本論文僅一冊，全文約二萬五千字左右（不含圖表），共分四章，其內容大意概述 如下： 第一章概論，本章之主要內容在敘述：（一）價值對於人類行為之影響；（二）價 值的定義；（三）研究動機與目的；（四）研究假設：依據研究資料內容，擬定三 個假設（１）家庭倫理價值觀念之演化，是由著重傳統價值取向演變為著重現代價 值取向。（２）對於「性」價值觀念之演化，是由著重傳統價值取向，演變為著重 現代價值取向。（３）對於「物質生活」之價值觀念，是由著重「節儉價值」演變 為著重「奢侈價值」。 第二章研究方法，本章係採用內容分析法，先將研究資料加以歸類，依據第一章之 各項假設製成歸類用表。 第三章資料分析，依據各歸類用表所得之資料，加以分析、解釋，然後利用統計上 之凱氏平方法，求資料之差異的顯著程度，以證明各假設之成立。 第四章結論。

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

本研究主要探討新聞媒介如何建構過去，二二八事件則為研究案例。所關心的問題有二二八事件在新聞上的集體記憶有哪些？如何分類？它們的變遷情形又如何？研究中所採取的方法，則為文本分析法。 在二二八的媒介記憶中，共計可分為三個階段十七種類型。第一階段為1947年的事件初始期，有合理改革等五種類型、第二階段則為1948年到1983年的社會失憶期，包括了偶發型、共黨叛國型與遺忘型等三種類型。第三階段的眾聲喧嘩期，由1984到2000年，共計有派系鬥爭型等九種類型。十七種類型的分類依據，是依照新聞論述所形成的文化景觀而來，它們先後出現在1947年至今的台灣社會之中，並累積形成四種傷痛記憶的理念型要素，分別是污名、壓抑、故事/戲劇，以及形式化等。 在研究中，我們發現二二八新聞在事件初始、社會失憶期，以及眾聲喧嘩期等三階段的分佈數量有很大的落差。社會失憶期的新聞只有區區數則，這構成了台灣社會中的結構性健忘。而新聞在二二八事件的發展過程中也有了相應的變與不變。不變的部分，如新聞的本質是論述的，故新聞論述實比新聞報導為更適合的描述詞彙。變化者則有大眾傳媒在台灣社會中的角色變遷，從最早的「宣傳者」、到後來的「國家意識型態機器」等，其執行的功能也有凝聚個體於社會、抒解集體情緒，以及文化實踐等不同作用。本文主張以「詮釋社群」的概念來理解新聞事業，以補傳統上「侍從報業」之不足，這是新聞儀式觀點的具體表現。

