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University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of History

全球教育改革情境下，国际教育政策议论聚焦于教师在实践中的专业发展，并希冀发展专业学习社群。专业学习社群经由教师互动沟通逐步建构而来，其发展有赖于教师合作的持续开展。回应全球教育改革浪潮，中国内地致力于通过校本教研政策增进教师合作，以促进教师专业发展。 / 本研究以实践社群为理论视角，从南京市两所个案小学选取37名教师，就其对合作的参与、诠释和理解开展深入访谈，并辅以文本搜集和观察，试图探讨校本教研中教师合作开展意义协商的过程。 / 研究所见，教师合作处于校本教研政策引导之下，在科层结构体系中制度化为校本教研教师社群。教师社群在意义协商过程中发展出服从权威、注重和谐、感情和认知并行的沟通规范，以便合作达成工作任务。工具理性之下，教师社群追求短期效用最大化，定位于实用性教学技能再生产。 / 本研究深化了教师参与合作过程的探讨，发展出校本教研意义协商的本土理解，并回应了实践社群、专业学习社群和教师专业性的学术讨论。在社群层面，教师在科层官僚体制下发展出学科社群。在知识领域层面，区教育行政部门主导教研方向。在实务层面，教师分工完成及共享课程规范流程、教案和公开课。在沟通规范层面，教师社群遵从集权式领导，在情感和认知的支持下合力完成技术性工作任务。由于以和谐之名规避不同见解和争议，教师社群并未发展出建设性争议。在实践定位层面，教师社群实践主要定位于问题解决，重教学技能操作再生产，约制了潜在的发展路向和交流空间。教师以多种不同的方式参与教师社群当中，基于不同的发展阶段及个人选择，呈现出多元发展轨迹。个案学校校本教研并未发展成专业学习社群。教师的专业性基于不同的职业生涯阶段，呈现出复合专业性。 / 校本教研教师社群可考虑拓展外延，并通过支持非正式微社群、鼓励参与以提升内涵。教师合作宜摒弃技术取向，开展开放式专业对话，加强专业对话的自我反思，突破模仿借鉴的限制，拓展再专业化空间。 / In the context of global education reform movement, teacher professional development has received much attention in international education arena. It is considered to be a potential way for school-based teacher development develops to be professional learning communities (PLCs). PLCs are viewed to be constructed gradually through teacher interactions and communications. The development of PLCs is tightly related to the continuing teacher collaboration. In response to the wave of global education reform, the Chinese mainland implements school-based teacher development policies to encourage teacher collaboration. / Informed by the theory of communities of practice (CoP), this study adopts a case study approach to explore the process of negotiation of meaning in teacher collaboration in school-based teaching and research. In-depth interviews were conducted on 37 teachers in two primary schools to collect data on teachers’ perception, understanding and participation in collaboration. Observations and document collection were also carried out to collect data to map out a more detailed picture. / Findings revealed that teacher collaboration was institutionalized as subject teacher communities in hierarchical structure system, guided by the policies of school-based teacher development in District Education Bureau. In the process of negotiation of meaning, teacher communities developed into three major norms of interaction: obedience to authority, relational harmony, emotional and cognitive support being combined. With the principle of instrumental rationality, teachers pursued the maximization of short-term utilizing teaching materials. Teacher collaboration was oriented towards the reproduction of teaching skills. / This study enriches the academic discussion on the process of teacher collaboration, develops local understanding of negotiation of meaning in school-based teacher development, and makes theoretical contributions to the international academic discussion on the understanding of CoP, PLCs and teacher professionalism. Concerning the teacher community, teachers were guided to develop subject communities in hierarchical structure system. For the knowledge boundry, district administrators led the direction of school-based teacher development. Regarding the practices, teachers worked together and shared standardized course procedures, teaching plans and open lessons. Concerning the norms of interaction, teacher followed patriarchal leadership, provided emotional and cognitive support reciprocally, and worked together to finish technical tasks. As divergent ideas and opinions were avoided for the sake of harmony, teacher community did not generate constructive conflict. Regarding the orientation of practice, teacher community targeted problem solving, laid emphasize on the reproduction of teaching skills, and limited the potential space for teacher communication. Teacher professionalism underwent a mixed effect based on developmental stages and personal choices. Subject teacher groups were not developed into PLCs in our case schools, but they demonstrated unique local features. Teachers showed divergent learning trajectories in their professional career within the teacher community. / It would help to extend external boundary of communities through developing networked learning communities. The capacity of communities would be cultivated through supporting informal micro-communities and encouraging participation. Teacher collaboration should abandon technical approach, and open professional dialogues should be encouraged. Enhancing reflection in the process of professional dialogues helps to nurture professional judgment to extend professional space. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 乔雪峰. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 263-279). / Abstracts also in English. / Qiao Xuefeng.

