This project presents research based on sampling in hip-hop music, particularly how samples create meaning in the music, especially in the context of twentieth century African-American music. The central thesis is that sampling generates meaning in hiphop music by creating semantic and aesthetic relationships between songs that sample and the songs they have sampled. Furthermore, this method of creating meaning is endemic in other African-American genres of music such as jazz and dub, and is thus integral to understanding the relationships between these genres. This contention is supported primarily by an analysis (including partial transcription) of Nas' song "Get Down" (2003) and its relationship with the song it samples, James Brown's "The Boss" (1973), all of which is found in Chapter 3. This chapter, divided into two sections labelled the Semantic Approach and the Aesthetic Approach, examines certain interpretive theories such as intertextuality, Gates' (1988) theory of the Signifyin(g) Monkey, and coding/decoding. Chapter 3 also looks closely at a common sample source, James Brown's song "Funky Drummer" (1970). Additionally there is a history of sampling in hip-hop music—Chapter 1—that features a special focus on sampling technology, and aims to illustrate the commensurate intertextual qualities found in various African-American musical genres. Both the analysis and history are supported by the technical information in Chapter 2 on sampling. / Ce projet présente les résultats d'une recherche sur l'échantillonnage (sampling) dans la musique hip-hop. Plus spécifiquement, l'objectif est de mieux comprendre la signification de la pratique de l'échantillonnage musical dans le contexte de la musique afro-américaine du XXe siècle. La thèse centrale est que l'échantillonnage produit du sens dans la musique hip-hop en créant des rapports sémantiques et esthétiques entre les chansons qui échantillonnent et celles qui sont échantillonnées. En outre, cette manière de créer du sens est caractéristique d'autres genres musicaux afro-américains, tels que le jazz et le dub, et est ainsi essentielle pour bien saisir les rapports entretenus par ces genres. Cette hypothèse est soutenue principalement par une analyse (incluant une transcription partielle) de la chanson « Get Down » (2003) de Nas et de son rapport avec la chanson « The Boss » (1973) de James Brown, qui constitue la source des échantillons (chapitre 3). Ce chapitre, divisé en deux sections (« Semantic Approach » et « Aesthetic Approach »), s'inspire de certaines théories interprétatives, telles que l'intertextualité, la théorie du « Signifyin(g) Monkey » de Gates (1988), de même que l'encodage/décodage. Le chapitre 3 étudie également une source commune d'échantillonnage, soit « Funky Drummer» (1970) de James Brown. Le mémoire comporte aussi une histoire de l'échantillonnage dans la musique hip-hop (chapitre 1) qui se concentre principalement sur la technologie de l'échantillonnage, et qui vise à illustrer les qualités intertextuelles correspondantes trouvées dans divers genres musicaux afro-américains. L'analyse et l'histoire sont soutenues par une synthèse des informations techniques liées à la pratique de l'échantillonnage (chapitre 2).

quatro artistas paulistas: Luiz Paulo Baravelli, Frederico Nasser, Carlos Fajardo e José Resende, antes alunos de Wesley Duke Lee. A Escola existiu entre 1970 e 1974 em São Paulo. Os quatro fundadores eram nos anos 60 estudantes de arquitetura; três deles participaram da Rex Gallery & Sons, criada por Geraldo de Barros, Nelson Leiner e Duke Lee. A galeria os colocou em contato com o meio artístico brasileiro, especialmente o paulista, e seus debates. Os pressupostos conceituais e a experiência social da Escola Brasil: apresentam pontos de intersecção com experiências e projetos artísticos (e culturais) situados entre os anos 50 e 70, dois pontos altos da modernização brasileira; e é esse o eixo temporal, histórico, em que se procura situar criticamente sua existência. Os principais nexos de relação entre a Escola e este recorte temporal são as sintonias que apresenta, tanto do ponto de vista da produção artística como da experiência de ensino, com o projeto construtivo e o Tropicalismo. / This work is about Escola de arte Brasil: (two points), one institution founded by four artistis from São Paulo: Luiz Paulo Baravelli, Frederico Nasser, Carlos Fajardo and José Resende, that before studied with Wesley Duke Lee. The Escola existed between 1970 and 1974 in São Paulo. The four founders were on the 60s architecture students; three of them participated of Rex Gallery & Sons, created by Geraldo de Barros, Nelson Leirner and Duke Lee. The gallery got them in touch whit the Brazilian artistic environment and pleading, specially with the scene from São Paulo. The conceptual assumptions and the social experience of the Escola Brasil: presents points of intersection with artistic (and cultural) experiences and projects situated between the decades of 50s and the 70s, two highlights of the Brazilian modernization process; and this is the temporal axis, historical, that this work try to situate critically its existence. The main links of relation between the Escola and this temporal axis are the tunings that presents, both from the point of view of artistic production as the teaching experience, with the constructive project and with the Tropicalismo.

