrational mode frequency calculations were undertaken for Chl-a and Chl-a+ model molecular systems under different set of conditions; in the gas phase, in solvents using the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM), in the presence of explicit solvent molecules using QM/MM methods, and in the presence of axial ligands and hydrogen bonds. DFT methods were also used to calculate the charge, spin and redox properties of Chl-a/Chl-a’ dimer models that are representative of P700, the primary electron donor in PS I.

Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) and MSRB are responsible for the repairing of methionine-R-sulfoxide (Met-S-SO) and methionine-S-sulfoxide (Met-R-SO) back to me-thionine, respectively. Five MSRA isoforms and four MSRB isoforms are discovered in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Whether high light regulates CrMSR ex-pression via photosynthetic electron transport (PET) was examined. By checking the se-quence of PCR product of each isoform, quantitative real-time primers were designed for discrimination of isoform expression. Light ≥ 300 £gE m-2 s-1 and PET inhibitors inhibited PSII activity (Fv/Fm, Fv´/Fm´) and photosynthetic O2 evolution rate, particularly 1,000 £gE m-2 s-1, in which it did not recover after 3 h. A transfer to dark decreased CrMSRA2, CrMSRA3, CrMSRB1.1, CrMSRB1.2, CrMSRB2.1 mRNA levels but increased CrMSRA4 mRNA levels. When exposed to 50, 300, 600, or 1,000 £gE m-2 s-1, CrMSRA2, CrMSRA3, CrMSRA5, CrMSRB1.1, CrMSRB2.1 and CrMSRB2.2 mRNA levels increased as light ≥ 300 £gE m-2 s-1, and concomitantly CrMSRA4 mRNA level decreased. Changes in mRNA levels increased as light intensity increased. The treatment of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) in 1,000 £gE m-2 s-1 inhibited high light effect, and the treatment of 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6- isopropyl-p- benzoquinone (DBMIB) in 50 £gE m-2 s-1 increased CrMSRA3, CrMSRA5 and CrMSRB2.2 mRNA levels but decreased CrMSRA4 mRNA level. The application of phena-zine methosulfate (PMS), an electron donor to P700+ that promotes cyclic electron transport, in 300 £gE m-2 s-1 enhanced the increase of CrMSRA3 and CrMSRA5 mRNA levels by high light but inhibited the decrease of CrMSRA4 mRNA level, reflecting a role of cyclic PET. The above results let us to draw a conclusion that plastoquinone as reduced status mediates the expression of CrMSRA3, CrMSRA4, CrMSRA5 and CrMSRB2.2 by high light. The im-plication of linear electron transport and cyclic electron transport on the regulation of CrMSR gene expression will be discussed.We speculated that the high light up-regulation of CrMSR mRNA expression offers the resistance of Chlamydomonas to photooxidative stress.

Du fait de leurs propriétés spécifiques, les éléments de terres rares (ETRs) sont des métaux devenus indispensables au développement de notre société moderne. Avec leurs utilisations croissantes, des modifications importantes du cycle biogéochimique des ETRs sont attendues alors que peu est encore connu sur leur devenir et leurs effets une fois rejetés dans l’environnement. Le cérium (Ce) a la particularité d’être utilisé sous forme de sels ou de nanoparticules dans différents produits d’utilisation courante (e.g. additifs de diesel, peintures). En raison de sa réactivité redox particulière, le Ce est naturellement peu soluble dans les eaux de surface et va donc principalement se retrouver dans les sédiments de ces écosystèmes aquatiques. Cependant les propriétés physicochimiques du Ce anthropique peuvent modifier le transport et le comportement de ce dernier. Par exemple, les nanoparticules manufacturées d’oxydes de cérium (Ce NMs) pourvues d’un enrobage peuvent présenter une stabilité colloïdale différente de celles naturellement formées. Les organismes pélagiques des milieux aquatiques, dont les micro-organismes photosynthétiques, d’intérêt dans ce projet, pourraient ainsi être exposés à de nouvelles formes de Ce et à différentes concentrations. Comme il est difficile d'observer des réponses biologiques significatives pour des concentrations d'exposition représentatives de celles susceptibles d’être retrouvées dans l'environnement (< 1 µM), les impacts potentiels du Ce sur le phytoplancton dans des scénarios d'exposition réalistes sont encore mal élucidés. Des résultats contradictoires ont notamment été observés dans la littérature en ce qui concerne la biodisponibilité des Ce NMs pour les microalgues unicellulaires et la relation entre leurs propriétés de surface (i.e. rapport Ce (III)/Ce (IV), enrobage) et les réponses cellulaires. Des données quantitatives sont ainsi toujours nécessaires pour l'évaluation des risques potentiels du Ce pour l’Environnement. Dans ce projet, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a été sélectionnée comme organisme modèle pour représenter les microalgues présentent dans les eaux douces. Des sels solubles de Ce, Tm, Y et trois types de petites Ce NMs (<10 nm) avec différents enrobages (i.e. non enrobées, fonctionnalisées par du citrate ou enrobées de poly(acide acrylique) (PAA)) ont été injectés dans des milieux aqueux