Submitted by Luiz Felipe Kling (luizkling@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-29T13:52:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation - Luiz Felipe Kling.pdf: 407920 bytes, checksum: b66e099c602b5525ce8fe5e1e8fefd33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2013-04-30T14:39:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation - Luiz Felipe Kling.pdf: 407920 bytes, checksum: b66e099c602b5525ce8fe5e1e8fefd33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-05-02T12:16:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation - Luiz Felipe Kling.pdf: 407920 bytes, checksum: b66e099c602b5525ce8fe5e1e8fefd33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-02T12:17:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation - Luiz Felipe Kling.pdf: 407920 bytes, checksum: b66e099c602b5525ce8fe5e1e8fefd33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-12 / O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o que leva estudantes de intercâmbio ao Rio de Janeiro, quais são suas motivações e interesses que influenciam na escolha dessa cidade, um destino pouco tradicional para intercâmbios, que recebe um crescente número de intercambistas de países desenvolvidos. Também apresentamos uma discussão mais ampla sobre a educação internacional do século 21, posicionando programas de intercâmbio como uma das possíveis iniciativas para a internacionalização de instituições de ensino superior. Para responder essa questão, 20 estudantes de 11 países foram entrevistados. Os resultados indicam que existe muito mais no Rio de Janeiro além do sol e das belas praias. Há uma grande variedade de interesses que explicam porque estudantes de intercâmbio escolhem esse destino. O clichê sobre sol, praia e carnaval se manifestou em diversas respostas, no entanto, nunca como principal fator. Intercambistas se interessam pela cidade por diversos motivos além das atrações turísticas, como aprender português, melhorar o currículo e estar em uma economia emergente. Recomendações para a internacionalização de instituições de educação e uma agenda de pesquisa para o desenvolvimento desse tópico são apresentadas na parte final. / This study's goal is understanding what brings exchange students to Rio de Janeiro, what are their motivations and interests that lead them to choosing this location, a non-traditional exchange destination that is hosting an increasing number of students from developed countries. There is also a broader discussion about international education in the 21st century, placing student exchange programs as one of the possible initiatives for the internationalization of higher education institutions. To answer this question 20 students from 11 different countries were interviewed. Results show that there is much more in Rio de Janeiro than sunshine and beautiful beaches. There is a plethora of interests that explain why exchange students choose this destination. The sun, beach and carnival cliché was present in several answers, but it was never the driving factor. Students are interested in the city for several reasons besides the touristic attractions, such as learning Portuguese, improving their curriculum and being in an emerging economy. Internationalization recommendations for education institutions and a research agenda to further explore this topic are present in the final part.

Orientador: Ana Maria Fonseca de Almeida / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cantuaria_AdrianaLech_D.pdf: 8534635 bytes, checksum: fe6b82f8a05493c758e651529ea90127 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa aborda uma das dimensões do processo de expansão do segmento privado de ensino no Brasil, e, particularmente, as condições de estruturação da oferta de escolarização internacional. Para tanto, o estudo focaliza um mercado escolar concreto, o de escolas internacionais da cidade de São Paulo, e examina a gênese desse espaço escolar, tributário tanto das transformações na estrutura social da cidade, associadas ao crescimento econômico e à industrialização, como das diferentes modalidades de relação com outros estados nacionais, entre 1880 e 1945. Inicialmente, a análise revela os esforços de determinados grupos de estrangeiros para criar escolas de alto nível para seus filhos. Utilizadas por grupos em franca ascensão material, tais escolas permitiram a acumulação estratégica do capital simbólico necessário às lutas por diferenciação e inserção mais qualificada e legítima na sociedade brasileira. Em seguida, focaliza-se as alianças implementadas entre frações das elites brasileiras, intelectuais franceses e governo francês que, frente à ameaça de concorrência representada pelos grupos imigrantes em ascensão e suas escolas de alto nível, investiram recursos econômicos e simbólicos na fundação de um liceu francês em São Paulo, destinado à formação de futuros dirigentes.A criação desse liceu aparece como um passo importante no processo de construção da nacionalidade e seu estudo vincula processos de emergência e consolidação dos Estados Nação às lutas pela definição de uma cultura nacional, mostrando o lugar privilegiado ocupado