警察制度是近代歐洲國家鞏固內政的手段，也是近代市政府組織中，維護社會秩序、增進管理效率的次級部門。因此本文以近代南京為研究對象，採取晚清、北洋、南京國民政府3段時期，循序討論南京警察在抗戰前的制度變遷與運作概況，觀察警察是如何發揮管理南京社會的職責。 　　首先在晚清時期的發展，著重在警政制度的建立。當清廷於新政、立憲運動提倡建立警察後，南京舊有的衙門巡捕、綠營汛兵與保甲，被官方化、專業化、制度化的警察制度取代，而且警察的職責不侷限於維護治安，開始對南京部分的社會問題，初步提出管理方針或政策。 　　到了民國初年，因北洋政府尚未頒布市組織法，使得南京警察的業務範圍擴大至徵稅、戶口調查、衛生防疫、娼妓管理、貧民教育等事務，儼然是南京市政府的前身。然而警察機關難以跨越專業的藩籬，北洋時期的南京城市管理，就是標準的「以外行兼辦內行」。 　　直到南京市政府成立後，以專業化的市政分工，接辦管理南京社會的各項業務，南京警察也納入了市政一環，是為市政府監控南京社會、執行管理政策的重要人力，然而市政府無法負擔高額的警察費用，國民政府乃在1929年命令市公安局隸屬內政部，而失去警察人力的市政府，等於失去落實管理政策的「執行人員」、查緝不法事件的「執法人員」。因市政府公務員的強制力遠不如警察，導致市民屢有不配合之舉；《違警罰法》賦予警察廣泛的行政裁量權，更向市政府爭奪對南京的管理權。可是單憑警察一己之力，是難以全面管理南京，仍需要市政府給予專業上的協助。最後警察廳與市政府基於「管理南京」的共同目的，還有功能上的互補性，逐漸從對立轉趨向合作，構成緊密合作「雙重管理體系」。因此，抗戰前的南京警察發展史，等同於城市管理的變遷史。

