本研究主要的目的在探討中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突及其相關因素與影響，內容可分為三部分：（1）探討中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突現況，以及時間管理行為、目標導向、角色衝突因應策略與生活滿意度之現況。（2）探討性別在工作-家庭衝突上的差異。（3）探討中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突與時間管理、目標導向、角色衝突因應策略、生活滿意度之關係。 本研究以台灣地區國小、國中已婚男女教師為研究對象，有效樣本共計384人（男107，女277人）。本研究所採用的量表共有5種，分別為「工作-家庭衝突量表」、「角色衝突因應策略量表」、「生活滿意度量表」、「時間管理行為量表」及「目標導向量表」，所使用的統計方法有皮爾森積差相關、單因子多變量變異數分析、典型相關、逐步迴歸分析、獨立樣本t考驗等。 本研究主要的結果如下： 一、 工作-家庭衝突、時間管理、目標導向、角色衝突因應策略與生活滿意度的現況 （一）工作-家庭衝突方面 中小學教師很少會有工作-家庭衝突，而「工作干擾家庭」與「家庭干擾工作」的情形也較少，但兩者相較之下，「家庭干擾工作」的狀況較少。至於「工作要求」與「家庭要求」的情形，全體教師不一定有很多的工作要求，也不一定因工作要求而精疲力盡，但常因家庭要求而感到疲憊，然兩者相較之下，工作要求較少，在性別方面，即使中小學教師較少有工作要求與家庭要求，但男女比較下，男性教師有較少的「工作要求」與「家庭要求」。 （二）時間管理方面 中小學教師有時會表現出「設定目標與優先順序」、「作計畫與排時間表」、「知覺控制時間」之時間管理行為，至於在性別方面，則無顯著差異。 （三）目標導向方面 在「尋求成長導向」方面，中小學教師有些符合「當遇到各種挫折、或負面的生活情境時，會尋求個人成長」之生活目標傾向；在「尋求證明導向」方面，中小學教師教師有些符合，但也有些不符合「當遇到各種挫折、或負面的生活情境時，會尋求自己能力、價值的證明」之生活目標傾向。本研究的中小學教師較傾向「尋求成長導向」，至於性別方面並無顯著差異。 （四）角色衝突因應策略方面 中小學教師在面臨工作-家庭衝突時，有時會使用「重新界定角色結構」與「角色行為的反應」因應策略，但經常使用「重新界定個人角色」因應策略，來因應工作-家庭衝突，至於在性別方面，則無顯著差異。 （五）生活滿意度方面 中小學教師對各生活領域感到滿意。至於性別方面的差異，男性教師的生活滿意度高於女性教師。 二、 性別、時間管理、目標導向與工作-家庭衝突的關係 （一）女性教師顯著比男性教師更會因來自「工作角色」與「家庭角色」的時間壓力，而覺得時間短缺、精力透支。 （二）具有時間管理行為的中小學教師，其工作-家庭衝突程度較低，其中愈有「作計畫、排時間表」之時間管理行為，工作干擾家庭衝突、家庭干擾工作衝突、家庭要求、工作要求與工作-家庭衝突的情形愈少。 （三）本研究發現「尋求成長導向」的教師，其工作-家庭衝突程度較低，但研究結果未發現教師的「尋求證明導向」與工作-家庭衝突有顯著的正相關。 三、 工作-家庭衝突與角色衝突因應策略、生活滿意度之關係 （一）中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突程度愈高，角色衝突因應策略的使用頻率愈高，其中較傾向使用「角色行為的反應」因應策略。 （二）中小學教師的工作-家庭衝突與生活滿意度有顯著的負相關，此負向關係在女性教師方面最為顯著。 本研究依據上述的研究結果加以討論並提供建議，以供後續研究及教育輔導工作之參考。 / The first purpose of this study was to assess the degree of work-family conflict among married elementary school and junior high school teachers in Taiwan. The second purpose was to investigate how gender, time management behavior, and one’s goal orientation approach relate to work-family conflict. The third purpose was to study how work-family conflict relates to role-conflict coping strategies and life satisfaction. For this study, 384 married teachers from 15 elementary schools and 15 junior high schools in Taiwan were administered the Chinese versions of the following instruments：the Time Management Behavior Scale (Macan, 1990), the Goal-Orientation Measure (Dykman, 1998), the Work-Family Conflict Scale (Netemeyer, Boles, & McMurrian, 1996), the Family-Work Conflict Scale (Netemeyer et al., 1996), the Family Demand Measurement (Yang et al., 2000), the Work Demand Measurement (Yang et al., 2000), the Work-Family Conflict Measurement (Yang et al., 2000), the Role-Conflict Coping Strategies Scale (Wu& Leo, 2001), and the Life Satisfaction Scale (Wu& Leo, 2001). The results of the study supported most of the hypotheses. The study showed that the married elementary and high school teachers displayed a relatively low level of work-family conflict, that female teachers’ family and work demands were significantly higher than those of male teachers, and that teachers who exhibited more time management skills had a lower level of work-family conflict. The study also displayed a significantly positive association between a growth-seeking goal orientation approach and reduced work-family conflict. Additionally, the results showed that teachers often used role-conflict coping strategies when they experienced work-family conflict and that there was a clearly negative correlation between work-family conflict and life satisfaction.

