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從「韓國文化熱」論東亞文化之融合 / From Korean Culture Fever to Hybridization of Eastern Asian Culture金知玧, Kim, Jiyoon Unknown Date (has links)
本文研究的目的嘗試回答「在以國族認同的現實中,東亞流行文化的交流是否能使東亞國家成為一個想像中的共同體,進而創造一個令人嚮往認同的東亞認同?」。在理論層次上,本研究認為一個想像中的東亞共同體可以建立在亞洲閱聽人對東亞國家間混種流行文化產品的消費上,東亞共同體代表了形形色色的生活型態,並結合傳統、現代及後現代的價值觀。為了要找出混種的文化實踐能否建構東亞認同,必須探討這些文化實踐在社會及歷史的情境中各種既有的連接方式。
本研究發現,在消費進口流行文化的情境下,消費混種流行文化文本不僅能提供消費者反思社會議題,同時也讓生產者理解其他國家如何產製產品的機會。此外,大眾媒體藉由討論國家主義,試圖干預閱聽人對他國文化產品的消費行為。當審視東亞流行文化實踐之間所發生複雜的互動關係,本研究也發現構想東亞認同應該是想要面對並克服各種非民主及壓制的力量,而非去認同其所定位的文化內容。 / National identity has traditionally played a central role in shaping a person’s views and beliefs. However, is it possible that we are moving towards a new paradigm, where exchanges of popular culture in East Asia make it possible to visualize an integrated East Asia bloc and connect with a broader East Asian identity? On the theoretical level, we contend that the new East Asian image is being cultivated by the commonality of consuming hybridized popular culture products exchanged among East Asia countries, which represent various shapes and forms of cultural memes, which are ingrained in tradition and values of modernity and post-modernity. In order to find out whether hybrid cultural practices can constitute the basis for the establishment of an 「East Asian identity」 with the potential to change the current landscape in power relations, we need to investigate concrete ways in which specific cultural practices are articulated in the social and historical contexts.
In the context of the consumption of imported popular cultural products, the experience of hybrid popular culture products provides the consumer with an opportunity to critically reflect on the problems in their society as well as gaining an insight into the foreign country producing the product.
For the part of audiences enjoying other Asian cultural products, some make use of the cultural products as symbolic capital as a way of distinguishing themselves from other users.
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台灣長期照護財源籌措論文集周台龍 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文由三篇獨立的文章所組成,各章摘要如下。