民國佛教發展的一條主線是佛教的改革運動，這條線索串聯起了國家、寺僧、信眾，成為觀察和理解佛教如何回應時代劇變的關鍵。學術界對近代中國佛教史的研究中亦對佛教改革有所關注，但至少存在兩方面的不足：首先，關注的對象過於狹窄，局限在少數推行改革的"高僧"或居士的生平、思想上，故常將改革的藍圖當做了改革的實效，導致對民國佛教的特徵概括有所偏差；其次，未能從地方的視角出發，無法具體分析佛教在地方社區的各群體中扮演的複雜角色，因此對改革遭受抵制乃至失敗的原因分析不清。 / 本論文以民國時期（1912 - 1949）政治和佛教重鎮南京市的佛教寺廟、組織和信徒為中心，討論在政府和僧團自上而下的雙重改革計劃中，地方佛教如何進行回應。在研究方法上主要利用社會史、地方史的方法，通過解讀政府公文、檔案、佛教報刊、方誌寺誌、調查報告、時人文集等新、舊史料，結合量化的數據統計和質性的案例分析來呈現民國時首都南京的佛教狀況。 / 全文主體分四章展開，第一章主要透過數據展示南京佛寺、僧眾、廟產的概貌，第二、三兩章分別敘述國家和僧團建設首都模範佛教社群的嘗試及其成效，第四章分析南京城內信佛居士和民眾的實踐及其與佛教改革間的關係。本文的結論認為：相對於國家和僧團的初衷，佛教改革在南京的推行困境重重、收效甚微。其原因不可簡單歸為"保守"僧人的阻撓，"國家"內部的信仰和利益分歧使得政府主導的改革計劃大多被消解，而改革派僧人囿於現實條件而態度搖擺或方式不當也使得僧團主導的改革藍圖空有其名。地方的僧人、居士、信眾往往根據自身和當地的實際情況，在與各方勢力的斡旋中長期維持著他們認為最重要的佛教信仰、儀式和組織，比如佛教的禪、凈實踐、僧人的經懺傳統、寺院的法會香會等。最後在南京這樣的江浙中心城市，佛教所延續的傳統多過革新的成績。 / 通過考察南京的佛教改革進程，我們可以進一步修正甚或挑戰學界對近代佛教史的既有認知。第一，佛教在近代"宗教"/"迷信"的定義和分類中被作為合法的宗教，僧人的改革計劃亦有不少與政府的計劃重合，故佛教常被認作順應國家管制的代表。實則僧信的靈活抵制和佛教組織承擔的慈善、教育等公共角色經常違背國家意圖，這使得佛教也常成為讓政府世俗化計劃擱淺的"暗礁"。第二，在看似最具備改革條件的南京，佛教革新舉步維艱，民國時大多佛教徒反而熱衷於追求彼岸之解脫、重視儀式和神秘力量，這不同於學者通常總結的近代佛教的理性化、去傳統化、去神話化、心理化等現代特徵，兩種特點至少是並存的。第三，佛教改革的不徹底甚或失敗，並不意味其積重難返，反而表明在不同特徵的混融與競爭中各方的宗教需求都能得到滿足，這顯示了佛教社群的整體繁榮。故在評價佛教的地位時不必預設一種唯一"正確的"形態去判別其"衰落"或"復興"，而可採取更為開放、包容的宗教學立場。 / The Buddhist reformation was a main theme in the history of modern Chinese Buddhism. It showed how did a Buddhist community respond to the challenge of that times by involving the state, Buddhist temples, monks and laypersons. Scholarly attention has been paid on this theme, while there still is room for improvement. Firstly, previous researches preferred lives and thoughts of "eminent monks" or intellectual lay Buddhists who endorsed the reform rather than ordinary believers, which led to the confusion between reform blueprint and real effects. Secondly, the reason why Buddhist reformation failed was vague because few study applied a region-based approach to analyze different roles Buddhism played in local societies. This dissertation focuses on Buddhist temples, organizations and believers in Nanjing during the Republican period (1912-1949). It aims at local responses to Buddhist reformations launched by the government and Buddhist activists respectively. Approaches of social and local history will be applied to analyse various materials such as official documents and archives, Buddhist newspapers and periodicals, local and temple gazetteers, memoirs and collected works of contemporaries. Pictures of the Buddhist community in capital Nanjing will emerge from statistical analysis as well as case studies. / This thesis consists of four main chapters. Quantitative studies have been done in chapter 1 to portray the general picture of temples, monks and temple properties in Nanjing. Chapter 2 & 3 discusses and evaluates the reformative attempts of some officials and monks in Nanjing respectively as to make a model Buddhist community in the capital. Chapter 4 presents the practice of laymen in the city and illustrates its relationship with the reform. It can be concluded that the effects of the Buddhist reform were quite limited compared to its ambitious plan. The reason cannot be simply ascribed to the boycott of those "conservative monks". As a matter of fact, divergent opinions and interests in state and sangha made the reform campaigns exist in name only. Besides, clergy and laity were good at evading reformative pressures come from the top. They maintained those beliefs and rituals they considered valuable, such as the practice of pure land, the tradition of chanting and confession, the dharma assemble and pilgrimage and so forth. As a result, the conventional traditions in Buddhism were much more transparent than those unconventional reformative characteristics in a modern city like Nanjing. / Based on the example of Nanjing, we can shed some light on the research of modern Chinese Buddhism. First of all, Buddhism was considered as a disciplined religion in the religion/superstition dichotomy formulated by government. But the practice of monks and laypersons always went against the reform plan. The charitable and educational roles Buddhist organizations played alarmed the officials as well. These made Buddhism actually become "hidden obstacles" to the secularization progress launched by government. Secondly, the failure of the reform demonstrates that most Buddhists were enthusiastic about afterlife, rituals and mysterious power in modern times. Therefore, characteristics of modern Buddhism summarized by scholars as rationality, de-traditionalization, demythologization and psychologization should be reevaluated. Thirdly, the unthoroughness of the reform didn’t necessarily mean the degeneration or decline of Buddhism in the Republican era. On the contrary, the confrontational and competitive ideas of Buddhism met different demands of believers and brought prosperity to this religion in a local society. The Nanjing example reminds us that we should not assume a "standard Buddhism" to judge others. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 邵佳德. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-236). / Abstracts also in English. / Shao Jiade.