pela escola nesses processos / Abstract: This research paper examines one of the facets of the growth process of private schooling in Brazil and particularly the conditions that affected the development of such international schools. In order to do so, this study focuses on specific strata of schooling, the international schools in the city of Sao Paulo. It examines the birth of such schools generated by both the changing social structure of the city as well as the different kinds of relationships with other national states between 1880 and 1945. To begin with, the analysis reveals the struggle of specific groups of immigrants in creating high leveI schools for their children. Such schools were used by groups seeking a higher standard of living and believed that attendance at such institutions would guarantee an eventual high placement in Brazilian society. Next, specific focus is given to the alliances created by factions of the Brazilian elite, French intellectuals, and the French government. These factions, when faced with the threat of competition from other emerging immigrant groups and their advanced schools, invested monetarily and symbolically in the founding of a French lyceum in Sao Paulo in order to provided for the education of their future leaders. The creation of this lyceum appears to us to be an important building block in the creation of a sense of Brazilian nationalism, and while created by distinct ethnic groups for their advancement, this lyceum has been perceived as an important step in the development of both a Brazilian nationality and cultural identity similar to that which was emerging in other parts of the world in the form of nation-states / Doutorado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Mestre em Educação

In education policy, the irresistible force paradox—what happens when an irresistible force meets an immovable object?—resonates with many characterisations of the dynamics of education reform and the role of teachers’ unions in reform processes. According to many theories of teachers’ unions in the United States, the paradox is resolved in favour of the immovable object: strong teachers’ unions are alleged to block necessary reforms, hampering school effectiveness and efficiency. This research tests these claims about teachers’ unions, and their impact on reform outcomes—particularly, performance-related pay. Despite teachers’ unions’ supposed opposition to performance-related pay (PRP), there are a number of cases—both within and beyond U.S. borders—where PRP has been implemented. By exploring some of these ‘exceptional’ cases, this research outlines the conditions under which reform is likely to occur, and a more specific explanation of reform ‘failure’. It finds that, though education reform is often portrayed as a power struggle between reform proponents and opponents, there are multiple pathways through which reform may occur. Overpowering unions might be one route, but reform can also be secured through cooperation and compromise. These insights have significant implications for theories of teachers’ unions’ strength, preferences, and policy impact. The findings demonstrate that the insufficiency of existing theoretical accounts. Neither union preferences nor power are simple, monolithic, or predictable, and teachers’ unions do not and cannot block reform at all times and in all places. Beyond theory, these findings carry weighty implications for practitioners regarding the role of unions in public policy decision-making.

Abstract The aim of the thesis was to examine how Finnish mission organization missionaries, re-entering Finland, produce meanings related to their re-entry and re-entry shock in research interview speech. Textual data consisted of ten interviews conducted and transcribed by the researcher. Five of the interviews were conducted as individual interviews and the interviewees were single female missionaries. The rest of the five interviews were carried out as pair interviews and the informants were married missionary couples. I examined the textual data as a unit, I have named as missionary speech, which I have attempted to reconstruct by using discourse analysis. The central concepts are discourse and interpretation repertoire, and the rule of interpretation that conveys the relation between the two. The discourse is constructed in the tension between the interpretation repertoires which were in an opposing interactional relationship with each other. In re-entry shock research, related to culture shock research, culture shock has been approached from three different angles: as a mental crisis, as a learning experience, and as a crisis related to multicultural identity. In this dissertation the crisis perspective was also the starting point of interpreting culture shock, which the first discourse analytical interpretation rule was based on. The series of other interpretation rules was derived from this rule. For interpretation of the results of the analysis, I have used Milton Bennett's concept of intercultural sensitivity and the model of multicultural identity, founded on the former. The model of multicultural