The purpose of this study was to examine the laws, govern documents and guiding principals that are available for schools and their work regarding the work against discrimination, insulting and other forms of harassments, and then to form a method for the schools to implement this work in practice. The work to counteract discrimination, insult treatment and other forms of harassments should be done both in a short term and a long term. In this paper there is a presentation of a project, a set of lessons that was created and carried out as a trial. The project aims for conscious making among children and students in school regarding norm, deviation, discrimination and power and the fact that equal treatment is hard to achieve. The basic purpose behind the project is to offer a tool to schools and teachers so that they can decrease the possible gap between the laws and the practice of these laws by creating awareness among students and other teachers. The long term work for achieving equal treatment should be done on a political level. But at the same time one must learn to discuss the fact that there are and always will be power orders in school and all of society.

All procedures in the literature for decomposing symmetric second rank (stress) tensor and symmetric fourth rank (elastic constant) tensor are elaborated and compared which have many engineering and scientific applications for anisotropic materials. The decomposition methods for symmetric second rank tensors are orthonormal tensor basis method, complex variable representation and spectral method. For symmetric fourth rank (elastic constant) tensor, there are four mainly decomposition methods namely as, orthonormal tensor basis, irreducible, harmonic decomposition and spectral. Those are applied to anisotropic materials possessing various symmetry classes which are isotropic, cubic, transversely isotropic, tetragonal, trigonal and orthorhombic. For isotropic materials, an expression for the elastic constant tensor different than the traditionally known form is given. Some misprints found in the literature are corrected. For comparison purposes, numerical examples of each decomposition process are presented for the materials possessing different symmetry classes. Some applications of these decomposition methods are given. Besides, norm and norm ratio concepts are introduced to measure and compare the anisotropy degree for various materials with the same or di&curren / erent symmetries. For these materials,norm and norm ratios are calculated. It is suggested that the norm of a tensor may be used as a criterion for comparing the overall e&curren / ect of the properties of anisotropic materials and the norm ratios may be used as a criterion to represent the anisotropy degree of the properties of materials. Finally, comparison of all methods are done in order to determine similarities and differences between them. As a result of this comparison process, it is proposed that the spectral method is a non-linear decomposition method which yields non-linear orthogonal decomposed parts. For symmetric second rank and fourth rank tensors, this case is a significant innovation in decomposition procedures in the literature.

Uppsatsen handlar om tolv unga högstadietjejers syn på sig själva som varandes tjejer och hur detta påverkar deras skolsituation. De övergripande frågorna har rört sig kring vilka könsmarkörer tjejerna använder för att definiera sig som tjejer men också hur dessa används normativt samt vilken betydelse de får i relation till andra tjejer. Det är tjejernas röst kring frågor om att vara tjej idag som ska få träda fram i denna uppsats. Studien är en kvalitativ studie, baserad på frivilligt medverkande informanter i en förortsskola i Stockholm under läsåret 2007/2008. Intervjuerna genomförda enskilt och i par, de är inspelade på band och efter transkriberade till text för att skydda informanternas anonymitet.  Informanterna talar om en norm som är svårgripbar för dem att beskriva men den unga tjej som bryter mot denna norm ber om kommentarer och betraktas kanske inte som ens som tjej. Normen skapas genom ett samspel mellan tjejerna där alla inblandade vet vad som gäller och vilket pris man betalar om man bryter mot normen. Normen skapas i det homosociala rummet, mellan tjejerna i deras vardag och är ständigt rådande. Studien utgår från intervjuer och den genomgående tanken är att studera det socialt konstruerade könet, hur det ser ut i denna grupp av unga tjejer och hur det sedan påverkar tjejernas beteenden gentemot varandra, den sociala interaktionen. Utifrån intervjuerna har svaren sedan analyserats och jämförts mot nyare forskning och olika genus teorier. Under intervjuerna användes frågor som rörde flera olika områden och arbetet är upplagt på så sätt att varje frågeområde redovisas för sig. Efter varje frågeområde följer en analys av svaren som också anknyter till den forskning som i dagsläget finns inom området. Varje delområde redovisas med en analysdel som kopplas till den forskning jag har funnit på området samt till de aktuella genusteorier som finns. Sist i arbetet ligger en sammanfattande analys av alla de delområden som analyserats under varje avsnitt. / Slapper, geek, bimbo or just a regular girl –identity  construction for young Swedish females. The aim of this dissertation is to study twelve young schoolgirls, to see how they view themselves as girls, and how this affects their situation at school. The main aim is to let the girls themselves voice how they perceive what it is to be a young girl today; what defines a girl, what are the specific gender markers, underlying norm system, and how does this in turn affect behaviour within the group with regards to responsibility, fashion, sub groups and role models. The emphasis of the study is to observe and analyse socially constructed gender norms, do they exist among this group, and if so, how does this affect the girls’ behaviour and social interaction? The study is a qualitative study, based on a selected group of volunteers from a secondary school in a Stockholm suburb during the academic year of 2007-2008. The students were interviewed separately and in groups, and the transcribed interviews have then been compared to other resent studies of similar demographic groups, and viewed and analysed in the light of resent research theories about gender and gender construction. Every cluster of questions regarding each specific research area is dealt with separately, with an analysis of the answers and comparisons to other theories and findings finishing off each section. The main claims from analysing the material, would be that it is important to live up to the socially created and culturally perceived norm, to adhere to the gender markers and not break the invisible mould. All the interviewed girls were very aware of the norm system surrounding them, and they also know that if you break the rules of what is expected of a girl, you can expect negative consequences, and might not even be perceived as a “real” girl. The norms are created and sustained in a social interaction, between the girls but also in interaction with the opposite sex. Some of the rules can appear arbitrary to the detached observer, but for the group of girls the rules are self evident and unquestionable. The norms are mostly created in the homo-social sphere, between the girls in their everyday lives, and can be hard to describe in detail, even for the informants themselves, although they can describe it clear enough when they perceive that the rules brought on by the norm has been broken. The thesis ends with a summary and analysis of all the previous sections, and with suggestions for possible further areas of research.