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日本殖民統治末期（1937-1945）中，因為日本政府所倡導的「戰爭動員」等政策與台灣所具備的地理位置優勢，台灣逐漸成為中日戰爭中協助日本政府的「協力者」。當時部分台籍作家，在這段時間中曾因各種原因，選擇前往大陸生活。這群擁有大陸經驗的作家皆是出生於日本殖民時期（1985-1945），受日式教育的「日語世代」。他們對於中國大陸的印象大多建立在長輩傳達的觀念，模糊卻帶有憧憬。他們前往大陸後，心中的中國印象與實際接觸的大陸事物之間產生了落差。因此他們對於中國大陸的觀感或是戰後（1945-）強調的「祖國」認同感受，比起未離開過台灣的作家們顯得更為深刻且不同。 本文以吳濁流1941年至1942年之大陸經驗為例。透過戰前報紙《大陸新報》、戰前作品《南京雜感》與《胡志明》，觀看吳濁流的大陸生活。並透過戰後初期小說《波茨坦科長》及戰後回憶錄《無花果》與《台灣連翹》中涉及大陸經驗的內容，釐清大陸經驗「再現」於作品中的含意。以期檢視吳濁流前行研究的缺漏，補足這段研究者忽略的大陸經驗。

中央古物保管委員會自1934年7月成立以來，依據「古物保存法」的規定，陸續推動古物保管工作，包括訂定相關古物行政法規、全國古物古蹟的調查與登記、古物的審核與獎勵、採掘古物執照的核發、及防止古物的外流等方面，都有相當不錯的成績。 不過由於國民政府面臨日軍不斷的進軍華北，國家經費大量地挹注軍事建設，造成國家財政經費不均衡，故在1935年6月中央古物會從直屬於行政院，改隸屬於內政部，人員及組織遭到縮編。1937年7月盧溝橋事變爆發，中國全面對日抗戰，國民政府下令中央古物會結束業務，相關古物行政工作則改由內政部禮俗司兼辦。 本文主要是使用中央古物會留存的檔案及該會委員的文集，旁及國民政府檔案、行政院檔案及教育部檔案，將中華民國的第一個古物行政機關做一全面的探討，以瞭解中央古物會對文化保存的貢獻及其不足之處。

陳樹強. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (p. 224-244) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Chen Shuqiang. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (p. 224-244) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

杨洁. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-265). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Yang Jie.