過往關於同志與身心健康的研究，多著重在此身分所帶來的負面影響。本研究採取不同的觀點，探索同志族群可能的韌性，檢驗主／客觀因應彈性（韌性的行為面）以及自我清晰程度（韌性的內在面）對於正負向心理適應的影響，以及性傾向在此關係中所扮演的調節效果。兩個研究皆以調查法收集不同性傾向者（主觀與客觀）的因應彈性、自我清晰程度、憂鬱程度（負向心理適應指標）與生活滿意度（正向心理適應指標）。研究一的壓力事件為參與者自陳其近期壓力事件，研究二的壓力事件則是研究者指定給予參與者去做評量。兩個研究皆發現，客觀因應彈性與憂鬱程度、生活滿意度無關；自我清晰程度越高者，其憂鬱程度越低，且性傾向未調節以上結果。不過，性傾向則調節了自我清晰程度與生活滿意度間的關係。同志族群的自我清晰程度越高、生活滿意度也會越高；異性戀者則無此關係。研究二則發現主觀因應彈性越高，其憂鬱程度越低、生活滿意度越高；然而主觀因應彈性與正、負向心理適應之間的關係，不會受到不同性傾向的調節。兩個研究結果幫助我們瞭解主觀因應彈性、自我清晰程度與心理適應之間的關係，以及此關係在不同性傾向者身上的面貌為何。 / Lesbians, gay men, and bisexual (LGB) individuals are often observed to have poorer psychological adjustments than heterosexual individuals. I adopted a different approach to explore potential strengths in being LGB individuals by testing the impacts of objective/subjective coping flexibility and self-concept clarity on positive and negative psychological adjustments, as well as how sexual orientation may moderate these relationships. Two survey studies in this thesis measured objective/subjective coping flexibility, self-concept clarity, depression and life satisfaction among people with different sexual orientations. To measure objective coping flexibility, participants reported their recent stress events in Study 1, and were given specific stress events to respond in Study 2. The two studies showed that objective coping flexibility was not associated with depression, nor with life satisfaction, whereas self-concept clarity was associated with depression negatively. Sexual orientation did not moderate the above findings. Sexual orientation did moderate the relationship between self-concept clarity and life satisfaction: Self-concept clarity was associated with life satisfaction positively among LGB individuals, but this association was not significant among heterosexual individuals. Study 2 showed that subjective coping flexibility was associated with depression negatively and with life satisfaction positively. Again, sexual orientation did not moderate the above finding. These findings further our understanding regarding objective and subjective coping flexibility, self-concept clarity and psychological adjustments among people with different sexual orientations.

知識經濟時代，智慧財產權已經成為公司經營的策略重點，不再只是著重於法律與科技等構面，觸角更擴張為經營管理、商業競爭、企業併購、財務規劃與驅策新事業的重要工具。新的專利侵權原告（The New Breed of Patent Infringement Plaintiffs）便趁此一熱潮悄然誕生，美國稱之為「Patent Troll」，其不為營運研發、純粹在全球購買專利，以創造利潤與策略佈局考量為主，挾著專利持有人的地位大張旗鼓尋找「交易」對象，以訴訟為手段作為談判的籌碼，到處發警告函以獲取權利金。「Patent Troll」不僅在法律制度上引發爭議，更提高企業在智財管理方面的困難度，其對專利體系上的影響是全面性的。 本文第一章主要說明本論文之研究動機，包含專利訴訟新趨勢、新的商業營運模式，以及順應而生的「Patent Troll」之情形，闡述其所造成與被授權人間議價能力失衡之現象，接著闡述其對交易關係的影響以及美國法上相應適用的法律原則之變化，最後針對台灣的現況做一說明並向企業提出策略上之建議。 第二章蒐集並整理國內外與「Patent Troll」相關問題的爭議及探討。首先針對智慧財產服務業(IP Service Corporation)及智財控股公司(IP Holding Company)等名詞作一基本介紹。次對「Patent Troll」之名詞、定義、由來及分類做一整理介紹，接著說明「Patent Troll」之特徵、功能及商業模式。最後則針對各方文獻對於專利管理流程以及企業營運策略等建議做一整理分析。 第三章針對「Patent Troll」此一名詞做全面性的介紹與探討。首先對「Patent Troll」的定義、名詞爭議、發展歷史及與類似名詞的區辨為一概括式的介紹，本文將「Patent Troll」定名為「專利地痞」，並認為分析特徵可歸納為下列七項，只有當七項特徵都符合時才是本文所指涉之專利地痞：（一）為專利權人的個人、獨立發明人或公司；（二）藉由購買專利（如MercExchange）或進行技術創新(如Lemelson)；（三）不製造生產產品；（四）非提供專利服務；（五）鎖定目標公司（Target Company）：該目標公司必須是獨立發明製造技術，真正使用該專利，欠缺專利授權，在商業上成功，並且出現且已投入不可回復的損害；（六）以訴訟與禁制令作為要脅；（七）以達和解授權以獲取權利金等創造利潤及策略布局。接著說明「Patent Troll」的分類，以掌握其可能存在的不同態樣，本文將專利地痞分類為「發明型」專利地痞」，以及「購買型」專利地痞。然後就其特徵、優勢及商業模式加以闡述，歸納出一些共通的特徵，本文認為專利地痞的商業模式可以分成下列幾個步驟，第一階段為累積專利期，第二階段為授權協商期，第三階段則為專利訴訟期。