一、第壹章摘要
第壹章主要在論述台灣多層次長期照護財務保障架構的概念與內涵。台灣地區因為人口老化快速,加上婦女總生育率的下降,使得高齡化、少子女化的社會漸次形成,使得長期照護需要日益增加,也弱化了家庭照護資源,降低家庭財務負擔的能力。而且,目前臺灣長期照護所需的費用,大部分由個人及其家庭支應,成為家庭部門沈重的財務負擔。此外,因長期照護制度服務輸送、照護管理及法令規範等不夠完善,照護需要者所接受的服務品質無法獲得保障。
本文首先從公平和效率的角度探討建立長期照護制度的必要性,其次探討長期照護社會保障模式的選擇。長期照護制度宜採社會保險或稅收制?基於稅收制長期照護保障體制,往往因財政負擔考量,設計資產調查的機制,以選取合格的低收入戶做為支付的對象,形成殘補式的長照制度,無法提供所有長照需要者,長照服務基本的滿足;然而,社會保險所提供的長照服務保障代表一種保證的權利,為被保險對象的合法權益。此外,在人口結構以及家戶型態的巨大變遷下,長照需要風險已非個人能力所能對抗,並且關係到整體社會的福祉,已經由個人性風險轉而為社會性風險,故本文主張採用社會保險的方式來提供普遍和基本的長照服務。
接著說明多層次長期照護財務保障架構的內容。第一層為社會保險制度,其功能主要在提供基本的保障水準,支付內容為實物與現金給付,財務來源則為政府、雇主與個人共同分攤的社會保險保費。第二層為商業保險,可以提供補充性的保障水準,採定期定額的現金給付方式,利用家戶所得以及不動產反抵押(reverse mortgage)的融資模式提供購買商業保險的財源。第三層為個人自付額,使用老年年金、個人投資理財以及不動產反抵押作為財源,享受優質的長期照護水準。多層次的財務保障架構可以達成不同層次的保障水準,又可以達成政府、市場以及家庭共同分擔財務的責任,兼顧公平、風險分攤與自我負責的目標。
繼則分析此多層次長期照護財務保障架構的可行性,最後利用財務數字來模擬分析公、私部門在此財務保障架構中適當的分工問題。最後,本文分析此多層次長期照護財務保障架構的可行性,最後利用財務數字來模擬分析公、私部門在此財務保障架構中適當的分工問題。模擬分析結果顯示此一財務保障架構應為可行:(1)以長期照護社會保險制度,提供第一層的基本給付水準保障;(2)在單純考慮家庭可支配所得的情況下,中、高所得家庭有能力購買商業保單來補充保障水準,享受適當或優質的長期照護服務;(3)如果加入不動產反抵押融資的方式,則有助於提高所有家戶長期照護需要者的保障水準。
因此,本文建議政府應積極規劃長期照護社會保險,鼓勵商業保險公司開發合適的保單,並探討不動產反抵押的市場需求潛力和供給面的障礙,研擬相關法律規範,鼓勵銀行提供長期照護所需貸款,進而創造不動產反抵押的市場,活用房地產資源來減輕家庭長期照護的財務壓力。對於金融機構部分,本文建議其可以考量台灣本地經濟社會條件,研發出合適的反抵押商品,在適當的風險管控下,降低所可能發生的金融風險,參考國外推行的經驗,研發適合台灣老人需求的產品內容,平衡供需雙方的利益與風險。另外,制定行銷人員相關作業規範,藉以提高借款人的信賴,並且設計應有的諮商服務作業標準系統,提供借款人進行決策所需要的資訊,以減少發生不適當理財規劃的機率。
二、第貳章摘要
第貳章探討長期看護商業保險市場發展的理論與實務。由相關文獻可以歸納出影響市場發展的因素,主要為供給面高交易成本以及不完全競爭市場。雖然市場存在不完全競爭,但是仍有給付範圍與內容全面性的保單存在,因此文獻上認為主要的問題應與需求面相關。
然而文獻忽略正式照護和非正式照護所提供的照護服務,在財貨特性的數量上的差異。這些特性如情緒支持、熟悉程度、服務品質以及自主性等,故本文繼則在考慮自主性和情緒支持兩特性下,分析該特性與消費者長照服務類型的選擇,發現重視自主性者,偏好正式照護服務,因而比較有動機去購買長期看護險保單,以降低並分散失能事故發生後的財務風險。當消費者有動機去購買保單時,消費者願意支付的保費高低,將影響其實際的購買行為,然而消費者的認知偏誤,對其所願支付保費會產生偏低的影響,以致發生不願購買長期看護險的現象,本文發現消費者願意支付的最高保費的金額,與失能機率和長照總成本的大小成正向關係,因此消費者因為某些訊息的認知錯誤,而發生有限理性的情況,將低估失能機率和長照總成本,最後影響其實際的購買決策。此外,對於台灣長期看護險保單在給付內容的設計,本文建立理論模型,以分析台灣消費者對於商業長期看護險契約的最適需求。
其次,在長看險市場發展的實務上,美國商業保險市場的發展過程,提供許多寶貴的經驗。其長看險保單市場的發展,除了導因於商品內容的發展符合消費者的需要外,政府部門相關法令規範的周延,以及相關監理單位的努力,增加民眾對於保險公司的信賴程度,更是扮演著關鍵的角色。另外,美國保險監理官協會所制訂的長期看護險條款範本,在平衡相關團體利益的前提下,增進消費者對於保險公司的信心。目前台灣長看險市場尚屬於初期發展階段,參與該市場銷售的人壽保險公司仍屬少數,因此存在某種程度的不完全競爭,然而因為目前台灣銷售的保單,實際上存在可以含蓋預期可能發生的照護成本總額。此外,現有保單在條款內容存在的缺失,主要有三項:(1)最高投保年齡只至74歲,相對於國人的需要應有相當改善的空間;(2)保險公司給付條件的差異,使得保單的比較更加複雜,將增加消費者選擇的成本,也可能增加理賠的糾紛。(3)不具有通貨膨脹保障的功能。
