This essay conducts a Plausibility Probe Case Study focused on how the UN and the wider international community have approached the civil war in Ethiopia. Because the Ethiopian Government has been unable to protect its population, Ethiopia can be considered a typical case for the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). R2P was introduced in response to the genocides in Rwanda and Srebrenica and builds upon the idea of the international community having a responsibility to assist states to protect their populations. R2P’s normative status remains debated, however, due to criticism directed against R2P’s third pillar which prescribes the international community a responsibility to act when a state is unwilling or unable to protect its population. Therefore, scholars have started to analyse R2P’s status by the use of Finnemore & Sikkink’s Norm Life Cycle Theory, disagreeing about R2P’s normative strength and whether R2P will ever be able to enter the third stage of the Norm Life Cycle (NLC). This essay applies the same theory to the empirical findings from the Ethiopian case with the primary aim to contribute to the debate about R2P’s normative status. Findings show how R2P seems to be positioned at the second stage of the NLC. This does not necessarily mean that R2P should be considered a weak norm as the UN and the international community have indirectly complied with R2P when approaching the Ethiopian conflict. Yet, the fact that none of the relevant actors under study has mentioned R2P explicitly indicates how R2P still remains a controversial norm within international politics.

Bakgrund: Enligt Skolverket ska skolan aktivt och medvetet påverka och stimulera eleverna till att bli goda samhällsmedborgare genom elevernas utbildning vilken där det ska präglas av öppenhet och respekt för människors olikheter. Inom hem- och konsumentkunskap ska det ges möjligheter att reflektera över normer, jämställdhet och arbetsfördelning i hemmet samt kunskaper om kulturella variationer och traditioner i olika hushåll. Alla pedagoger på skolan ska klargöra för eleverna det svenska samhällets värderingar och dess konsekvenser av individens egna personliga handlande för eleverna. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka lärarens pedagogiska arbete med fokus på normmedvetande förhållningsätt för att kunna öka kunskapen om hur normbeteende sker i hem- och konsumentkunskapen i jämförelse med andra ämnen. Metod: En kvalitativ forskning med observationer användes med tre centrala frågor, Var, När och Hur länge hos åtta pedagoger. Observationerna utfördes hos fem pedagoger på högstadiet och tre pedagoger på mellanstadiet från åk 6–9. Resultat: Pedagogerna använder mikrosanktioner och omedveten härskarteknik i sin undervisning. Slutsats: Pedagogens utbildning spelar roll för att kunna skapa heteronormativa ordning i klassrummet utifrån demokratisk och normmedvetande förhållningsätt. / Background: According to the Swedish National Agency for Education, the school must actively and consciously influence and stimulate the students to become good citizens through the students' education, which must be characterized by openness and respect for people's differences. Within home economics, there must be opportunities to reflect on norms, gender equality and division of labor in the home, as well as knowledge of cultural variations and traditions in different households. All pedagogues at the school must make clear to the students the values of Swedish society and the consequences of the individual's own personal actions for the students. Objective: The purpose of the essay is to examine the teacher's pedagogical work with a focus on norm-conscious approaches to increase knowledge of how norm behavior takes place in home and consumer knowledge in comparison to other subjects. Method: A qualitative research with observations was used with three central questions, Where, When and How long with eight educators. The observations were carried out with five pedagogues in the upper secondary school and three pedagogues in the middle school in grades six to nine. Results: The educators use micro-sanctions and unconscious domination techniques in their teaching. Conclusion: The teacher's education plays a role in being able to create heteronormative order in the classroom based on a democratic and norm-conscious approach.