identity contains a form of multicultural identity crisis called internal culture shock which is one of the theoretical bases for my research. The discourse called missionary speech, mentioned above, is interpreted in my research on the basis of the concepts of Milton Bennett's six stage developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In the model, intercultural sensitivity is understood as sensitivity towards cultural differences and difference in general. This sensitivity can be ethnocentric when cultural differences are seen as negative or ethnorelativistic when cultural differences are experienced in a positive way. The central foundation is Jane Bennett's interpretation of multicultural identity through the concepts of constructive and encapsulated marginality. As the result of my research, I have established eight discourses: 1) geographical discourse, 2) discourse of mode of speaking, 3) emotive and feeling-based discourse, 4) attitude, 5) value discourse, 6) competence discourse, 7) discourse of intercultural sensitivity and 8) identity discourse. Each discourse was construed by two interpretation repertoires controversial to each other. The result of my research suggests that the multicultural identities, described by Milton Bennett and Janet Bennett, could be interpreted as open possibilities or "options" dynamizing the identity negotiation. Identity could thus be seen as a dynamic process by nature. On the basis of the results, I suggest interpreting intercultural sensitivity in the identity theoretical framework by taking advantage of the concepts of the model of intercultural sensitivity in a more multidimensional way, detached from sequentiality of the value-bound developmental model and drawing attention to the complexity and diverse nuances of intercultural sensitivity. / Tiivistelmä Väitöskirjassa tavoitteena oli tutkia, miten Suomeen palaavat suomalaisen lähetysorganisaation lähetystyöntekijät tuottavat paluutaan ja paluusokkiaan koskevia merkityksiä tutkimushaastattelupuheessa. Tekstimateriaali koostui kymmenestä tutkijan suorittamasta ja litteroimasta haastattelusta. Informanteista viisi oli yksilöhaastatteluissa haastateltuja naimattomia naislähettejä. Loput kymmenen informanttia olivat parihaastatteluissa haastateltuja lähettipuolisoita. Haastattelujen tekstimateriaalia tarkastelin lähettipuheeksi nimittämänäni kokonaisuutena, jota pyrin rekonstruoimaan käyttäen diskurssianalyysiä. Keskeistä diskurssianalyysin sovelluksessani on diskurssin ja tulkintarepertuaarin välinen suhde sekä sen määrittävä tulkintasääntö. Diskurssi rakentuu toisilleen vastakkaisessa vaikutussuhteessa olevien tulkintarepertuaarien jännitteessä. Paluusokkitutkimuksessa kulttuurisokkia on lähestytty kolmesta näkökulmasta: psyykkisenä kriisinä, oppimiskokemuksena ja monikulttuuriseen identiteettiin liittyvänä kriisinä. Kriisinäkökulma muodostui myös tässä väitöskirjassa kulttuurisokin tarkastelun lähtökohdaksi, jonka varassa rakentui ensimmäinen diskurssianalyyttinen tulkintasääntö. Tästä säännöstä edettiin seuraaviin diskursseihin ja repertuaareihin. Analyysin tulosten tulkintaan käytin Milton Bennettin kehittämää kulttuurienvälisen herkkyyden käsitettä sekä sen varaan rakennettua monikulttuurisen identiteetin mallia, johon liittyvä 'sisäiseksi kulttuurisokiksi' kutsuttu monikulttuurinen identiteettikriisi on yksi tutkimukseni keskeinen teoreettinen lähtökohta. Lähettipuheeksi nimettyä diskurssia tulkitsen Milton Bennettin kulttuurienvälisen herkkyyden kuusivaiheisen kehitysmallin pohjalta. Mallissa kulttuurienvälinen herkkyys ymmärretään herkkyydeksi kulttuurisille eroille ja erilaisuudelle. Tämä sensitiivisyys voi olla etnosentristä, jolloin kulttuurinen erilaisuus mielletään kielteiseksi, tai etnorelativistista, jolloin kulttuuriset erot koetaan myönteisiksi. Toinen tulkinnassa käytetty keskeinen teoreettinen viitekehys on Janet Bennettin kehittämä monikulttuurisen identiteetin tulkinta, jossa apuna ovat rakentavan ja eristyneen sivullisuuden käsitteet. Tutkimukseni tuloksena syntyi kahdeksan diskurssia: 1) maantieteellinen diskurssi, 2) puhetapadiskurssi, 3) tunne- ja tuntemusdiskurssi, 4) asennediskurssi, 5 arvodiskurssi, 6) kompetenssidiskurssi, 7) kulttuurienvälinen herkkyysdiskurssi sekä 8) identiteettidiskurssi. Kukin diskurssi rakentui kahdesta toisilleen vastakkaisesta repertuaarista. Tutkimuksen tulos viittaa siihen, että Milton Bennettin ja Janet Bennettin kuvaamat monikulttuuriset identiteetit voitaisiin tulkita identiteettineuvottelua dynamisoiviksi optioiksi ja identiteetti dynaamiseksi prosessiksi. Tutkimuksen tuloksen pohjalta ehdotan kulttuurienvälisen herkkyyden tulkitsemista identiteettiteoreettisessa viitekehyksessä käyttämällä hyväksi ja kehittämällä kulttuurienvälisen herkkyyden kehitysmallin käsitteistöä irrotettuna kehitysmallin arvosidonnaisesta peräkkäisyyteen kytketystä rakenteesta. Samalla tulisi kiinnittää huomiota herkkyyden eri osatekijöiden välisten suhteiden nyansseihin.