若以需求面而言,調查研究文獻顯示,台灣大眾對於長看險的接受程度不高。其次,有多數民眾對於其所擁有的其他保險,在給付範圍上有著錯誤的認知,而且因為保險資訊流通的不完全,阻礙長看險保單的發展。此外,以商業保險在長期照護費用籌措上的補充性立場而言,推估40歲以上的單人家戶與夫妻家戶的潛在的購買能力,本文發現大多數的家戶具有能力購買保單,因此本文認為此市場值得重視與開發。至於業務監理規範部分,在費率計算與調整、契約效力以及業務人員的市場行為上的規範,已有相當完整的內容;然而,許多的險種皆已有示範,用以保障消費者權益,但是在長期看護險部分則尚無示範條款。而政府部門並未訂定相關法規,以明確界定公部門和家庭部門的責任。前述分析,顯示監理單位與政府部門仍有許多努力的空間。
台灣長看險市場,現有保單在給付條件上,對於長期看護狀態的認定標準,各公司間著有相當大的差異,容易造成保險理賠上的糾紛。因此本文建議,儘速制訂長期看護保險單示範條款,規範長期看護狀態在身體功能失能認定最低的標準,以及認知損害的承保內容,進而保護消費者權益。此外,台灣既有法規並無長期照護之專法,現行相關法規見諸於老人福利法、行政院衛生署及內政部訂頒的各式行政命令,完整長期照護制度的建立有賴相關法規修訂。相關法規制訂的功能,除了建構台灣長照制度,並且可以提高一般民眾在長期照護的認知,亦可因為服務水準的界定,明確劃分商業保單的發展空間,發揮補充性的功能。
三、第参章摘要
第参章則探討不動產反抵押制度與在地老化,藉以探討此制度的利益與風險,並建構台灣的訂價理論模型,據以分析台灣引進該制度,對於老年家戶在地老化的意義。面對人口老化帶來的長期照護需要,長照成本主要由家庭負擔。而台灣地區老年家戶(老年單人戶和老年夫妻戶)所占比例2004年已高達12%,大多數老年家戶所得低落以致長照需求未能有效的獲得滿足,產生福利損失。在美國「所得低,房產多」的老年家戶可以經由不動產反抵押融資方式取得資金,補充個人在生活費用和長照費用等財務支出,達成在地老化的願望。
本文使用2006年家庭收支調查原始資料,以及內政部2006年房地產交易價格資料,推估老年家戶自有住宅的價值,藉以估算台灣不動產反抵押市場的潛在規模,進而建構台灣的訂價理論模型,分析台灣老年家戶使用此融資方式補充長期照護費用的受益程度。本文主要發現:(1)台灣不動產反抵押市場的潛在規模(高推估)約為6.1兆元,約占當年度家庭房地產總值24.4兆元的25%。低推估結果亦約有5千4百億元;(2)在長期照護社會保險提供基本服務水準的前提下,台灣老年家戶使用不動產反抵押融資,在長期照護費用的補充水準上對於所設定對象而言,可以適當的協助多數的家戶在地老化,進而提升其福利水準。本文推估結果顯示,台灣地區在市場規模上已俱備發展不動產反抵押的基礎,隨著家戶結構與少子女化的發展趨勢,此市場的需求將日益成形。反抵押市場的建立將有助於老年家戶,提升其滿足照護需求消費選擇的自主性,提高獨立生活的人性尊嚴,最終達成其在地老化的意願。
有關考量台灣本地經濟社會條件,因地制宜的制定出合適的法令規範,防止金融機構舞弊超貸的行為,降低所可能衍生的金融風險,對台灣的此金融商品市場的發展將是重要的關鍵。另外,符合台灣老人需求的產品內容的設計,不動產反抵押商品相關租稅優惠政策的制定,市場供給面的風險分攤機制,以及降低道德危險與逆選擇的商品契約設計,皆為後續研究的重要方向。此外,借款者事前的心理諮商與產品教育,也是提高商品接受程度非常重要的一個環節,經由心理諮商可以釐清借款人的動機,使得借款人可以更加瞭解此產品的正確用途,減少發生不適當理財規劃的機率。產品教育的功能在於協助借款人選擇適合其個人需要的融資給付的方式,以保障其養老資金需求的滿足。最後,政府部門介入供給的示範效果以及提供的產品與私部門產品的區隔亦為重要的研究方向。本文研究的主要限制在於無法取得收支調查原始資料中,擁有自有住宅老年家戶的市鄉鎮區域別資料,因此無法對於在同一縣市不同鄉鎮的房地產價值予以分開估算,此限制對於本文的模擬結果可能有所影響。
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社區公設民營老人安居住宅之研究- 以新店屈尺社區「頤苑自費安養中心」為例 -謝幼緯 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著政府職能的改變,面對財政壓力,引進民間企業的活力和專業創新的能力,委外經營模式成為政府推動各項為民服務業務的主要策略,而以「公設民營」的方式,結合民間資源共同推動老人福利服務工作。