Syftet med studien är att synliggöra hur normer om kön och genus gestaltas i aktuell barnlitteratur. Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av tio barnböcker. Barnböckerna som analyserades var de mest lånade barnböckerna bland förskolorna i ett och samma landskap. Analysen av barnlitteraturen bestod av att undersöka hur huvudkaraktärer, bikaraktärer och handling skildras utifrån studiens teoretiska ramverk feministisk poststrukturalism och Nikolajevas schema som användes som verktyg i analysen. Resultatet visade på exempel på performativt genus, normbrytande, könsneutralt och könspermutation. Slutsatsen var att både normbrytande och icke normbrytande gestaltningar av kön och genus syntes i barnböckerna. Barnböckerna visade på en variation där män framställdes med stereotypiska egenskaper men även i mer normbrytande roller. Kvinnor skildrades även med mer maskulina egenskaper och med feminina egenskaper. Det framkom dessutom att kvinnor var underrepresenterade i barnböckerna och hade färre huvudroller än männen. / The purpose of the study is to make visible how norms about sex and genderare portrayed in current children's literature. The method used was a qualitativecontent analysis of ten children's books. The children's books that wereanalyzed was the most borrowed children's books among preschools in thesame region. The analysis of children's literature consisted of looking at howmain characters, supporting characters and plot are portrayed based on thetheoretical framework of the study, feminist poststructuralism and Nikolajevasscheme, which was used as tools in the analysis. The results showed examplesof performative gender, norm-breaking, sex-neutral and sex permutation. Theconclusion was that both norm-breaking and non-norm-breaking depictions ofsex and gender appeared in the children's books. The children's books showeda variation where men were portrayed with stereotypical characteristics butalso in more norm-breaking roles. Women were also portrayed with moremasculine characteristics and with feminine characteristics. It also emergedthat women were underrepresented in children's books and had fewer leadingroles than men

SAMMANFATTNING Datum:  2024-05-28 datum för slutseminarium Nivå:  Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp  Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet  Titel: Mer än bara en elbil: En kvalitativ undersökning av konsumentbeteendet hos elbilsägare Handledare: Aswo Safari Författare: Husein Husein  Merdina Okic  Adam Spahic       000913                            020506                           030116     Nyckelord: Konsumentbeteende, Elbilar, Miljömedvetenhet, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) teori, Norm Activation Model (NAM) Forskningsfråga/or:  I vilken utsträckning engagerar sig elbilsägare i andra miljövänliga konsumentbeteenden utöver att äga en elbil? Vilka faktorer påverkar deras konsumentbeteende i relation till miljö? Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka huruvida elbilsägares konsumentbeteende innefattar fler miljövänliga beslut utöver val av transportfordon. Metod:  Denna studie använder en kvalitativ metodansats, där data samlas in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med elbilsägare för att förstå deras attityder, motivationer och beteenden. Dessutom används Klimat Kalkylatorn för att analysera respondenternas koldioxidutsläpp och ge en kvantitativ bedömning av deras miljöpåverkan. Slutsats: Elbilsägare visar en viss grad av miljövänligt konsumentbeteende, men deras engagemang i andra miljövänliga beslut påverkas starkt av ekonomiska incitament och praktiska förutsättningar / ABSTRACT Date: 2024-05-28 date for final seminar Level:  Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr  Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University  Title: Elbilsägare är väl miljövänliga?: En kvalitativ undersökning av konsumentbeteendet hos elbilsägare Supervisor: Aswo Safari Authors: Husein Husein   Merdina Okic              Adam Spahic                              000913                        020506                        030116  Keywords: Consumer behavior, electric vehicles, environmental awareness, sustainability, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory, Norm Activation Model (NAM) Research questions:  To what extent do electric vehicle owners engage in other environmentally friendly consumer behaviors beyond owning an electric vehicle?What factors influence their consumer behavior in relation to the environment?  Purpose: The study aims to investigate whether electric vehicle owners’ consumer behavior includes more environmentally friendly decisions beyond the choice of transportation vehicle. Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, collecting data through semi-structured interviews with electric vehicle owners to understand their attitudes, motivations, and behaviors. Additionally Klimatkalkylatorn is used to analyze the respondents’ carbon emissions, providing a quantitative assessment of their environmental impact. Conclusion: Electric vehicle owners exhibit a certain degree of environmentally friendly consumer behavior, but their engagement in other green decisions is strongly influenced by economic incentives and practical conditions.