With a significant number of African American single-parent families responsible for raising a generation of male children, the focus of this qualitative case study was on exploring the African American single mother-son dyad to identify metacommunicative signals delivered from mothers to sons. This study was grounded in a theoretical framework combining attachment theory and social learning theory. The research questions focused on identifying metacommunication messages passed from mothers to sons and how metacommunication patterns influence the youth's social identity. Four single mothers with adolescent sons and 4 unrelated adult sons of single mothers participated in semistructured interviews. Data were collected and analyzed using content analysis and coding supported with NVivo software. Key findings revealed that the metacommunication was a dominant form of communication in the African-American family construct, and affected the parenting styles. From the mother's retrospective reports, African-American mother's adapted an authoritarian or helicopter parenting styles to control and protect their sons from racism, becoming victims of crime and violence, being arrested, or incarcerated. The key finding from the sons' retrospective reports was that negative metacommunication from single mothers to sons was associated with insecure attachment, avoidance, and risky behaviors. The implications for social change are that positive metacommunication can strengthen the African American single mother-son dyad. This information may lead to intervention strategies for targeting negative metacommunication patterns from African American single mothers to sons and teaching new communication rules that foster a secure relationship.

quatro artistas paulistas: Luiz Paulo Baravelli, Frederico Nasser, Carlos Fajardo e José Resende, antes alunos de Wesley Duke Lee. A Escola existiu entre 1970 e 1974 em São Paulo. Os quatro fundadores eram nos anos 60 estudantes de arquitetura; três deles participaram da Rex Gallery & Sons, criada por Geraldo de Barros, Nelson Leiner e Duke Lee. A galeria os colocou em contato com o meio artístico brasileiro, especialmente o paulista, e seus debates. Os pressupostos conceituais e a experiência social da Escola Brasil: apresentam pontos de intersecção com experiências e projetos artísticos (e culturais) situados entre os anos 50 e 70, dois pontos altos da modernização brasileira; e é esse o eixo temporal, histórico, em que se procura situar criticamente sua existência. Os principais nexos de relação entre a Escola e este recorte temporal são as sintonias que apresenta, tanto do ponto de vista da produção artística como da experiência de ensino, com o projeto construtivo e o Tropicalismo. / This work is about Escola de arte Brasil: (two points), one institution founded by four artistis from São Paulo: Luiz Paulo Baravelli, Frederico Nasser, Carlos Fajardo and José Resende, that before studied with Wesley Duke Lee. The Escola existed between 1970 and 1974 in São Paulo. The four founders were on the 60s architecture students; three of them participated of Rex Gallery & Sons, created by Geraldo de Barros, Nelson Leirner and Duke Lee. The gallery got them in touch whit the Brazilian artistic environment and pleading, specially with the scene from São Paulo. The conceptual assumptions and the social experience of the Escola Brasil: presents points of intersection with artistic (and cultural) experiences and projects situated between the decades of 50s and the 70s, two highlights of the Brazilian modernization process; and this is the temporal axis, historical, that this work try to situate critically its existence. The main links of relation between the Escola and this temporal axis are the tunings that presents, both from the point of view of artistic production as the teaching experience, with the constructive project and with the Tropicalismo.