各階段之間有其前後順序，並且環環相扣，除了第一階段需投入成本外，另外兩個階段均以創造利益為最終目的。最後再就全球各主要國家關於「Patent Troll」的現況進行討論並提出結論，以此部分的撰寫與結論作為第四張及第五章關於法律面與管理面相關議題批評檢討的基礎。 第四章探討「Patent Troll」在美國法上涉及的相關法律爭議問題，期以此觀察緣起環境變遷的方式了解國內外法制環境的差異，並定位台灣在此一進程中所處之發展位置，以解析台灣關於「Patent Troll」此議題重視之必要與否以及應該採取的態度與方法。首先以美國法上針對「Patent Troll」此一議題在行政、立法和司法的變革為引，帶出此一議題影響層面的全面性。次專注於美國法上關於立法上「專利改革法案」對於解決「Patent Troll」問題所做的努力，如前已提及之專利先申請原則、專利侵權損害賠償計算基礎、惡意侵權損害賠償、專利核可後非經訴訟程序的異議制度（Post-Grant Opposition）和專利侵權訴訟管轄權等。接著以法院判決的變化演進，如前述主要提及之2006年eBay v. MercExchange一案中對於禁制令核發原則的確立、2007年KSR v. Teleflex一案中對於可專利性原則（Patentability）的解釋運用，2007年MedImmune,Inc. v. Genentech一案對於確認判決（Declaratory Judgment）行使範圍的解釋。2007年Microsoft v. AT&T 針對域外效力（Extraterritorial Impact）的確立，以及2007年In re Seagate一案對於惡意侵權(Willful Infringement)的認定等。最後針對個別修正法案或法院判決的變遷對專利地痞的影響做一說明。 第五章提出企業面對「Patent Troll」此一威脅時所能採取的因應策略。將以第三章所分析之專利地痞商業模式三步驟為本，針對專利地痞行使各該步驟時，企業可能採取的因應策略。第一階段的累積專利期，包含有專利資訊管理、專利購買與公司併購、延攬IP專業人才、保險分擔機制與提撥準備金、技術創新設計、專利交叉授權、專利策略聯盟、契約條款規劃和其他新型態的因應策略等；第二階段的授權協商期，包含有專利評估、和解授權，確認訴訟；第三階段的侵權訴訟期，則有專利訴訟程序、侵權認定程序、善用迴避設計、提出異議制度、提出專利再審查、慎選繫屬法院，以及採取團體訴訟以資因應等。期以一相關流程使企業得以瞭解其現階段落在何種情況時應採取何策略始得降低風險並妥善因應。 第六章為本論文之結論建議，結論部份，將前述第三章、第四章和第五章所提出之觀點作一概括性的總結。建議部分，即就我國產官學各界及現行法制面對「Patent Troll」問題可能適用之解決方式加以檢討並提出建議。 / In the knowledge-based economy era, intellectual property has become the focus of business management strategy. The concerns of intellectual property management extend from law and technology to management, market competitions, mergers and acquisitions, financial plans, and start-ups. The trends also bring forth a new breed of patent infringement plaintiffs, Patent Troll, who do not undertake R&D and purchase patents worldwide as their main profit and business strategy. Those patentees utilize litigation as measures to bargain with their “clients” to obtain loyalties. The issue of Patent Troll is influential in the Patent system. It rouses controversy in legal system and increase difficulty for industry in intellectual property management. Chapter I describes the main concern of this thesis, including new trends of patent litigation, new business model, and “Patent Troll.” The chapter will elaborate an imbalance of bargaining power between licensors and licensees cause by patent troll, the influences of patent troll to IP transactions, and the changes of legal principles under U.S. patent law and judicial decisions. The chapter will outline the current situation in Taiwan and propose some strategy to industries. Chapter II involves relating issues on "Patent Troll" in Taiwan and abroad. First, the chapter will introduce the definition of IP Service Corporation and IP Holding Company. Then the chapter will elaborates and discuss patent troll from the name, definition, classification, origin, features, functions and business models. At last, this chapter will analyze the patent managerial process and operating strategies for the industries. Chapter III focuses on a comprehensive introduction towards patent troll. First, the article elaborates the disputes on the definition, the term, the history and the differences between similar terms of patent troll. A Patent troll should meet all the following seven characteristics, (a) patent owner/independent inventor/company; (b) Compare purchase of rights (MercExchange for example) vs. invention (Lemelson