In the present thesis it is shown that the most natural choice for a norm for the analysis of the Galerkin FEM, namely the energy norm, fails to capture the boundary layer functions arising in certain reaction-diffusion problems. In view of a formal Definition such reaction-diffusion problems are not singularly perturbed with respect to the energy norm. This observation raises two questions: 1. Does the Galerkin finite element method on standard meshes yield satisfactory approximations for the reaction-diffusion problem with respect to the energy norm? 2. Is it possible to strengthen the energy norm in such a way that the boundary layers are captured and that it can be reconciled with a robust finite element method, i.e.~robust with respect to this strong norm? In Chapter 2 we answer the first question. We show that the Galerkin finite element approximation converges uniformly in the energy norm to the solution of the reaction-diffusion problem on standard shape regular meshes. These results are completely new in two dimensions and are confirmed by numerical experiments. We also study certain convection-diffusion problems with characterisitc layers in which some layers are not well represented in the energy norm. These theoretical findings, validated by numerical experiments, have interesting implications for adaptive methods. Moreover, they lead to a re-evaluation of other results and methods in the literature. In 2011 Lin and Stynes were the first to devise a method for a reaction-diffusion problem posed in the unit square allowing for uniform a priori error estimates in an adequate so-called balanced norm. Thus, the aforementioned second question is answered in the affirmative. Obtaining a non-standard weak formulation by testing also with derivatives of the test function is the key idea which is related to the H^1-Galerkin methods developed in the early 70s. Unfortunately, this direct approach requires excessive smoothness of the finite element space considered. Lin and Stynes circumvent this problem by rewriting their problem into a first order system and applying a mixed method. Now the norm captures the layers. Therefore, they need to be resolved by some layer-adapted mesh. Lin and Stynes obtain optimal error estimates with respect to the balanced norm on Shishkin meshes. However, their method is unable to preserve the symmetry of the problem and they rely on the Raviart-Thomas element for H^div-conformity. In Chapter 4 of the thesis a new continuous interior penalty (CIP) method is present, embracing the approach of Lin and Stynes in the context of a broken Sobolev space. The resulting method induces a balanced norm in which uniform error estimates are proven. In contrast to the mixed method the CIP method uses standard Q_2-elements on the Shishkin meshes. Both methods feature improved stability properties in comparison with the Galerkin FEM. Nevertheless, the latter also yields approximations which can be shown to converge to the true solution in a balanced norm uniformly with respect to diffusion parameter. Again, numerical experiments are conducted that agree with the theoretical findings. In every finite element analysis the approximation error comes into play, eventually. If one seeks to prove any of the results mentioned on an anisotropic family of Shishkin meshes, one will need to take advantage of the different element sizes close to the boundary. While these are ideally suited to reflect the solution behavior, the error analysis is more involved and depends on anisotropic interpolation error estimates. In Chapter 3 the beautiful theory of Apel and Dobrowolski is extended in order to obtain anisotropic interpolation error estimates for macro-element interpolation. This also sheds light on fundamental construction principles for such operators. The thesis introduces a non-standard finite element space that consists of biquadratic C^1-finite elements on macro-elements over tensor product grids, which can be viewed as a rectangular version of the C^1-Powell-Sabin element. As an application of the general theory developed, several interpolation operators mapping into this FE space are analyzed. The insight gained can also be used to prove anisotropic error estimates for the interpolation operator induced by the well-known C^1-Bogner-Fox-Schmidt element. A special modification of Scott-Zhang type and a certain anisotropic interpolation operator are also discussed in detail. The results of this chapter are used to approximate the solution to a recation-diffusion-problem on a Shishkin mesh that features highly anisotropic elements. The obtained approximation features continuous normal derivatives across certain edges of the mesh, enabling the analysis of the aforementioned CIP method.