Universities and their partner organisations are promising that short-term work placements in social entrepreneurial organisations will increase student employability, leadership skills, and knowledge of socially innovative practice, while providing students meaningful opportunities to ‘change the world;’ yet theory and empirical studies are lacking that show what is beneficial and important to students, how students develop, and what influences their development through these cross-cultural and interdisciplinary experiential learning programs. This is the first study to explore the value of UK and US students participating in international internships and fellowships related to social entrepreneurship from a socioeconomic perspective. For this study, a value heuristic was developed from organisational models in the social entrepreneurship and educational philosophy literature followed by a qualitative longitudinal multiple case study. Fifteen individual student cases were chosen from two programmes involving two UK and three US universities, taking place in eleven host countries over five distinct data collection intervals. Findings across cases show a broad range of perceived value to students: from research skills and cross-cultural understanding, to critical thinking and self-confidence. Findings also show how student perspectives changed as a result of the placement experience and what ‘internal’ and ‘context-embedded’ features of the placements influenced students’ personal and professional lives. However, the ambiguity of social impact measures raises ethical questions about engaging students with limited knowledge, skills, and preparation on projects where they are unprepared to create long-term value for beneficiaries. This study contributes to the literature on higher education and international non-profit and business education by: providing an expansive matrix of value to students engaging in international placements; initiating a ‘hybridisation’ theory of personal value; creating a rigorous methodology transferable to similar programmes; outlining embedded features that programme developers can integrate in order to improve their own social and educational impact; raising ethical questions related to theory and practice; and including the researcher’s own multi-continent journey into the substance of the work.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Nursing in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Background In recent times, the internationalization of nursing education and the collaboration with international academic partners has become a priority of academic institutions’ strategic plans and visions. This coupled with the fact that the world has entered a critical period in terms of addressing health and preparing nurses to address health needs has made this study timeous. In view of these historical challenges, nursing education institutions, nursing colleges and universities with nursing faculties in South Africa have, in recent years, engaged in international partnerships. These collaborative partnerships have influenced the delivery and facilitation of transnational nursing education (TNE) or cross-border nursing programmes, both nationally and internationally. Challenges raised with regards to TNE delivery systems are often related to issues revolving around academic design and implementation. Further issues such as the differences between the host institution’s general goals, the academic programs, student characteristics and social and cultural dimensions as compared to the awarding institution, add to these challenges. Aim The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives and practices and experiences of nursing education institutions, academic leaders and graduates, who were involved in TNE. Based on the findings of this study, the ultimate aim was to develop guidelines for the implementation of TNE in NEIs. Methodology A qualitative multiple case-study approach was employed to explore institutional perspectives and practices related to TNE. The population comprised nursing education institutions, academic leaders and nursing graduates that were involved in TNE programs. In order to draw comparison between South African TNE practices and perspectives with international best operating practices relating to TNE, other global academic leaders and institutions involved in this type of education were invited to participate in the study. Institutional records were analysed for descriptions and patterns related to conceptual issues, structures and processes that are known to impact either negatively or positively on TNE. Results The study findings revealed that access to ‘importing’ and ‘exporting’ of nursing programs are still faced with many challenges by all stakeholders. It was also revealed that the lack of guidance during TNE ventures allude to cross-border nursing education being a ‘for profit’ arrangement. From the findings the researcher was able to propose and develop guidelines for the implementation of TNE for nursing education institutions, academic leaders and students. It is hoped that these guidelines will be considered as a tool to improve TNE delivery in terms of quality assurance, accreditation, registration, and qualification recognition. / D