for example); (c) Does not Make, Use, Sell, Offer to Sell, Or Import Patented Article/ Does not Use/Practice Patented Method; (d) no IP Service; (e) Target company (infringer): The target company must be an independent inventor of the technology, has real use of the patent, lacks of patent license, has successful business and devotes substantial investments; (f)Threat of litigation & Injunction; (g) Demand for licensing fee. Then the article describes the classification of patent troll in order to grasp the potential types of it. Patent troll in this chapter will be classified as "inventor" one and "purchaser" one. The business model of patent troll can be divided into three stages: (a) cumulative period ;(b) licensing and consolation period and (c) patent litigation period. The three stages are of time sequence and closely linked together. The “Patent Troll” needs to invest money only in the first stage and take profit creation as the ultimate goal in the other two stages. Finally, the chapter describes and discusses the developments and current status of patent troll in some major countries in the world. The observation and discussion will be served as the foundation for further discussion in the following chapters. Chapter IV focuses on the legal principle changes under U.S. patent system in three dimensions: administration, legislation and jurisdiction and illustrates the effects that occur to patent troll. The changes of administration focus on three parts: the limitation of continuation application, the limitation of divisional application and the limitation of claims. In legislation, the changes focus on “Patent Law Reform Act”, including the first-to-invent to first-to-file principle, the calculation basis of damages, enhanced damages, post grant review procedure, and venue and jurisdiction. The changes of jurisdiction focus on five verdicts and cases, eBay v. MercExchange, KSR v. Teleflex, MedImmune, Inc. V. Genentech, Microsoft v. AT & T, and In re Seagate. The chapter will elaborate the influences of those changes and decisions on the business model of patent troll. Chapter V proposes some possible solutions and strategies to industries when they are confronted with the threats of patent troll. This thesis takes the three stages of patent troll’s business model as a foundation and proposes the strategies for industries against patent troll during different stages. The strategies for first stage are IP information management, patent purchase, mergers and acquisitions of companies, IP professionals recruitment, insurance mechanism, technology R&D, patent cross-licensing, patent alliances, contract planning and other new types of strategies and so on. The strategies for the second stage include patent evaluation, authorization of reconciliation and declaratory judgment. The strategies in the third stage are patent litigation, infringement procedures, patent design around, patent re-examination, choose of venue and jurisdiction and group litigation. The thesis expect to enable industries to understand what stage they fall on and what strategies they can adopt, with the proposal of management procedure. Chapter VI will be the conclusions of this thesis and will include suggestions on the issue of patent troll to industries, government and academia.

