本研究建立含資產價格泡沫的隨機動態一般均衡 (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium, DSGE) 模型，並以此討論貨幣政策與總體審慎政策的效果。泡沫存在於不動產的股票價格上，且不動產與一般資本皆為生產要素。研究顯示，在隨機衝擊下，一般資本的投資與不動產投資呈現負相關。融資擔保率的調控為總體審慎政策的範疇，本文另研究融資擔保率對經濟變數的影響。結果顯示，當擔保率調升時，產出增加、泡沫減少且不動產的股價 (資產價格) 下跌。本文亦討論依循泰勒法則下的貨幣政策與總體審慎政策對產出與資產價格波動的影響；結果顯示，在經濟景氣時實施緊縮貨幣政策可同時減少資產價格與產出的波動，其效果優於總體審慎政策。 / This study established a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model, which contains asset bubble price, and employed DSGE to discuss the effect of the monetary policy and the macro-prudential policy. Bubbles exist in the stock price of the real estate. Real estate and general capital are both the factors of production. The study indicates that, under stochastic impulse, a negative correlation exists between the investment of the general capital and the investment of the real estate. The study also discusses the operation of the collateral rate, a perspective dealing with macro-prudential policy, and how it influences economic variables. The results present that when collateral rate rises, output increases, bubbles decreases and the stock price of real estate (asset price) declines. The study further investigates how monetary policy, which follows the Taylor rule, and macro-prudential policy affect the vibration of the output and the asset price. The result indicates that during economic prosperity, the implementation of tight monetary policy presents better effect than that of macro-prudential policy since it simultaneously decreases variances of output and asset price.

在面臨2008年金融危機後嚴峻之需求面衝擊下，多國央行紛紛調降利率，甚至調降至零利率，以期望國家能盡速脫離經濟衰退。在利率調降的過程中，由於受零利率下限的限制，單純藉由傳統貨幣政策之調控，仍可能無法使經濟從嚴峻的需求面衝擊下恢復。因此，非傳統貨幣政策也在美國、日本、英國、歐元區等國家被央行所採行做為對抗經濟衰退的政策工具。在此背景下，我們想了解如何實施最適非傳統貨幣政策。 在最適貨幣政策理論發展中，最適傳統貨幣政策發展較早，因此也較為完備。而在最適非傳統貨幣政策方面，前瞻指引(forward guidance)這項政策工具已被引入最適理論中來進行討論，但量化寬鬆(quantitative easing)直至今日還未被引入最適理論中來討論。 因此，本文建構一個封閉的新興凱因斯模型(New Keynesian)，開創性的將量化寬鬆引入最適貨幣政策理論中，來討論最適傳統與非傳統貨幣政策，也藉此與過去文獻比較施行量化寬鬆與未施行量化寬鬆之影響。 / After financial crisis occurred in 2008, countries, such as United States of America, United Kingdom, Japan and the euro area, have been mired in slow economic growth, compared with long-term, and have confronted with severe negative demand shocks which can’t be offset by zero interest-rate policy. Under the circumstance where zero lower bound was present, unconventional monetary policy was implemented by central bank of each country to end up the economic recession prospectively. As a result, we are interested in how to implement optimal unconventional monetary policy. The literatures regarding implementing conventional optimal monetary policy under demand shock were developed maturely. Forward guidance, one of unconventional monetary policy, was already developed in field of optimal monetary policy under impacted by demand shock, but quantitative easing has not been conducted in the theory of optimal monetary policy so far. Thus, we construct a close-economy by New Keynesian model to conduct quantitative easing into the theory of optimal monetary policy to discuss the optimal conventional and unconventional monetary policy, and to compare the difference corresponding to the previous literatures which without quantitative easing.