Chinese international students represent one sixth of the international post-secondary student population present in Anglophone Canada. A popular field of study for this demographic is engineering. Considering differences in cultural background and English language barriers, Chinese international students face their own unique set of challenges in university classrooms where collaborative work has become a standard measure to instruct and assess material. Four face-to-face focus groups with fourteen Chinese international students examined how collaborative work with non-Chinese peers shapes the self-perceptions of English language skills by Chinese international students. Using Saldaña’s approach to coding as the selected method, the data generated categories, a concept and a key assertion. Participants’ perceptions of English language are shaped by efficiency, embarrassment and confidence. A desired goal of Chinese international students, which is only achieved by very few, is English language fluency. Suggesting an interrelated relationship, the key assertion proposes that language competence and perceptions develop in four stages. Perceptions and language competence transition through a non-linear process, which ranges from Shock, to the Brutal Upward Learning Curve, Acceptance and eventually Confident Mastery. Focus group participants demonstrated a high level of accurate self-assessment and are forced to adopt a dismissive attitude which allows them to move past negative experiences and perceptions and develop a strong sense of confidence which is necessary for survival.

Policy Evidence by Design: International Large-Scale Assessments and Grade Repetition Links between international large-scale assessment (ILSA) methodologies, international organization (IO) ideologies, and education policies are not well understood. Framed by statistical constructivism, this article describes two interrelated phenomena. First, OECD/ PISA and UNESCO/TERCE documents show how IOs’ doctrines about the value of education, based on either Human Capital Theory or Human Rights, shape the design of the ILSAs they support. Second, quantitative analyses for four Latin American countries show that differently designed ILSAs disagree on the effectiveness of a specific policy, namely, grade retention: PISA’s achievement gap between repeaters and nonrepeaters doubles TERCE’s. This matters and warrants further research: divergent empirical results could potentially incentivize different education policies, reinforce IOs’ initial policy biases, and provide perverse incentives for countries to modulate retention rates or join an ILSA on spurious motivations. In summary, ILSA designs, shaped by IOs’ educational doctrines, yield different data, potentially inspiring divergent global policy directives and national decisions. When ILSAs met policy: Evolving discourses on grade repetition. This study explores phenomena of ordinalization and scientization of policy discourse, focusing on the case of grade retention in publications by OECD’s PISA and UNESCO’s ERCE (2007-2017), from a sociology of quantification perspective. While prior research shows these ILSAs yield divergent data regarding grade retention’s effectiveness, this study shows similarities in their critical discourse on grade repetition’s effectiveness. Genre analysis finds similarities in how both ILSAs structure their discourse on grade repetition and use references solely to critique it, presenting a partial view of the scholarly landscape. However, horizontal comparisons also find differences across ILSAs in the use of ordinalization (e.g., rankings) in charts, as well as differences in the extent to which their policy discourse embraces scientization. The ILSAs converge in singling out grade repetition as the policy most strongly associated with low performance; this should be interpreted in the context of one key similarity in their design. Policymaking to the test? How ILSAs influence repetition rates Do international large-scale assessments influence education policy? How? Through scripts, lessons, or incentives? For some, they all produce similar outcomes. For others, different assessment data, shaped by different designs, and mediated by international organizations’ policy directives, prompt different policy decisions. For some, participation in these assessments may be linked to lower repetition rates, as per the policy scripts hypothesis inspired by world society theory (WST). For others, assessments’ comparison strategies (age vs. grade) influence repetition in participating countries, according to policy lessons or incentives hypotheses, respectively inspired by educational effectiveness research (EER) and the sociology of quantification, and particularly the notion of retroaction. Fixed-effects panel regression models of eighteen Latin American countries (1992-2017) show that participation in assessments is associated with changing repetition rates in primary and secondary, while controlling for other factors. The findings show statistically significant differences between some assessment types. The conclusions spur new questions, delineating a future agenda.