In the present thesis it is shown that the most natural choice for a norm for the analysis of the Galerkin FEM, namely the energy norm, fails to capture the boundary layer functions arising in certain reaction-diffusion problems. In view of a formal Definition such reaction-diffusion problems are not singularly perturbed with respect to the energy norm. This observation raises two questions: 1. Does the Galerkin finite element method on standard meshes yield satisfactory approximations for the reaction-diffusion problem with respect to the energy norm? 2. Is it possible to strengthen the energy norm in such a way that the boundary layers are captured and that it can be reconciled with a robust finite element method, i.e.~robust with respect to this strong norm? In Chapter 2 we answer the first question. We show that the Galerkin finite element approximation converges uniformly in the energy norm to the solution of the reaction-diffusion problem on standard shape regular meshes. These results are completely new in two dimensions and are confirmed by numerical experiments. We also study certain convection-diffusion problems with characterisitc layers in which some layers are not well represented in the energy norm. These theoretical findings, validated by numerical experiments, have interesting implications for adaptive methods. Moreover, they lead to a re-evaluation of other results and methods in the literature. In 2011 Lin and Stynes were the first to devise a method for a reaction-diffusion problem posed in the unit square allowing for uniform a priori error estimates in an adequate so-called balanced norm. Thus, the aforementioned second question is answered in the affirmative. Obtaining a non-standard weak formulation by testing also with derivatives of the test function is the key idea which is related to the H^1-Galerkin methods developed in the early 70s. Unfortunately, this direct approach requires excessive smoothness of the finite element space considered. Lin and Stynes circumvent this problem by rewriting their problem into a first order system and applying a mixed method. Now the norm captures the layers. Therefore, they need to be resolved by some layer-adapted mesh. Lin and Stynes obtain optimal error estimates with respect to the balanced norm on Shishkin meshes. However, their method is unable to preserve the symmetry of the problem and they rely on the Raviart-Thomas element for H^div-conformity. In Chapter 4 of the thesis a new continuous interior penalty (CIP) method is present, embracing the approach of Lin and Stynes in the context of a broken Sobolev space. The resulting method induces a balanced norm in which uniform error estimates are proven. In contrast to the mixed method the CIP method uses standard Q_2-elements on the Shishkin meshes. Both methods feature improved stability properties in comparison with the Galerkin FEM. Nevertheless, the latter also yields approximations which can be shown to converge to the true solution in a balanced norm uniformly with respect to diffusion parameter. Again, numerical experiments are conducted that agree with the theoretical findings. In every finite element analysis the approximation error comes into play, eventually. If one seeks to prove any of the results mentioned on an anisotropic family of Shishkin meshes, one will need to take advantage of the different element sizes close to the boundary. While these are ideally suited to reflect the solution behavior, the error analysis is more involved and depends on anisotropic interpolation error estimates. In Chapter 3 the beautiful theory of Apel and Dobrowolski is extended in order to obtain anisotropic interpolation error estimates for macro-element interpolation. This also sheds light on fundamental construction principles for such operators. The thesis introduces a non-standard finite element space that consists of biquadratic C^1-finite elements on macro-elements over tensor product grids, which can be viewed as a rectangular version of the C^1-Powell-Sabin element. As an application of the general theory developed, several interpolation operators mapping into this FE space are analyzed. The insight gained can also be used to prove anisotropic error estimates for the interpolation operator induced by the well-known C^1-Bogner-Fox-Schmidt element. A special modification of Scott-Zhang type and a certain anisotropic interpolation operator are also discussed in detail. The results of this chapter are used to approximate the solution to a recation-diffusion-problem on a Shishkin mesh that features highly anisotropic elements. The obtained approximation features continuous normal derivatives across certain edges of the mesh, enabling the analysis of the aforementioned CIP method.:Notation 1 Introduction 2 Galerkin FEM error estimation in weak norms 2.1 Reaction-diffusion problems 2.2 A convection-diffusion problem with weak characteristic layers and a Neumann outflow condition 2.3 A mesh that resolves only part of the exponential layer and neglects the weaker characteristic layers 2.3.1 Weakly imposed characteristic boundary conditions 2.4 Numerical experiments 2.4.1 A reaction-diffusion problem with boundary layers 2.4.2 A reaction-diffusion problem with an interior layer 2.4.3 A convection-diffusion problem with characteristic layers and a Neumann outflow condition 2.4.4 A mesh that resolves only part of the exponential layer and neglects the weaker characteristic layers 3 Macro-interpolation on tensor product