Des sons auto-entretenus peuvent être générés par l'interaction d'un jet plan avec une plaque fendue, et se coupler avec les résonances acoustiques du conduit de soufflage. L'étude s'intéresse aux conditions optimales de production de la source aéroacoustique ainsi créée et à l'influence du couplage sur cette production. Un dispositif expérimental, basé essentiellement sur des mesures microphoniques et vélocimétriques est utilisé. Il est associé à un modèle basé sur la théorie du son tourbillonnaire (``vortex-sound''). Des informations obtenues expérimentalement sur la convection des tourbillons et leur synchronisation avec le champ acoustique permettent de compléter les données d'entrée du modèle. Une loi d'évolution de la fréquence d'émission de type ``Rossiter'' est également obtenue expérimentalement. Les résultats de modélisation permettent d'interpréter cette loi d'évolution comme la condition optimale de production de la source aéroacoustique. Le couplage entre cette source et les résonances du conduit de soufflage est également étudié. Il se fait avec les modes plans du conduit lorsque l'angle d'inclinaison de l'obstacle par rapport à la sortie du jet est faible et avec des modes non-plans dans le cas contraire. L'influence de l'admittance d'entrée du conduit sur le couplage est de plus mise en évidence dans le cas plan. Finalement, l'évolution des fréquences d'émission mesurée est expliquée par un compromis entre les conditions optimales de production de la source aéroacoustique et les conditions optimales de couplage avec le conduit de soufflage.

The purpose of the study is to examine adult attachment relationships among a group of college students and their parents. Two attachment hypotheses were tested: The mental model hypothesis for attachments with parents and romantic partners and the compensation hypothesis for attachment with God. Hypothesis 1 attempted to determine if there was agreement between parents and children about a self-reported attachment style. Support was found as students and parents had a significantly higher level of agreement when reporting a secure style of attachment between them, with sons being significantly highest. Hypothesis 2 examined agreement on attachment style between generations: Children's report of attachments to parents and parents' report of attachment to their parents. Results indicated that parents' reporting a secure style of attachment to their parents was significantly higher with their same gender parents. Hypothesis 3 produced two 15 x 15 correlation matrices including measures of romantic attachment and religiousness for children and parents. In general, further validity for measures used is provided in numerous expected correlations. Anxious and avoidant romantic attachment styles and desperate love were significantly positively related and were often negatively related to a secure style of attachment. Results indicate significant relationships between fathers' and children's (particularly daughters') romantic styles. The only significant correlation for mothers and sons was on religiousness; however, mothers and daughters, fathers and daughters, as well as mothers and fathers were all significantly positively correlated on religiousness. Hypothesis 4 results indicated that when there was disagreement with fathers on attachment style, children scored higher on a measure of religiousness, supporting the compensation hypothesis. Hypothesis 5 found that children with secure attachments to both parents and mothers with high importance of religion also scored significantly higher on importance of religion, supporting the mental model hypothesis. Overall, this study suggests that the mental model and compensation hypotheses do not compete, but rather, coexist in different contexts, perhaps with mediating events that discriminate between the two processes.

Cada capítulo da tese apresenta resumo e abstract. O resumo que segue é referente ao primeiro capítulo / Orientador: Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad / Banca: Luís Olímpio Menta Giasson / Banca: Cynthia Peralta de Almeida Prado / Resumo: Vocalizações são muito importantes para atração de fêmeas e delimitação de territórios em anuros de reprodução prolongada. Machos de Hypsiboas prasinus apresentam atividade de vocalização noturna ao longo de todo o ciclo anual na Serra do Japi, utilizando principalmente a vegetação marginal arbustiva e herbácea como sítios de vocalização. O padrão de atividade de vocalização dessa espécie foi acompanhado em um ciclo de 12 meses, de julho de 2011 a junho de 2012 e foram feitas gravações de suas vocalizações para análise bioacústica. Aqui são apresentados os parâmetros físicos de quatro das cinco vocalizações identificadas para esta espécie, sendo uma nota de anúncio introdutória (nota A), uma nota de anúncio utilizada em atividade de coro (nota B), uma nota de anúncio utilizada para retomada da atividade de vocalização (nota C) e uma nota agonística (nota D). Foi encontrada uma concentração de atividade de vocalização no mês de julho e não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre temperatura do ar e atividade de