「高齡化」是當今世界各國共同現象與趨勢,近年台灣人口老化迅速,在工商社會變遷與晚婚少子化下更形突顯。為因應「老人照顧」多元化的發展,以何種「老人安居住宅」的型態,達成融入「社區」、「在地老化」的政策目標,引發了研究者之研究動機。
本研究係採質化研究,以文獻分析,問卷調查深入訪談法等方式進行探討,由高齡社會學、公共選擇理論、社會資源整合等理論為分析導引,探討老人安居住宅需求重要性、老人照顧需求層面內涵、公設民營發展、政府及國內學者專家對老人住宅政策規劃方向,最後再結合個案入住老人、社區住民、公民營專家深入訪談,歸納並提供適合社區老人安居住宅之公設民營建議與結論。
本研究發現「毗鄰居住」的社區老人安居住宅,適合台灣傳統家庭的維繫;而公設民營模式可適合老人社會普遍性需求,以全政府照顧弱勢的社會責任。最後,本研究研擬幾項建議如下:
一、 硬體設施:政府擇定設置示範老人安居住宅,委由民間專業團隊經營,建立有效的監督機制與評鑑規範、以公設民營模式建構老人連續照顧體制的初級系統。
二、 醫療支援:政府應整合社會醫療資源,規劃多元醫療體制;及早實施長期照護保險政策;提供老人連續性服務之多功能窗口。
三、 在地老化:政府應推廣社區老人安居住宅概念,落實社區照顧,儘量讓老人在自己熟悉環境中在地老化。
四、 居住安養:運用居住空間「通用設計」概念,建構設置社區公設民營老人安居住宅,以使有限資源運用效益最大化。
五、 資源整合:政府應整合社會福利、現行老人補貼等相關政策資源,以發揮整體效益。 / To cope with the change of the functions and financial pressure, the government conveys the works to private sectors to make good use of their innovative and professional ability, or adopts outsourcing model to promote the social services. Therefore, the strategy of “government owned and private sector operated,” combined with non-governmental resources are provided jointly to promote the welfare of the elderly services.
"Aging" is a common phenomenon and trends in today's world. In recent years, as Taiwan's population is aging rapidly, the birthrate is declining and late marriage is prevailing highlighted the need for reform. In response to development of "elderly care", my main question is to investigate what kind of "residential homes for the elderly" to attain the policy objectives of integrating with the "community", "aging in place".
This study reviews the literature concerning the sociology of aging, public choice theory, theory of social resources and adopts qualitative research method, such as questionnaire and in-depth interviews to examine the importance of housing demand for the elderly care needs, development of public-private partnership, government policy planning directions for the elderly housing. Finally we work through the case study with the data collected from the elderly, community residents, public and private experts, and draw conclusions for providing the elderly suitable community-dwelling homes and the strategy of “government owned and private sector operated.”