台灣民主轉型的成功除執政菁英的主動變革外，公民參與政治和支持改革亦有其重要性。有鑑於逐年下滑的投票率和工具性社團參與率，本研究主要從制度變遷與社會資本論點來進行探討，以縣市層次制度變項為自變項，三類型社會資本為中介變項，投票與競選活動參與為依變項，目的在了解於民主鞏固時期前後，社會資本的分佈狀況和影響社會資本、政治參與的因素，以提升民眾的社會和政治參與。中介變項與依變項資料來自1993年與2005年台灣社會變遷調查資料(TSCS)，自變項資料整合自臺灣地區社會意向調查、各縣市社福資訊與政大選研中心資料庫，主要採用多層次迴歸與邏輯迴歸分析模型來分析資料。 在社會資本分布變化上，結合式社會資本與工具性社參未有顯著改變，情感性社參則顯著增加。相較於情感性社團參與，工具性社團參與的比例較高，在兩個年代中，民眾參與工具性社團比例約在22%左右。在社團內異質性資源分佈上，不同社團的年齡異質性與性別異質性隨不同時期而有所變化。相對地，各類社團在成員的教育、收入與族群組成上反而較為穩定。由於在2005年，民眾教育與收入顯著較1993年為高，意謂著在民主鞏固時期，團體參與者可接觸的社團內異質性資源較多。 並非所有社會資本皆受外在制度所影響，研究結果顯示出國家制度較難影響立基於儒家文化的結合式社會資本。在民主鞏固時期前，縣市執政評價氛圍與生活扶助資源如理論所預期，可影響民眾的情感性社會參與，但其影響力似乎亦有減弱情形。一致性社福資源雖對工具性社團參與有跨期影響力，但卻產生資源排擠效果，而非是資源溢注效果。 政治態度論與社會資本論皆能部份說明為何民眾要參與兩類傳統政治活動，但相較於投票，參與競選活動屬於較耗費成本的參與行為，因此個體資源論較能解釋競選活動的參與。以多層次中介分析步驟檢視縣市制度變項對政治參與的作用後，證實了制度論的作用。在制度變項可能透過社會資本影響政治參與的三條中介路徑，僅一條路徑得到實證上支持。在2005年，縣市急難救助資源可透過工具性社團參與進而影響競選活動參與。 制度變遷的觀點能說明不同時期情感性社團參與和投票的變化。傳統文化價值觀的現代化改變了縣市執政評價氛圍對情感性社團參與的作用。隨著非正式制度環境的改變，情感性社團參與對競選活動參與的作用亦可能隨之改變。而隨著社會福利政策綱領的施行，人均生活扶助資源量的提升，則促進個人的投票行為。總言之，中央政府應注意自身的施政效能，並透過社福資源的適度分配，來促進民眾的社會參與與政治參與行為。 / The success of the transition to democracy in Taiwan should attribute not only to the active reform of the ruling party' cadre, but also to citizens’ participation and political support for the political reformer. In view of the gradual declining turnout rate and instrumental group participation rate, the study tends to describe the distribution of social capital, and explore the potential factors influencing social capital and political participation before and after democratic consolidation period. The paper’s framework from the perspective of institutional change and social capital treats institutional change as the independent variable, three kinds of social capital as the mediated variable, and voting and electoral campaign participation as dependent variables. The study mainly applies the multilevel linear regression and logistic regression model to analyze the mediated and dependent variables from the Taiwan Social Change Survey in 1993 and 2005, separately. As for independent variables, the data is integrated from the Social Image Survey, the social welfare report across counties, and online database of election study center in national Chengchi University. As far as the distribution of social capital is concerned, the results show that the distribution of bonding social capital and instrumental group participation do not have significant change between 1993 and 2005. Compared with participation in 1993, in 2005, the increase of this emotional group participation is apparent. In both year, the instrumental group participation rate is about 22% and is higher than the emotional group participation. In the distribution of diverse resources within groups, age diversity and sex diversity change a lot as the time went by. In contrast, education diversity, income diversity and ethnicity diversity stay stable between groups. In comparison with 1993, people in 2005 have higher education and income level, resulting in the increase of group members’ education and income level. It means that in the democratic consolidation period, it is probable for group participators to approach more diverse resources existing within groups . The effect of institutional variables on the three kinds of social capital is not as same as previous literatures report. Bonding social capital based on confucianism is difficult to be enhanced by the national institutions. Before the democratic consolidation, the effect of living assistance resources, and the atmosphere where people are satisfied with the central government performance which is consistent with theoretical prediction affects people’s participation in the emotional group. However, the effect seems to weaken gradually at the later period. Universal social welfare resources influence the instrumental group participation across different periods, but the negative effect belongs to the crowing out effect rather than the crawling back effect. Political attitudes theory and social capital theory both can partly account for why people participate in these two kinds of traditional political activities. Individual resources theory is suitable for explaining the participation of electoral campaign in that it takes people much more time and cost to engage in the electoral campaign participation than in voting. After examing the effect of institutional variables at the county-level on the political participation through the procedure of multilevel mediation analysis, the findings proven the argument of institution theory. Among the three potential mediation paths in which the institutional variables impact on the political participation through social capital, just one path is supported by the data. In 2005, emergent assistant resources can affect the electoral campaign through the instrumental group participation. The perspective of institutional change can explain the change of the emotional group participation and voting between 1993 and 2005. With the modernization of individual’s traditional attitudes, the county-level effect of evaluation of the central government on the participation in the emotional group is abated. It is probable that the effect of the emotional group participation on the electoral campaign participation differs according to the different environment of the informal institution The increase of living assistant resources per capita, because of the execution of the guiding principle of the social welfare policy, promote people’s voting significantly. In sum up, the attention should be paid by the central authority to strengthen the efficiency of the administration and distribute the social welfare resources appropriately based on the contemporary social condition, in order to improve people’s social participation and political participation.