As the notion of sustainability has gained prominence in the past decade, so have different disciplines that have addressed sustainability issues from an educational standpoint, for example Environmental Education and Education for Sustainable Development. Both fields have been called out for shortcomings such as omitting social considerations to sustainability issues and reproducing neoliberal framings that go hand in hand with oppressive power structures and systemic inequality. To better grasp how sustainability education is framed in relation to anti-oppressive pedagogy, this research conducted a Critical Discourse Analysis on selected materials that were publicly available on the websites of three international high schools with sustainability-oriented curricula—Green School, United World Colleges, and Amala Education. From the analysis of the selected documents, the three educational organizations’ discourses of sustainability align with the narrative of Education for Sustainable Development and lack critical considerations on the embeddedness of their sustainability education, and the larger sustainability challenge, in neoliberal framings and systems of oppression that reproduce inequality and marginalization and that constrain processes of transformation. While language that relates to the framings of anti-oppressive pedagogy was present, to different extents, in the texts of the three organizations, it was not framed in relation to sustainability, but as a separate layer of educational practice, lacking problematization on the role of sustainability education discourses in the making of anti-oppressive sustainability education, and on the critical significance of considering anti-oppressive pedagogy for the making of sustainability education.

abstract: This research investigates teachers' understanding of and feelings about transdisciplinary education and the International Baccalaureate's Primary Years Programme (PYP) as utilized by two remote schools in the province of Papua, Indonesia on the island of New Guinea. A goal of transdisciplinary education is to make learning through inquiry authentic, broad, student-centered, and relevant to the real world. In this study I examine educators’ perspectives of how transdisciplinary education is manifested in the two different and yet related elementary schools. Both schools are supported by a multinational mining company. One school is for expatriate students and the language of instruction is English. The second school, which is for Indonesian students, follows the Indonesian National Curriculum of 2013, with instruction delivered in the Indonesian language by Indonesian teachers. A single expatriate superintendent oversees both schools. Teacher experience, teacher PYP experience, implications of the PYP framework, cultural implications of the location, and demographics of the school stakeholders were considerations of this research. To acquire data, homeroom teachers, specialist teachers (music, art, physical education, and language), administrators, and PYP coordinators completed a survey and were interviewed. Additional data were collected through document examination and observation. A broad range of experience with transdisciplinary education existed in both schools, contributing to some confusion about how to implement the PYP framework and varying conceptions of what constitutes transdisciplinary education. Principles of the PYP were evident in curriculum documents and planning and discussed by the teachers in both schools. Educators at the expatriate school identified with the international-mindedness and approaches to learning in the PYP. Educators at the national school valued to character education elements of the PYP, which they viewed as consistent with Indonesian principles of pancasila. The mission and vision statements of the schools in this study aligned with the PYP in different ways. Challenges faced by educators in these schools are acquisition of professional development, experienced teachers and teaching materials due to the remote location of the schools. While transdisciplinary education was described, it was not necessarily implemented. The findings of this study suggest that transdisciplinary education is a mindset that takes time, experience, and commitment to implement. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music Education 2019