本研究的目的在整合現今較受重視的認知取向憂鬱理論，探討其因果機制及重要變項，以架構出較折衷的認知性憂鬱因果模式，並以結構方程式模式技術予以驗証。 　　文中共探討了Abramson的無望感理論、Bandura的自我規範論、Beck的自我基模論、Becker的自我貶低論、Ingram自我焦注論、Rehm的自我控制論、Seligman的無助感理論，共歸納出負向事件知覺、因應信念、負向自我基模、自我評估知覺、逆境歸因、個人歸因、無望感、自尊感、認知性憂鬱等九個潛在變項。 　　研究過程中首先分析了不同性別及憂鬱程度的受試者在各個測量變項上的差異情形，並以兩階段的方式進行了理論模式的適配性考驗，再針對考驗結果進行討論，形成進一步的假設，並提出理論架構、研究方法、實際應用上的建議，最後說明本研究面臨之限制，以及後續研究可改進方向。 　　下面是本研究主要的研究結論： 　　一、女性大學生較男性大學生的憂鬱程度為高，且具有憂鬱現象的人數也較多；男性則在個人自我意識上較女性強。 　　二、高憂鬱組在偏差態度、過度類化、完美主義、特質歸因、無望感上都較低憂鬱來得高；在問題解決信念、成功預期、自我概念、自尊感上都較低憂鬱組來得低。 　　三、因果模式中被支持的因果關係如下： 　　　（一）負向事件知覺對負向自我基模具有正向的因果關係。 　　　（二）自我評估知覺對因應信念具有正向的因果關係。 　　　（三）因應信念對負向自我基模具有負向的因果關係。 　　　（四）負向自我基模對逆境歸因其有正向的因果關係。 　　　（五）負向自我基模對個人歸因具有正向的因果關係。 　　　（六）因應信念對逆境歸因具有負向的因果關係。 　　　（七）因應信念對個人歸因具有正向的因果關係。 　　　（八）逆境歸因對無望感具有正向的因果關係。 　　　（九）無望感對自尊感具有負向的因果關係。 　　　（十）負向自我基模對認知性憂鬱具有正向的因果關係。 　　四、以八個潛在變項對高低憂鬱組對行區別函數分析，結果正確率達89.61%，其中以無望感、自尊感、逆境歸因、個人歸因等四個變項最有區辨力。 　　五、以探索性因素分析發現，負向歸因風格可區分為三個向度：內在（影響內在歸因、特質歸因、控制歸因）、穩定歸因（影響穩定歸因及控制歸因）、概括歸因；在穩定歸因與概括歸因之間存有正相關。 / Purpose of this thesis was to integrate several depression theories which are mainly focusing on cognitive approach, to argue for the causes-result mechanism of depression and to find the improtant varibles related to depression develepment. the author also wanted to construct prosper frame of cognitive depression. There are seven theories including Abramson's hopelessness theory, Bandura's self-regulation theory, Beck's self-schema Becker's self-degorate theory, Ingram's self-focusing theory, Rehm's self-control theory, and Seligman's helplessness theory was discussed in this thesis, and nine important varibles including depression, negative event perception, coping belief, self-appraival perception, negative self-schema, personal attributional style, aversive attributional style, low

本研究旨在比較台北市參加試辦「自願就學方案」自學班學生和普通班學 生在升學壓力､因應行為､身心健康和班級氣氛之差異性。以台北市七十 九學年度參加試辦「自願就學方案」21所學校學生為取樣對象。共抽取6 所國中﹐一､二､三年級各取「自學班」與「普通班」一班﹐共 36 班﹐ 自學班學生 669 人﹐普通班學生669 人﹐共 1338 人。本研究之工具為 「升學壓力量表」､「升學壓力因應行為量表」､「日常作息時間量表」 ､「學生生活經驗問卷」､「一般健康量表」和「學習環境量表」﹐以三 因子變異數分析､三因子多變項變異數分析､單因子變異數分析､t 考驗 ､卡方考驗和 Scheffe' 事後考驗進行資料分析。研究結果為︰ (一)普 通班比自學班學生感受升學壓力強度高﹐尤其在自我壓力､教師壓力､考 試壓力､和時間壓力源方面﹐普通班比自學班壓力強﹐呈顯著差異。前途 壓力源強度﹐自學班高於普通班；父母壓力則兩班無差異。 (二)普通班 與自學班學生在作業份量､作業方式､晚上作息時間沒有差異；但在考試 科目､補習科目方面﹐普通班學生顯著多於自學班﹐而睡眠時數﹐普通班 顯著少於自學班。 (三)普通班比自學班學生較多採用「面對問題」和「 置之不理」方式因應升學壓力；其餘「紓解情緒」､「情緒困擾」和「投 射」等方式﹐兩班無差異。 (四)普通班比自學班學生在「社會官能障礙 」､「嚴重憂鬱」､「焦慮不眠」､「生理症狀」得分較高﹐有顯著差異 ；亦即普通班學生身心較不健康。 (五)普通班比自學班學生知覺班級組 織較混亂､同學較競爭；而「教師偏愛」和「多樣性」兩班無差異。 (六)年級､性別對升學壓力總量表和分量表強度﹐有顯著交互作用；而內 外控和學業成績沒有顯著交互作用﹐但有主要效果影響。 (七)年級對升 學壓力因應行為有顯著交互作用；其餘性別､內外控和學業成績只有主要 效果影響。 (八)班級､年級､內外控和學業成績對身心健康僅具主要效 果影響。 (九)班級和性別對班級氣氛有顯著交互作用；而內外控和學業 成績僅具主要效果影響。 (十)一般國中生感受升學壓力高者﹐較常採取 消極因應﹐對其身心健康和所知覺的班級氣氛有不利的影響。本研究綜合 研究結果加以討論﹐並提出若干建議﹐以供教育行政單位和教師與父母之 參考。

應屆畢業護生雖然經過多次臨床實習的學習過程，但對即將成為臨床護士的角色，感到壓力及焦慮。某技術學院基於增加護生能力及培育產業人才所須，實施臨床選習制度，但臨床選習壓力過大，會影響護生職涯抉擇，產生不當因應策略，有憂鬱與焦慮情緒。因此，本研究目的主要有二：（1）瞭解臨床選習壓力、因應策略、輔導需求的現況與關係；（2）設計及實施認知行為團體輔導方案，探討方案對護專學生臨床選習壓力、因應策略、輔導需求與壓力反應之成效，作為未來選習壓力輔導方案的參考。 於臨床選習結束後1週內，選取327位五專五年級護生，以自編「臨床選習壓力、因應策略、輔導需求等量表」進行資料蒐集，運用單因子多變量變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析等，結果顯示如下： 1、五專選習護生有輕度臨床選習壓力，以「專業知識與技能」壓力最高，「有時」會使用因應策略，以「情緒抒發或認知調適」頻率最多，「有些」需要臨床選習輔導需求，最需要「行政與專業技能協助」。 2、在「重急症與特殊單位」選習護生，在「實際護理病人」或「專業知識與技能」的壓力，比「一般內外科病房」及「產兒與精神科」單位高。 3、畢業前計畫為「不確定」的選習護生臨床選習壓力，高於計畫「工作」或「就學」者。 4、「問題逃避或轉移」因應策略運用愈多及「教師與作業協助」輔導需求愈高，「整體臨床選習壓力」愈高；「情緒抒發或認知調適」因應策略運用愈多，「整體臨床選習壓力」愈低。 5、「問題逃避或轉移」、「情緒抒發或認知調適」策略、「教師與作業協助」輔導需求能有效聯合預測「整體臨床選習壓力」，聯合預測力為32％（F(4, 322) = 40.92, p < .001），其中以「問題逃避或轉移」策略最具預測力，單獨解釋量為28％，故實施認知行為團體方案有助於改善臨床選習壓力，增加因應策略。 