台灣國內市場小，出口是台灣產業重要發展方向，故全球市場是台灣發展經濟重要的舞台。然而，台灣企業無論是全球主流型企業或是全球利基型企業都鮮少做到在尖端基礎科學、科技領域擁有領先的核心技術，成為該產業的領導者。 在全球激烈的競爭下，台灣企業經營者思維停留在只要繼續獲得大量的訂單，即可以保住獲利，但是台灣企業無法根本性地壓低成本，維持產品價格競爭力，去面對全球性的競爭。 本研究試圖探討京瓷、日本航空、艾訊、研華科技、崇友實業與歐洲三間公司的阿米巴經營管理實施情境，進行台灣企業導入阿米巴經營管理的可行性分析，並參照京瓷打造阿米巴組織的方式與稻盛和夫導入阿米巴經營管理至日本航空的成功案例，從中剖析導入阿米巴經營管理的台灣企業應用上產生之問題並提出適合導入阿米巴經營管理制度的台灣企業特性。 研究發現台灣企業應用上產生問題的原因有兩點，第一點為台灣企業對於阿米巴經營管理運作方式的理解程度較不足，才會產生類阿米巴的運作方式以及將阿米巴組織變動的特性視為矩陣式組織的現象；第二點為台灣的國家文化導致台灣企業長久存在的經營現象，企業認為設立較多組織階層有助於主管指揮與控制員工行為，故阿米巴領導者容易由中高階主管擔任，企業對於財務資訊的揭露仍顯得保守，因此導入阿米巴經營管理容易產生無法讓員工了解公司經營現況。 依據上述問題，分析出適合導入阿米巴經營管理的企業特性——企業領導者能將利他與為了達成崇高目標不斷地努力工作直到成功之想法注入員工思維之台灣企業、內部能精準實施阿米巴經營管理會計制度之台灣企業、資訊系統的運作能導入市場機制的台灣企業及給予員工優於勞動市場薪酬之台灣企業。 然而，真正使阿米巴經營運作得以成功的先決條件還是在於企業本身是否重視員工價值以及企業是否給予能解決艱困挑戰的員工高額薪資，員工在物質條件與心靈精神受到滿足後，為了報答公司而努力工作，才能讓企業在尖端技術領域不斷地進行攻堅與突破、在營運流程中降低不必要的費用。 / Due to the small size of Taiwan’s domestic market, exports play an important role in Taiwan’s economy. However, with limited access to core technologies, Taiwanese enterprises that excel in developing business overseas as global mainstream or niche companies rarely become top players in their respective industries. Moreover, owners of these Taiwanese enterprises tend to rely on bulk orders from overseas clients to gain corporate profits and sustain global competitiveness, but are unlikely to maintain product or service competitiveness in the global market because of failure in fundamental cost reduction. This study investigates the practice of the Amoeba Management System (AMS) when applied to Axiomtek, Advantech, Golden Friends Corporation, and three European companies. By comparing the scenario of Kazuo Inamori’s AMS in Kyocera Corporation and how he applied it to Japan Airlines with the scenario of implementing the AMS in the said Taiwanese (i.e., Axiomtek, Advantech, and Golden Friends Corporation) and European companies while analyzing the problems arising from the implementation in these companies, the study finally identifies the characteristics of Taiwanese companies that are suitable for adopting the AMS. The study findings reveal that the implementation of AMS is effective in four types of Taiwanese enterprises: (1) enterprises whose owners motivate employees toward achieving corporate goals, (2) enterprises that adequately apply the AMS to their accounting management systems, (3) enterprises that apply a market-based approach to developing their enterprise resource planning systems, and (4) enterprises that provide employees with competitive salaries and benefits packages.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(教育学) / 乙第13275号 / 論教博第166号 / 新制||教||187(附属図書館) / (主査)准教授 田中 康裕, 教授 桑原 知子, 教授 河合 俊雄 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(経済学) / 乙第13155号 / 論経博第397号 / 新制||経||285(附属図書館) / 大阪市立大学大学院経営学研究科商学専攻 / (主査)教授 諸富 徹, 教授 岡田 知弘, 教授 黒澤 隆文 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24101号 / 工博第5023号 / 新制||工||1784(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 牧 紀男, 教授 小林 広英, 教授 三浦 研 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24816号 / 工博第5159号 / 新制||工||1985(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 角 哲也, 准教授 Kantoush Sameh, 准教授 山上 路生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

視覺辨識是極其快速而且正確的，逐步揭露作業可展示此一閃而過的動態視覺辨識歷程，本研究目的即在以此作業探討主角與地點在動態視覺辨識過程中相互影響的內涵。實驗一旨在建立主角與地點的視覺辨識基準線，結果發現主角比起地點只需累積較低空間頻率訊息即可完成正確辨識，得到物體優勢效果。實驗二旨在驗證物體與背景之間在視覺處理上的非獨立關係，透過操弄單獨呈現與同時呈現兩種視覺呈現方式，以主角辨識作業與地點辨識作業加以驗證。結果顯示對地點辨識作業而言，同時呈現情況比起單獨呈現情況只需累積較低空間頻率訊息即可完成正確辨識；對主角辨識作業而言，單獨呈現情況與同時呈現情況並無不同。除此之外，在單獨呈現情況下，仍獲得物體優勢效果。但在同時呈現情況下，物體優勢效果並不復見，反而是地點辨識優於主角辨識。實驗二結果支持物體與背景之間在視覺處理上為非獨立關係。實驗三進一步從「一致性效果」在促進層面以及抑制層面上的作用情況，探討物體與背景之間在視覺處理上相互影響的內涵。實驗三a結果顯示，在主角辨識作業中所得到的「一致性效果」，源於地點訊息對主角辨識在抑制層面的作用而來。實驗三b結果顯示，在地點辨識作業中所得到「一致性效果」，則源於主角訊息對地點辨識在促進層面與抑制層面的作用而來。實驗四進一步以同時呈報的作業方式，讓參與者對整張場景進行辨識，對於視覺系統所知覺到的主角內容與地點內容都需加以呈報，藉此再次驗證主角與地點處理的相互影響。其結果顯示在主角內容與地點內容呈報時，皆獲得「一致性效果」。除此之外，在一致情況與不一情況下皆獲得物體優勢效果。本研究以動態視覺處理模型中物體與背景平行處理且密切交換訊息之觀點解釋所得結果，並提出注意力分佈在此動態視覺處理歷程扮演重要角色。 / Visual recognition is a fast and accurate process. The present study adopted a progressive revelation task, which mimics the visual dynamics appropriately, to investigate the interaction of character and surroundings in the dynamic visual processing. Experiment 1 aimed to establish visual recognition curves for character and surroundings separately as baselines. The results showed that less amount of cumulated perceptual evidence was required for character than surroundings, so that it showed the object advantage effect. In Experiment 2, the non-independent relationship between the object- and background-related visual processes was verified. The performance of isolation condition with the character and surroundings presented in isolation was compared to the concurrent condition with the two presented concurrently. The results of the surroundings recognition task showed that less amount of cumulated perceptual evidence was required for concurrent condition than isolation condition. In contrast, for the character recognition task, there was no difference between these two conditions. These results supported the non-independent relationship between object- and background-related processes. Object advantage effect was replicated in the isolation condition but not in the concurrent condition, which meant that surroundings required less amount of perceptual evidence than character for visual recognition instead. In Experiment 3, interaction between object- and background-related processes was investigated by consistency effect from both the aspects of facilitation and inhibition effects. Results of Experiment 3a showed that consistency effect was only contributed by inhibition effect in the character recognition task. Results of Experiment 3b showed that both the facilitation and inhibition effects contributed to the consistency effect in the surroundings recognition task. In Experiment 4, participants were asked to report both the contents of character and surroundings. The results showed that consistency effects occurred in both of the content reports. And also the object advantage effect appeared in both of the consistent and inconsistent conditions. Overall, the results of the present study implied that object- and background-related visual processes operate in parallel while interchange information intimately at each level of the visual processing stages. The results also suggest that deployment of attention resource played an important role in the dynamic visual process.