vocalização, sugerindo uma regulação da atividade baseada em interações comportamentais e não em limitações fisiológicas, conforme verificado por outros autores. Foi observado que alguns indivíduos passam a vocalizar a partir da superfície da água durante a estação fria e seca e aqui são discutidas as prováveis vantagens deste comportamento / Abstract: Vocalizations have great importance for female attraction and territory delimitation in prolonged breeding anurans. Males of Hypsiboas prasinus present a year-round nocturnal calling activity, using mainly marginal herbaceous and bushy vegetation as calling sites. The temporal pattern of calling activity was monitored for a twelve-month period, from July 2011 to June 2012 and vocalizations were recorded for bioacoustics analysis. Herein are shown physical parameters for four of the five types of vocalizations found in this species, being one introductory advertisement call (note A), one chorus advertisement call (note B), one resuming activity advertisement call (note C) and one agonistic call (note D). A significant activity concentration was found in July and there was no significant correlation between air temperature and calling activity, suggesting a behaviorally-controlled calling pattern instead of a physiologically-controlled one, as observed by previous authors. During the cold dry season, some individuals were observed to shift their calling sites to the water surface and the plausible advantages of such behavior are discussed / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 387991.pdf: 400372 bytes, checksum: 6c21fe254b7fa420d311d08fa078da3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-14 / Objetivo: Verificar a associa??o entre o diagn?stico de asma e sibil?ncia com o estado nutricional aos quatro anos de idade, na popula??o geral e entre os dois grupos da popula??o que sofreram interven??o ou acompanhamento nutricional no primeiro ano de vida. M?todos: Estudo de coorte, realizado com crian?as de 3 a 4 anos, moradores da zona urbana da cidade de S?o Leopoldo - RS, Brasil, recrutadas ao nascimento no ?nico hospital desta cidade, somente nos setores de atendimento do SUS entre outubro de 2001 e julho de 2002. Os pares m?e-filho foram randomizados em grupo interven??o e controle, sendo que o grupo interven??o foi submetido a um programa de orienta??es diet?ticas, relativo as diretrizes elaboradas pela Coordena??o Geral da Pol?tica de Alimenta??o e Nutri??o do Minist?rio da Sa?de denominadas: Dez Passos da Alimenta??o Saud?vel para crian?as menores de dois anos. As crian?as que completaram a primeira fase do estudo foram revisitadas a partir do m?s de janeiro de 2006 em seus domic?lios e seus pais ou familiares responderam um question?rio aplicado por entrevistadores, com perguntas sobre asma, sibil?ncia e fatores de risco pessoais, familiares e ambientais (baseado no question?rio ISAAC - International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood). Para as an?lises relativas ao estado nutricional, inicialmente foram obtidas as medidas antropom?tricas peso e altura e utilizados os indicadores peso/estatura e estatura/idade, avaliados em score Z do padr?o americano Nacional Center Health Statistics (NCHS). Resultados: As crian?as amostradas (n=341), com idade m?dia de 4,3 anos, apresentaram preval?ncia de sibil?ncia ativa (nos ?ltimos 12 meses) de 21,1% e de 5,3% para asma alguma vez na vida. N?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significativa em rela??o ao peso para estatura (P/E) e estatura para a idade (E/I). Ao estratificar essas vari?veis nos grupos de interven??o alimentar tamb?m n?o foram observadas altera??es significativas aos 4,3 anos de idade. Houve uma significativa associa??o entre a vari?vel baixa estatura (E/I) e sibil?ncia nos ?ltimos 12 meses. A associa??o entre asma ativa (p=0,004) e sibil?ncia ativa (p=0,005) com a vari?vel hist?ria materna de asma foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclus?es: Podemos inferir que, o aporte nutricional destas crian?as est? sendo satisfat?rio entre os dois grupos da popula??o que sofreram interven??o ou acompanhamento nutricional no primeiro ano de vida, de tal forma que a composi??o corporal das mesmas n?o foi afetada pela doen?a, pelo ambiente ou pela intera??o entre ambos. Embora n?o conclusivos, os achados deste trabalho sugerem que indiv?duos que apresentam hist?ria de sibil?ncia podem apresentar altera??es significativas de crescimento, embora n?o possa se desconsiderar a possibilidade de que baixa estatura seja um fator de risco para sibil?ncia.