在驗證認知行為輔導方案成效上，採實驗研究法，分實驗與控制組兩班，各30位，於臨床選習前兩個月對五專五年級實驗組班級護生實施8次，每次90分鐘單元活動，以「臨床選習壓力、因應策略、輔導需求、貝克憂鬱、貝克焦慮等量表」來資料收集，進行GEE分析、成對樣本t檢定及 McNemar-Bowker test、獨立樣本T檢定等檢定分析差異，結果顯示如下： 1、臨床選習前護生呈現輕度憂鬱與焦慮，實施認知行為團體輔導方案後，實驗組護生整體憂鬱有越來越低趨勢，焦慮也下降。 2、實施認知行為團體輔導方案，可提升臨床選習護生對「護理工作的喜好程度」，不影響畢業規劃，無法改善臨床選習壓力及臨床選習輔導需求程度，但可增加「情緒抒發或認知調適」及「整體選習壓力因應策略」，具立即及延宕成效；可改善憂鬱情緒，具立即及延宕成效；可降低焦慮的「主觀感受」，具延宕成效。 根據上述的研究結果，提出相關的建議。 / Although the graduates of the nursing major have taken various clinical practicum courses along the five years during their college study, they still feel a huge amount of stress and anxiety when they are going to work as nurses. Due to the great stress from the preceptorship clinical practicum, the nursing students of one technical college have developed improper adjustment strategies which induce more anxiety and depression and, moreover, have impact upon their career choices. This study aims to (1) understand the relationship among the stress of the preceptorship clinical practicum, the adjustment strategies and the need for counseling; and (2) design and implement the cognitive-behavioral group counseling model to investigate its effectiveness for developing certain adjustment strategies and the need for counseling among the students facing the stress of the preceptorship clinical practicum. After the nursing students of the fifth grade from one five-year technical college finished the practicum, 327 were selected to fill out “the stress of the preceptorship clinical practicum, the adjustment strategies, the need for counseling questionnaire” within 1 weeks. Through One-way MANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation and Multiple Step Regression, data analysis shows: 1. The subjects listed “the professional knowledge and skills” the highest stressful, “sometimes” adopted certain adjustment strategies among which “venting emotions and cognitive adjustment” were used most frequently. “Some” subjects expressed the need for counseling. “The administrative and the professional assistance” was most needed. 2. The subjects proceeding the practicum at the emergency or critical care units felt more stressful about “clinical nursing” and “professional knowledge and skills” than those at the medical, surgical, obstetrical, psychiatric units. 3. The subjects whose plans after graduation were uncertain showed higher stressful levels than those who planned to work or continue the formal education. 4. The more the coping strategies of “avoiding problems” were adopted and the need for “the instructor and the assignment assistance” was demanded, the higher the overall stress level of the preceptorship clinical practicum was. The more the coping strategies of “venting emotions and cognitive adjustment” were adopted, the lower the overall stress level of the preceptorship clinical practicum was. 5. “The avoiding problems strategies”, “the venting emotions and cognitive adjustment strategies” and “the need for the instructor and the assignment assistance” could be combined to predict the stress level of the preceptorship clinical practicum. The joint predictability is 32％（F(4, 322) = 40.92, p < .001）. “The avoiding problems strategies” had the most predictability. It is anticipated that the cognitive-behavioral intervention model would reduce the stress and promote the coping strategies. To prove the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral intervention model, the experiment group and the control group were composed of thirty nursing students separately. Before the experiment group students went to the preceptorship clinical practicum, they were requested to participate in a 90-minute activity section eight times. The data was evaluated through the preceptorship clinical practicum stress questionnaire, Beck depression inventory, Beck anxiety inventory, and was analyzed through Generalized Estimatig Equations, paired-samples T test, McNemar-Bowker test and Independent Sample t-test. The outcome was as following： 1. After the cognitive-behavioral intervention model was exercised, the anxiety level and depression level was reduced. 2. After the cognitive-behavioral intervention model was exercised, the interest in nursing is increased. Moreover, the immediate and delayed effectiveness of “venting emotions and cognitive adjustment” and “the coping strategies for the preceptorship clinical practicum”was increased. The depressive emotions were improved. The subjective feelings of anxiety were reduced.

本研究旨在探討年輕女性工作者的生涯阻隔、生涯動機和因應策略之關係。以台北地區25至34歲的年輕女性工作者為研究對象，以立意方式取樣，正式施測後共得326份有效問卷，使用的研究工具為「生涯阻隔因素量表」、「生涯動機量表」和「因應策略量表」，所得資料以描述統計、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、二因子多變量變異數分析及典型相關分析等統計方法進行處理。 本研究的主要發現為：第一，年輕女性工作者的生涯阻隔偏低，生涯動機偏高，較常採取問題解決和邏輯思考的因應策略，而較少採情緒逃離策略。第二，不同年齡、職業類型、總工作年資和婚姻狀況等背景變項的年輕女性工作者，在生涯阻隔、生涯動機與因應策略上達顯著差異，其中尤以職業類型最為顯著。第三，生涯阻隔高的年輕女性工作者較會採取情緒逃離策略，生涯動機高的年輕女性工作者則較會採取各種因應策略，而不同的生涯阻隔和生涯動機在情緒逃離策略上有交互作用效果。第四，生涯復原力和生涯洞察力愈高的年輕女性工作者，愈會採取正向因應策略，其中尤以企業型年輕女性工作者更為明顯；而事務型的年輕女性工作者總工作年資愈長，即使個人條件的阻隔較高，若擁有較大的外在支持，也較會採取正向因應策略。 最後，根據研究發現提出對年輕女性工作者、女性生涯諮商工作，以及未來相關研究之建議。 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among career barriers, career motivation and coping strategies of young female employees. By using the purposes sampling, there are 326 young female employees from 25 to 34 years old sampled in Taipei. The measure instruments include Career Barriers Inventory, Career Motivation Inventory and Coping Strategies Inventory. Data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way MANOVA and canonical correlation. The major findings are as follows：first, young female employees had low career barriers and high career motivation, and they were more likely to use problem-solving and logic-thinking coping strategies. Second, young female employees with different age, total working years, occupational type and marriage situation were different in career barriers, career motivation and coping strategies, especially the occupational type. Third, young female employees with high career barriers were more likely to use emotion-escape coping strategies, and young female employees with high career motivation were more likely to use all kinds of coping strategies. There were interaction effect on emotion-escape coping strategies with different career barriers and career motivation. Fourth, young female employees with high career resilience and career insight were more likely to use positive coping strategies, especially enterprising young female employees. Conventional young female employees with long total working years, high barriers on individual conditions and good external support, they were more likely to use positive coping strategies. According to the findings, implications and suggestions for young female employees, career counseling for women and future researches were provided.