simplifiés (i.e. sans phosphates) à des concentrations représentatives de celles attendues dans des environnements anthropisés. La spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif en mode simple particule (SP-ICP-MS) a constitué l’une des techniques analytiques de pointe déployées dans ce projet. Elle a permis de quantifier les formes dissoutes et nanoparticulaires du Ce présentent dans les milieux d’exposition des microalgues et de caractériser les petites Ce NMs à des concentrations similaires à celles utilisées pour exposer les microalgues. L’analyse de profilage du transcriptome entier (ARN-Seq) a constitué une autre technique émergente en nano(éco)toxicologie. Elle a permis d’identifier des gènes et voies métaboliques mobilisés chez les populations algales de C. reinhardtii pour s’adapter à leurs expositions soit à des Ce NMs soit à des sels d’ETRs pour des concentrations d’exposition de 0,5 µM Ce, Tm ou Y en milieux contrôlés à pH 7.0. Les microalgues C. reinhardtii ont d’abord été exposées au sel de Ce soluble et aux Ce NMs afin d’en comparer la biodisponibilité et les réponses biologiques sous-létales associées. Les résultats ont révélé que les Ce NMs sont biodisponibles pour C. reinhardtii mais et produisent un stress modéré auquel ces dernières semblent s’acclimater à court terme à des concentrations pertinentes pour l'environnement. Des effets transcriptomiques distincts entre Ce ionique et Ce NMs ont également été observés. L’hypothèse selon laquelle seuls les produits de dissolution des Ce NMs sont biodisponibles pour C. reinhardtii a donc pu être infirmée. En effet, les microalgues exposées aux Ce NMs testées ont spécifiquement modulé l’expression des gènes impliqués dans le système ubiquitine-protéasome et la structure des flagelles. Malgré ces effets communs entres les Ce NMs, leur biodisponibilité est principalement influencée par leurs enrobages, et non par le rapport de Ce(III)/Ce(IV) des atomes de surface des NMs. L’enrobage de citrate a d’ailleurs particulièrement atténué les effets transcriptomiques des Ce NMs sur les microalgues, probablement en raison des effets bénéfiques de la désorption du citrate à leur surface. Les profils de temps-réponses (0 à 360 min.) et concentrations-réponses (0 à 3 µM) de gènes spécifiques des Ce NMs ou du Ce ionique ont par la suite été analysés pour vérifier leur potentielle utilisation en tant que biomarqueurs d’exposition des micoalgues au Ce ionique. En raison de leur spécificité élevée et de la linéarité relative de l'expression des biomarqueurs en fonction du temps sur une plage de concentrations pertinentes pour l'environnement (0,03 à 3 µM), quatre biomarqueurs (Cre17.g737300, GTR12, MMP6 et HSP22E) ont été identifiés comme étant spécifiques au Ce ionique pour C. reinhardtii. Une variabilité beaucoup plus grande des niveaux d'ARNm a été observée lorsque le pH du milieu variait (5,0 à 8,0). Ce résultat reflète probablement la complexité de la spéciation du Ce résultant de la formation d'espèces métastables même dans des milieux aqueux simples. Les effets transcriptomiques de sels de Ce, Tm, Y solubles appliqués individuellement ou sous forme de mixture équimolaire ont été caractérisés par ARN-Seq chez C. reinhardtii afin de comparer la biodisponibilité du Ce à celle des autres ETRs pour les microalgues, sachant le comportement atypique du Ce en solution. Les microalgues exposées au Ce ont spécifiquement modulé l’expression de gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme du glutamate et au repliement des protéines. Cependant des interactions compétitives ont été identifiées entre les ETRs lorsqu’appliqués en tant que mixture. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'approche des agences gouvernementales pour dériver des données de toxicité à partir d’un seul métal simple serait largement conservatrice pour les métaux de terres rares. Par ce projet, l’analyse des réponses transcriptomiques par ARN-Seq chez C. reinhardtii a permis de caractériser la biodisponibilité du Ce et d’identifier des biomarqueurs transcriptomiques d’exposition chez les microalgues dans différents contextes ; en présence de Ce NMs ou d’autres ETRs. L’intégration de tels biomarqueurs pour le développement d’un bio-essai in situ nécessite cependant de plus amples investigations. / Due to their specific properties, rare earth elements (REEs) are metals that have become essential to the development of our modern society. With their increasing uses, significant modifications to the biogeochemical cycle of REEs are expected while little is known about their fate and their effects once released into the environment. Cerium (Ce) has the particularity of being used in the form of salts or nanoparticles in various commonly used products (e.g. diesel additives, paints). Due to its particular redox reactivity, Ce is naturally poorly soluble in surface water and will therefore mainly be found in the sediments of these aquatic ecosystems. However, the physicochemical properties of the anthropogenic Ce can modify its transport and behavior. For example, engineered cerium oxide nanoparticles (Ce ENPs) are generally coated and thus