本文的研究目的為，在一個含有房屋及房屋相關貸款的動態隨機一般均衡模型的架構中，比較貨幣政策、財政政策以及總體審慎政策對於房屋價格及房屋相關貸款的穩定效果。本文建構一個經濟封閉體系，其中包含三種不同家計單位、商品生產部門、房屋建商、資本生產部門，並且由政府部門制定相關政策；此模型的特色為，不同家計單位中的借貸行為、名目價格僵固性以及透過房屋價格抵押貸款的限制來刻劃金融摩擦。我們考慮了一般緊縮貨幣政策、提高財產稅率以及緊縮貸款價值比；本文發現，在三種政策中，對於抑制房屋價格以及降低住房貸款對國內生產毛額的比例，財政政策及總體審慎政策比起緊縮貨幣政策擁有較好的效果。 / The main purpose in this paper is to compare the effect of monetary policy, fiscal policy and macroprudential policy on housing price and housing related loans using a micro-based dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with housing and housing related loans. We equip a closed economy model with three types of infinitely-lived households (patient households, impatient households and renters), a goods firm, housing and capital producer and a government sector. The model features borrowing and lending between patient and impatient households, nominal rigidity in goods price and financial friction in the form of collateral constraints tied to price of house. We consider the contractionary monetary policy by raising the interest rate, fiscal policy by increasing property tax rate and the macroprudential policy through tightening the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio. We find that among these three policies, in terms of dampening the price of housing and lowering the loan-to-GDP ratio, raising the property tax and lowering the LTV ratio outperforms the contractionary monetary policy.

國際經濟學者長期使用比較利益或規模經濟模型討論貿易問題，決定貿易型態及貿易 利得，但是卻忽略了某些命題的動態本質，例如技術進步在長期下會改變比較利益， 以及貿易政策及經濟成長的關係(Grossman & Helpman1988)，此乃近年來動態貿易理 論逐漸為人重視的原因，應用最適動態模型來處理這些新問題，較能了解其動員態調 整過程，本文的動機便是利用跨期性動態模型探討技術進步，在長期對經常帳，資本 累積的沖擊效果，是否能獲得與靜態貿易理論不同的內涵，及結論。 利用最適動態模型來分析經常帳及資本累積理論，根據其時間的界定可分為三類 (1) 兩期模型(Two-Period Model)(2) 跨代模型(Overlapping Generation Model)(3) 無 限期模型(Infinite-horizon Model)，此三類模型對此主題之研究是非常混亂旦不完 整，不同的模型會有不同的結論，本文所採用的模型乃第 (3)種，其主要依據為Abel & Blanchard(1983) 的單部門投資與儲蓄模型延伸為一個可以涵蓋兩部門的小型開放 經濟模型，試建立一個無限期動態化的兩部門小型開放國家的模型，本模型的特點在 於利用一個收益函數r(p,k,Q)取代了Abel & Blanchard的單部門生產函數f(k)，代表 一般化的兩部門生產架構來探討資本累積和經常帳的動態調整，利用及所沒有探討的 特性 (Dixit & Norman 1980)，我們可以探討文獻上所探討及所沒有探討的，有關技 術進步對資本存量及經常帳的影 。