In der Dissertation werden Schranken für Abschätzungen des Kommutators in verschiedenen Normen gegeben. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet die Frobenius-Norm, für die eine überraschend kleine Schranke bewiesen werden kann. Auf diesem Resultat aufbauend lassen sich über eine spezielle Adaption der Interpolationsmethode von Riesz-Thorin scharfe Schranken bei Verwendung von Schatten- und Vektornormen weitestgehend bestimmen. Es werden ferner die Fälle untersucht, in denen die obere Abschätzung erreicht wird (sog. Maximalität). Eine wichtige Rolle spielen verschiedene Darstellungen der Ungleichung, welche vielfältige Interpretationsmöglichkeiten eröffen und Verbindungen der algebraischen Abschätzung zu einem wichtigen Satz der Differentialgeometrie über die Krümmung von Mannigfaltigkeiten aufzeigen.

Zugleich: Diss. Humanwiss. Bern. / Literaturverz.

In this qualitative study ”Nice girls go to heaven but the rest of us go much further”, Johanna Olsson and Caroline Seveson examine how women in male-dominated management boards have experienced and handled female gender roles in order to reach management positions. The study has a gender perspective and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five women. Previous research shows that there is a role incongruity between female gender roles and management positions since these positions often are coded as male. To analyze the material, a theoretical framework was chosen based on previous research and the study’s empirical data. The framework consists of theories discussing structures that can affect women’s career progress and coping strategies that can be used by women to handle female gender roles in order to reach management positions. The analysis shows that female gender roles can affect women’s career progress. The role incongruity between female gender roles and male coded management positions does not seem to have affected the participants notably since they, in comparison to “nice girls”, match the male norm and male coded management positions. The participants have occasionally used a gender neutral strategy, conformist strategy and loyalty strategy in order to reach management positions and parts of the theoretical framework could be developed based on the result of the study.