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 448527.pdf: 415770 bytes, checksum: 09e12a0bd7a9b1c0393a3bdb829d942c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / Acute wheezing is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Previous studies have described a difference in the severity of the disease depends on the virus identified in a sample of air, but some studies show conflicting results. This study is therefore to evaluate the relationship between the causative pathogen of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and length of stay in a sample of infants from Porto Alegre. The nasopharyngeal specimens for testing of respiratory viruses by immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction were collected between 09/2009 and 09/2011. We recruited patients at the Hospital S?o Lucas diagnosed with LRTI. We analyzed 122 samples from patients with LTRI, and of these, 65 (51.2%) were positive for respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSV). Besides these samples, 15 were positive for influenza, 5 to rhinovirus, parainfluenza to 10, 3 to metapneumov?rus and 3 for adenovirus. When we used length of stay as a marker of severity, patients with RSV were, on average, 6.74 ? 4.39 days hospitalized, while patients infected with other viruses were only 4.97 ? 2.64 days hospitalized, on average; this difference was statistically significant. However, when we used other risk factor as family history of asthma, number of siblings and sex, there was no significant difference. The study demonstrated high overall positive tests for virus, with the predominance of RSV. The study suggests that RSV may be considered as a risk factor for ITRI severity / As crises de sibil?ncia desencadeadas por v?rus est?o entre as principais causas de interna??o hospitalar em lactentes. Estudos pr?vios descreveram uma diferen?a na severidade da doen?a dependente do v?rus identificado em amostra de via a?rea, por?m alguns trabalhos apresentam resultados conflitantes. Este estudo tem, portanto, o objetivo de avaliar a rela??o entre o pat?geno causador da infec??o e tempo de interna??o, em uma amostra de lactentes de Porto Alegre. As amostras de secre??o nasofar?ngea para pesquisa de v?rus respirat?rios por imunofluoresc?ncia direta (IFD) e polymerase chain reaction (PCR) foram coletadas no per?odo 09/2009 e 09/2011. Foram recrutados pacientes internados no Hospital S?o Lucas da PUCRS com diagn?stico de infec??o do trato respirat?rio inferior (ITRI). Foram analisadas 122 amostras de pacientes com ITRI, e destas, 65 (51,2%) foram positivas para infec??o por v?rus sincicial respirat?rio (VSR). Al?m destas amostras, 15 foram positivas para influenza, 5 para rinov?rus, 10 para parainfluenza, 3 para metapneumov?rus e 3 para adenov?rus. Quando utilizamos o tempo de interna??o como um marcador de gravidade, pacientes com VSR ficaram, em m?dia, 6,74 ? 4,39 dias internados, enquanto pacientes sem VSR ficaram apenas 4,97 ? 2,64 dias internados, em m?dia, sendo esta diferen?a estatisticamente significativa. Por?m quando avaliados outros fatores de risco como hist?ria familiar de asma da m?e, n?mero de irm?os e sexo n?o houve uma diferen?a significativa. O estudo demonstrou uma positividade geral elevada para v?rus, com a predomin?ncia do VSR. Este estudo indica a possibilidade de que a infec??o por VSR possa influenciar marcadores gravidade em lactentes com ITRI

There are many ways parents can improve their offspring’s outcomes. For example, they can invest in offspring’s education or health. They can provide better social connections to obtain job information or personal references. In addition, they can exert political influence to obtain better labor market outcomes for their offspring. Understanding exactly how parents improve their offspring’s outcomes is very important for the formation of political perspectives and policy designs. However, it is very difficult to disentangle the factors, as parents of high socioeconomic status do many things to help their children succeed. This dissertation presents three quasi-experimental studies to understand the causal mechanisms of parents’ influence on children’s outcomes in the context of China and United States. Chapter two examines the implementation of court-ordered racial desegregation of schools and finds that school desegregation increases biracial births. This provides the first evidence of how an education policy that affects racial integration also has demographic implications and an intergenerational impact on social and economic opportunities. Chapter three examines the effect of school desegregation on infant health. This chapter adopts the same empirical strategy and data as chapter three. I extend the paper by examining the effect of school desegregation on infant health. I find that for black mothers, school desegregation improves infant health, as measured by preterm birth. It also increases maternal education and fertility age. These may be important pathways to improve infant health. Chapter two and chapter three add to the growing literature on the impact of school desegregation beyond academic achievement. Chapter five examines the effect of fathers’ political influence on offspring’s labor market outcomes in China. It presents a difference-in-difference approach that exploits the variation of political influence in three dimensions: parent bureaucrat occupation, retirement status instrumented by retirement policy, and offspring gender. Using cross-section data from China Household Income Survey, it finds that the retirement of a bureaucrat with political influence translates into a decrease in offspring’s income of 13 percent. Chapter six provides a summary and conclusions and discusses future research directions.