自一九九九年投入大型TFT LCD之生產以來，台灣的TFT LCD產業急速成長為全球僅次於南韓的重要生產地。隨著產業聚落的形成，更引發零組件市場就地取材的驅勢。台灣控制IC廠商挾其研發經驗與半導體產業在產能上的支援下，甫一投入控制市場便造成主要大廠Genesis的嚴重威脅。為迫使台灣廠商安於已無利潤可言之低階產品市場，Genesis針對台灣之晶磊、晶捷、創品以及晨星等四家廠商提起一連串的專利訴訟行動，除於聯邦地院提出民事之侵權告訴，復於美國國際貿易委員會連續提出兩件侵權控訴。 臺灣被告廠商因連續訴訟而疲於奔命，除在業務上因此侵權疑慮而大幅滑落之外，亦有因支付龐大之律師費用而延誤研發投入時程，使其領先地位互易者。究其涉訟之主要原因有二，其一為對專利法制之認識不足，就專利屬地性之限制以及侵權救濟程序之發動要件之認識有所欠缺；其二則為專利部署情形欠佳，不論在數量以及所屬國上均不足以保障其研發成果於他國實施之正當性。 因在TFT LCD產業的下游產品中，美國仍為最重要的市場地，為使業者能避免再蹈覆轍，本文除就控制產業之競爭環境做基本說明外，即以美國之專利法制為主要介紹目標。內容包括專利之申請、維護以及救濟程序之因應策略。希望能有助於相關業者於專利規畫以及侵權爭議因應方式上之考量。

本研究係以Sternberg的WICS領導模式出發，探討當領導者具備智慧、實用智力、分析智力、創造力，並將這些技能產生綜效時，是否能形塑組織文化，進而影響組織的顧客需求知覺、因應金融海嘯策略、與顧客滿意等方面的展現，而後對於組織競爭力與組織績效產生影響。此外，本研究亦嘗試發展一整合模式，以提供企業組織做為診斷與發展的重要參考。 本研究首先針對六位在職者進行訪談，以釐清研究架構與變項之內涵，並據以進行量表編製或引用相關量表，且以一般企業員工作為研究母群，採立意取樣方式進行樣本蒐集，總計蒐集到327份有效問卷。信效度及因素分析結果顯示，本研究量表擁有良好之內部一致信度(.90~.98)與效標關聯效度(.41~.74)。階層迴歸與結構方程模式驗證研究假設之結果顯示：1.領導技能對於組織文化、組織績效具有正向且顯著的影響、2.組織文化對於顧客需求知覺具有正向且顯著的影響、3.顧客需求知覺對於因應金融海嘯策略具有正向且顯著的影響、4.因應金融海嘯策略對於顧客滿意、組織競爭力具有正向且顯著的影響、5.顧客滿意對於組織競爭力具有正向且顯著的影響、6.組織競爭力對於組織績效具有正向且顯著的影響、7.標竿企業在上述變項皆顯著優於一般與虧損企業。最後，並將訪談結果來驗證研究之假設與架構。綜合而言，本研究採質化與量化兩者得兼之方式來進行研究架構與假設之驗證。 總而言之，本研究之具體貢獻為：理論整合與創新、實務應用與發展。除了整合「領導技能、競爭力、績效」之研究外，亦提出創新的顧客需求知覺之內涵，可幫助開啟後續相關研究，並以宏觀角度發展出「領導技能、顧客需求知覺、因應金融海嘯策略、顧客滿意」之整合模式，以提供企業組織變革與發展之依據。 / This study starts with Sternberg's WICS leadership model, investigating the effect of leaders' wisdom, practical intelligence, analytic intelligence, creativity, and synthesized on organizational culture, and perception of customer need, coping strategies of financial crisis, customer satisfaction, and ultimately, on organizational competitiveness, organizational performance. In addition, this study tries to construct a macro model, which assists organizations in diagnosing and developing. This study compiles related scales and use survey method to collect data. Moreover, it chooses employees in enterprises as research population and uses convenience sampling. The total number of effective sample is 327. All questionnaires were factor analysis examined, and confirmed to have highly reliability (.90~.98) and validity (.41~.74). The conclusion drawn from result of hierarchical regression analysis and structural equation modeling analysis indicates:1. leaders' skills have positive and significant effect on organizational culture and organizational performance; 2. organizational culture have positive and significant effect on perception of customer need; 3. perception of customer need have positive and significant effect on coping strategies of financial crisis; 4. coping strategies of financial crisis have positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction and organizational competitiveness; 5. customer satisfaction have positive and significant effect on organizational competitiveness; 6. organizational competitiveness have positive and significant effect on organizational performance; 7. above variables in benchmarking enterprises are significant better than normal and deficit enterprises. Furthermore, this study also applied interview with 6 professionals as a method to gather opinions on variables and confirm the model. Finally, the contribution of this study includes "integration and innovation of theories" and " practical applications". This study proposes the model of leadership, perception of customer need, coping strategies of financial crisis and customer satisfaction from macro view point. It not only initiates follow-up academic studies, but also provides an innovative model for enterprises to change and develop.