This study aims to explore and highlight alternative relationships in relation to the norm of monogamy. The perspective we have had with this study, is of a qualitative and investigative character. We have deeply interviewed four participants who are, or have been, in a polyamorous relationship. We have studied how the respondents see and handle their choices of life. We also wanted to know what kind of reactions they have faced from society. Another issue we have studied deeper is how the participants define jealousy and infidelity. We have anchored the discussion in different relation- and family-related theories to understand and problematize the norm of monogamy. What we come to understand is that the participants found different ways, to satisfy their desires and to fulfill their romantic needs. There have been differences in their desires and needs met in the relationship and we wanted to study how their delimitations seems to vary. Two of our participants have embraced both their romantic and lustful feelings for others and has had a very liberal approach to relationships. The other two participants has only accepted sexual contacts with other people, no feelings involved, and they needed to have an arrangement about this with their partner. Our participants have not experienced any major reactions from the society. However, we have been able to see that they have used various strategies to avoid stigmatization. We could also see that jealousy is often associated with a feeling of ownership.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the role of a coach affects the private life. In orderto fulfill the purpose of this study we have used a qualitative method with seven conductedinterviews. The questions that where asked in the interviews were in the themes of norms, roleand role identity. The collected information from the interviews was transcribed and used in atable and was analyzed through a thematic analysis. This was conducted for the purpose that itwould answer the issues of the study. The results showed that different variables, for examplethe opinions on the private role, the role as a coach, norms, and each individuals relation to thenorms, could affect the private life of the coaches. These variables can together with the usingof different theories give a picture of the reasons why each individual is affected in the waythey are. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur idrottsledarrollen påverkar privatlivet. För att besvarasyftet använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod som innefattade sju intervjuer. Frågorna sombesvarades under intervjun handlade om normer, roll och rollidentitet. Den insamladeinformationen transkriberades och användes sedan i ett tabellschema för att sammanställas medhjälp av en tematisk analys. Detta gjordes för att kunna svara på studiens frågeställningar.Resultatet visade att olika variabler, såsom synen på rollen och sig själv, men även synen pånormer och förhållandet till dessa, kan påverka hur individerna påverkas i deras privatliv iåtagandet som idrottsledare. Dessa variabler kan med hjälp av olika teorier ge en fingervisningtill vad det är i individen som gör att dem påverkas på det sätt som dem gör.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the role of a coach affects the private life. In order to fulfill the purpose of this study we have used a qualitative method with seven conducted interviews. The questions that where asked in the interviews were in the themes of norms, role and role identity. The collected information from the interviews was transcribed and used in a table and was analyzed through a thematic analysis. This was conducted for the purpose that it would answer the issues of the study. The results showed that different variables, for example the opinions on the private role, the role as a coach, norms, and each individuals relation to the norms, could affect the private life of the coaches. These variables can together with the using of different theories give a picture of the reasons why each individual is affected in the way they are. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur idrottsledarrollen påverkar privatlivet. För att besvara syftet använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod som innefattade sju intervjuer. Frågorna som besvarades under intervjun handlade om normer, roll och rollidentitet. Den insamlade informationen transkriberades och användes sedan i ett tabellschema för att sammanställas med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Detta gjordes för att kunna svara på studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet visade att olika variabler, såsom synen på rollen och sig själv, men även synen på normer och förhållandet till dessa, kan påverka hur individerna påverkas i deras privatliv i åtagandet som idrottsledare. Dessa variabler kan med hjälp av olika teorier ge en fingervisning till vad det är i individen som gör att dem påverkas på det sätt som dem gör.

Vår kandidatuppsats, Rå men hjärtlig - en kvalitativ studie om kvinnor i ledande positioner på en mansdominerad arbetsplats baseras på hur kvinnor i ledande positioner upplever sina förutsättningar och villkor i en mansdominerad organisation. Vidare syftar undersökningen till att  redogöra för hur organisationen upplevs arbeta med jämställdhetsfrågor. Intresset för genomförandet av undersökningen grundas i vår egen nyfikenhet av ledarskapet. Ytterligare ville vi få en förförståelse för vad ledande kvinnor kan tänkas möta med utgångspunkten att vara i minoritet. Den teoretiska referensramen består av teorier, begrepp och tidigare forskning gällande kön och genus men även jämställdhet. Genomgående teorier för undersökningen är Doing gender och mannen som norm. Majoriteten av teorierna valdes ut innan insamling av det empiriska materialet. Strategier kvinnor utvecklar på mansdominerade arbetsplatser har tillkommit efter datainsamlingen. En kvalitativ undersökning med semi-strukturerande intervjuer genomfördes i en global industrikoncern i Sverige. Tio (10) kvinnor i ledande positioner från tre (3) olika affärsområden och olika hierarkiska nivåer deltog. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att kvinnor i ledande positioner på en mansdominerad arbetsplats tenderar att möta olika typer av motstånd eftersom att de ofta bedöms utifrån den manliga normen. En organisation kan tillskriva kön olika stereotypa föreställningar vilket de själva har svårt att upptäcka eftersom att det normaliseras i den rådande kontexten. Det framkommer att jargongen kan vara väldigt hård och att en kvinna i ledande position förväntas tåla lite. Resultatet talar även för att de kvinnor som känner sig accepterade trivs mycket bra på sin arbetsplats, att vara accepterad är således betydelsefullt. / Our graduate study is based on how women in senior positions experience their prerequisites and conditions in a male-dominated organization. Furthermore, the survey aims at explaining how the organization is working with gender issues and gender equality. The interest in this subject is based on our own curiosity towards leadership. In addition, we wanted to get an understanding of what women in senior positions might experience with the assumption that they are in minority. The theoretical frame of reference consists of theories, concepts and previous research on gender and gender equality. Significant theories for the survey are Doing gender and Man as a norm. The majority of the theories were chosen before the empirical material was collected. Strategies women develop on male-dominated workplaces have been added after the data collection. A qualitative survey with semi-structured interviews was performed in a global industrial group in Sweden. Ten (10) women in senior positions from three (3) different business areas and different hierarchical levels participated. The results of the survey show that women in senior positions in a male-dominated workplace tend to face different types of resistance, because they are often judged based on the male norm. An organization can attribute gender to different stereotypical performances, which they themselves find difficult to detect because it is normalized in the context. It appears that the jargon can be very rough and a woman in a senior position is expected to withstand a little roughness. The result also shows that the women who feel accepted enjoy their workplace, that is also why being accepted is important.