may exhibit different colloidal stability from those naturally formed. Pelagic organisms in aquatic environments, including photosynthetic microorganisms, of interest in this project, could thus be exposed to new forms of Ce and at different concentrations. As it is difficult to observe significant biological responses for environmentally relevant exposure concentrations (<1 µM Ce), the potential impacts of Ce on phytoplankton in realistic exposure scenarios are still poorly understood. Contradictory results have notably been reported with regard to the bioavailability of Ce ENPs for unicellular microalgae and the relationship between their surface properties (i.e. Ce(III)/Ce(IV) ratio, coating) and cellular responses. Quantitative data are thus always necessary for the evaluation of the potential risks of Ce for the Environment. In this project, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was selected as a model organism to represent microalgae in freshwater. Soluble salts of Ce, Tm, Y and three types of small Ce ENPs (<10 nm) with different coatings (i.e. uncoated, functionalized with citrate or coated with poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)) were injected into simplified aqueous media (i.e. without phosphates) at concentrations representative of those expected in contaminated environments. One of the advanced analytical techniques deployed in this project was inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in single particle mode (SP-ICP-MS). It has made it possible to quantify the dissolved and nanoparticulate forms of Ce present in microalgae exposure media and to haracterize small Ce NMs at concentrations similar to those used to expose microalgae. Another emerging nano(eco)toxicology analysis used in this project is the whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). RNA-Seq has permitted to identify genes and metabolic pathways that were regulated by C. reinhardtii cells when exposed to either Ce ENPs or to salts of REEs for exposure concentrations of 0.5 μM Ce, Tm or Y in controlled environments at pH 7.0. C. reinhardtii cells were first exposed to soluble Ce salt and Ce ENPs in order to compare relative bioavailabilities of these anthropogenic Ce forms and their associated sub-lethal biological responses. The results revealed that Ce ENPs are bioavailable to C. reinhardtii but produce a manageable toward microalgae cells who seem to acclimatize for short-term exposures at environmentally relevant concentrations. Separate transcriptomic effects of Ce ionic and Ce ENPs have also been observed. The hypothesis that only the dissolution products of Ce ENPs are bioavailable for C. reinhardtii could therefore be rejected. Indeed, the microalgae exposed to the tested ENPs specifically modulated the expression of the genes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the structure of flagella. Despite these common effects between Ce ENPs, their bioavailability was mainly influenced by their coatings, and not by the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) ratio of surface atoms of ENPs. The coating of citrate has attenuated the transcriptomic effects of Ce ENPs on microalgae, probably due to the beneficial effects of the desorption of citrate on their surface. The time-response (0 to 360 min.) and concentration-response (0 to 3 µM) profiles of specific Ce ENPs or ionic Ce genes were then analyzed to verify their potential use as biomarkers of exposure to ionic Ce. Due to their high specificity and the relative linearity of the expression of biomarkers as a function of both time and concentration, over a range of concentrations relevant to the environment (0,03 à 3 µM), four biomarkers (Cre17.g737300, GTR12, MMP6 and HSP22E) have been identified as being specific to the ionic Ce for C. reinhardtii. Much greater variability in mRNA levels was observed when the pH of the medium varied (5.0 to 8.0). This result probably reflects the complexity of the speciation of Ce resulting from the formation of metastable species even in simple aqueous media. The transcriptomic effects of soluble Ce, Tm, Y salts applied individually or in the form of an equimolar mixture were characterized by RNA-Seq in order to determine the relative bioavailability of Ce compare to the one of other REEs for microalgae, due to Ce atypical behavior in solution. The microalgae exposed to Ce specifically modulated the expression of genes involved in glutamate metabolism and protein folding. However, competitive interactions have been identified between the REEs when applied as a mixture. These results suggest that the approach of government agencies to derive toxicity data from a single metal would be largely conservative for rare earth metals. Throughout this project, the analysis of transcriptomic responses by RNA-Seq in C. reinhardtii made it possible to characterize the bioavailability of Ce and to identify transcriptomic biomarkers of exposure in microalgae in different contexts; in the presence of ENPs or other REEs. However, the integration of such biomarkers in the development of in situ bioassays seems limited.

No description available.