meshes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Univariate C1-P2 macro-element interpolation 3.3 C1-Q2 macro-element interpolation on tensor product meshes 3.4 A theory on anisotropic macro-element interpolation 3.5 C1 macro-interpolation on anisotropic tensor product meshes 3.5.1 A reduced macro-element interpolation operator 3.5.2 The full C1-Q2 interpolation operator 3.5.3 A C1-Q2 macro-element quasi-interpolation operator of Scott-Zhang type on tensor product meshes 3.5.4 Summary: anisotropic C1 (quasi-)interpolation error estimates 3.6 An anisotropic macro-element of tensor product type 3.7 Application of macro-element interpolation on a tensor product Shishkin mesh 4 Balanced norm results for reaction-diffusion 4.1 The balanced finite element method of Lin and Stynes 4.2 A C0 interior penalty method 4.3 Galerkin finite element method 4.3.1 L2-norm error bounds and supercloseness 4.3.2 Maximum-norm error bounds 4.4 Numerical verification 4.5 Further developments and summary References

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate norm in contemporary Russian verbal stress. In a first step the concept of norm is explored. It is shown that the criteria generally used in Russian for defining norm (correspondence to the language system, usage and authority/tradition/necessity) are not applied strictly. It is also concluded that any study of norms must take into account the distinction between the explicit norm, i.e. the codification, and the implicit norm, i.e. the usage and attitude of educated native speakers. In a second step the explicit norm is investigated. The analysis is based on the stress notation in two orthoepic dictionaries. This comparison shows that there is not, as is often suggested, one unanimous, "objectively existing", explicit stress norm. In a third step, the implicit norm is examined. This is done through a survey of reported and actual usage, carried out on 106 Russian speakers in Moscow. Subsequently, implicit norms are related to explicit norms. There is compliance between these in many cases, but the discrepancies are numerous. Furthermore, there is no direct or predictable relationship between the implicit stress norms and the labels these stresses are assigned in handbooks. A comparison with additional sources demonstrates that among the, in all, nine sources no two are perfectly alike in their notation. Sources that reflect the implicit norm better than others are identified. Finally, dictionary data and the survey results are compared with results from previous surveys (1956-1994). This shows that certain stress variants have apparently functioned as the implicit norm for several decades, but this has not yet been taken into account in codification. The general conclusions are that there is in theory an unclear definition of norm; there is in practice disagreement in codification; there is no official codex, although some sources might be considered more reliable; there is in many cases a discrepancy between explicit and implicit norms, which is most likely a result of arbitrariness or subjectivism and of conservatism. It is possible that these conclusions are valid for areas of language normativisation other than verbal stress.

Univ., Diplomarbeit--München, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. [279] - 294.

Despite the theoretical and practical ramifications arising from sociolinguistic studies in Brazil, the 90s brought the resurgence of a set of reflections on language which, expressed in newspaper columns, school grammars, books “no more mistakes" and writing manuals of major newspapers and public administration bodies, spreads the belief that there is only a "right" way to use language and that is the only acceptable way: the standard norm. All others are "wrong", and should be avoided. In this line of thought, in the state of Sergipe stands the book "Do not bite the Portuguese language", authored by Professor Wilma Ramos, described in its 10th edition as a reference guide for everyday difficulties of the Portuguese language, which brings advice on how to use the language in the light of the grammar of standard variant.This research aims to analyze prescriptions contained in the book “Do not bite the Portuguese language”, which disregard lessons contained in the normative instruments reference of Portuguese and disqualify the several varieties non-standard, as its speakers;discuss lessons that reject typical linguistic phenomena of Brazilian Portuguese, not welcomed by normative instruments reference of the Portuguese language, but widely disseminated in speech or writing from educated urban speakers, and, moreover, to assert the principles underlying the work “Do not bite the Portuguese language”, its contribution to the process of social representation of language and its implications for the process of teaching and learning Portuguese.The theoretical framework will focus in the postulates of sociolinguistics, whose studies have evidenced that natural languages are characterized by the phenomenon of variation and change and that the cultured varieties coexist with the informal varieties in a complex process of interactions, making room for the recognition of the legitimacy of difference, which are a result of the recent publication of the first grammars aimed for variety of Portuguese spoken in Brazil. Based on the norm concept in Coseriu, they seek to clarify the use of the terms "cultured norms", "standard norm", "grammatical norm", "pedagogical norm", "popular norm", characterizing Brazilian linguistic reality as essentially tripartite, formed by a standard norm, a set of prestigious norms and a large range of popular standards. It will set-up the concept of short standard, based on Faraco, to show their materialization in the work under review. It will also discuss the concept of legitimate language, as Bourdieu, aiming to outline the large-scale social factors involved in the construction processof the standard norm,in order to correlate linguistic issues properly with its institutional interface.The process of building the legitimate language, coupled with the sociolinguistic conception of the variation phenomenon, will provide the basis to place the institutional role of the work from Professor Wilma Ramos and discuss their implications for the Portuguese language teaching-learning process. The reference normative instruments of Portuguese language were chosen from grammars and dictionaries in vogue in the second half of the twentieth century, whose authors are or were consecrated philologists. Regarding the dictionaries, works ratified by the National Textbook Program will also be used – Dictionaries. / A despeito dos desdobramentos teóricos e práticos decorrentes dos estudos sociolinguísticos no Brasil, os anos 90 trouxeram o recrudescimento de um conjunto de reflexões sobre a língua que, manifestadas em colunas jornalísticas, gramáticas escolares, livros de “não erre mais” e manuais de redação de grandes jornais e órgãos da Administração Pública, difunde a crença de que só existe uma maneira “certa” de usar a língua e que essa é a única maneira aceitável: a norma-padrão. Todas as outras são “erradas” e devem ser evitadas. Nessa linha de reflexão, no Estado de Sergipe sobressai a obra Não morda a língua portuguesa, de autoria da professora Wilma Ramos, descrita em sua 10ª edição como um manual de consulta para dificuldades corriqueiras da língua portuguesa, que traz conselhos de como usar o idioma à luz da gramática da variante padrão. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar prescrições contidas na obra Não morda a língua portuguesaque desconsideram lições constantes nos instrumentos normativos de referência da língua e desqualificam as variedades diversas da norma-padrão, assim como seus falantes; discutir lições que rejeitam fenômenos linguísticos típicos do português brasileiro, não acolhidos pelos instrumentos normativos de referência da língua portuguesa, mas amplamente disseminados na fala ou escrita de falantes urbanos escolarizados, além de perquirir os princípios subjacentes à obra Não morda a língua portuguesa, sua contribuição ao processo de representação social da língua e suas implicações para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da língua portuguesa. O referencial teórico centrarse- á em postulados da Sociolinguística, cujos estudos têm evidenciado que as línguas naturais são caracterizadas pelo fenômeno da variação e mudança e que as variedades cultas convivem com as variedades informais em um complexo processo de interações, abrindo espaço para o reconhecimento da legitimidade da diferença, de que são resultado as recentes publicações das primeiras gramáticas voltadas para a variedade do português falado no Brasil. Com fundamento no conceito de norma em Coseriu, busca-se precisar o emprego dos termos “norma culta”, “norma-padrão”, “norma gramatical”, “norma pedagógica”, “norma popular”, caracterizando a realidade linguística brasileira como essencialmente tripartite, formada por uma norma-padrão, um conjunto de normas prestigiadas e uma gama de normas populares. Definiu-se o conceito de norma curta, com base em Faraco, para mostrar a sua materialização na obra em análise. Discutir-se-á também o conceito de língua legítima, conforme Bourdieu, objetivando delinear os fatores sociais de larga escala envolvidos no processo de construção da norma-padrão, de modo a correlacionar questões linguísticas com sua interface propriamente institucional. O processo de construção da língua legítima, conjugado com a concepção sociolinguística acerca do fenômeno da variação, fornecerá as bases parasituar o papel institucional da obra da professora Wilma Ramos e discutir as suas implicações para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da língua portuguesa. Os instrumentos normativos de referência da língua portuguesa foram escolhidos entre gramáticas e dicionários em voga na segunda metade do século XX, cujos autores são ou foram filólogos consagrados. No tocante aos dicionários, também foram utilizadas obras referendadas pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático – Dicionários.

In a norm game, under certain conditions, there exist Nash equilibria of mutual cooperation. Experimental work demonstrates that even in one-shot situations the level and proportion of cooperative behavior increases if an punishment option is available to the players of a public goods game. It is therefore important to analyze conditions such that this is consistent with a rational choice approach. The paper is meant as a first step toward this task. The main result will be that nonstandard assumptions about human motivations or preferences can explain norms with sanctions even in one-shot situations. This is shown by an analysis of the norm game with two well-known recent models of fairness from behavioral game theory.:Introduction; Cooperation in a norm game; Non-standard preferences in the one-shot norm game; Conclusions