This study finds that adjacent to the community residential homes for the elderly, is suitable for maintaining the traditional family ties; and the government owned and private sector operated mode is suitable for the elderly needs. By doing so, the government can fulfill the social responsibility to take care of the disadvantaged.
We make some suggestions for further efforts:
1. Hardware facilities provided
The government selects the model residential homes for the elderly, and run by non-governmental professional team, and sets up effective monitoring mechanisms and evaluation standards in order to help civil organizations to run the elderly care system continuously.
2. Medical care support
The government should integrate social and medical resources, planning pluralistic health care system; early implementation of long-term care insurance policies to provide multi-functional window for services of the elderly.
3. Aging in place
The government should promote the concept of community-dwelling for the elderly, the implementation of community-based care as much as possible so the elderly can be aging in familiar environment.
4. Nursing homes provided in the neighborhood
To use concept of "universal design" for living space, and build the “government owned and private sector operated” housing in nearby community in order to maximize the benefits of using limited resources.
5. Resource Integration
The government should integrate social welfare resources, the current subsidies for the elderly and other related policy resources in order to increase the overall efficiency.
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以國人旅遊調查資料探討國人於臺灣各縣市旅遊地選擇偏好之特性 / Using Survey Data of Travel by R.O.C. Citizens to Explore the Characteristics of T ourism Preference of Taiwanese in Taiwan韓鈺瑩 Unknown Date (has links)
臺灣近年來常常以發展觀光產業,來促進地方經濟發展,最明顯的政策便屬為臺灣政府於2008年開放陸客來臺以後,帶起許多陸客旅行團來臺旅遊的熱潮。同時在媒體渲染陸客強勁的消費力之下,使旅遊周邊產業都能受惠。但根據交通部觀光局統計資料顯示,陸客來臺人數成長率已大幅下降,但這股陸客來臺風潮卻已悄悄改變了臺灣旅遊業的體質。臺灣的觀光產業應朝向高品質服務業發展,才能同時保有觀光的品質與產值,否則在觀光人次太多的情況下,將影響國人旅遊的品質。
因此本研究利用2014年國人旅遊調查資料,利用決策樹方法根據縣市做分類,分別從旅遊者的背景、旅遊規劃、旅遊內容角度出發,檢視國人於臺灣縣市旅遊的特性與滿意程度,深入探討國人旅遊之型態與品質,藉此提供國內旅遊發展上一些建議,帶動在地旅遊,甚可藉由國民外交的「口碑」向外推廣、創造旅遊需求。
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國際企業在地化策略之研究-以網路資訊產業為例 / A study of localization strategy of international enterprise -based on information and internet industry吳彥輝 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著時代的變遷,商業盛行,全世界的企業都很清楚了解到必須靈活運用經濟學的「比較利益法則」,才可以讓企業本身創造出成本極小化與利潤極大化的空間。美國密西根大學Ross Business School知名的教授C.K. Prahalad也提出「N=1,R=G」的觀念,證實了「全球化」在現今的確是一股讓我們不容忽視的力量與演進。
伴隨「全球化」而來的便是「在地化」所面臨的問題,這一點在過去傳統的實體產業中,國際企業已經對於在地化的策略有很深入的剖析與研究,但是由於時代的演進快速,現今商業市場最大,最具發展潛力的產業,儼然已經變成虛擬的網路資訊產業了。因此過去學者所研究的在地化策略是否在網路資訊產業中會有不同的地方?國際企業於在地化時,實體產業需要注意的地方會和虛擬的網路資訊產業相同或是相異?而網路資訊產業中的國際企業又應該如何制定在地化策略?針對國際企業的大舉入侵,本土產業是否有和抵抗其在地化的策略?這些問題在過去並無針對網路資訊產業做探討,因此本研究將以吳思華教授提出的策略三構面為研究架構基礎,針對網路資訊產業設計出新的研究架構與研究問題,研究問題分別為:(1)為了克服在地化的劣勢,國際企業如何爭取在地市場上的競爭力?(2)國際企業如何結合本身全球化的優勢與在地市場的競爭力?(3)國際企業達到全球在地化的關鍵成功因素為何?
最後藉由次級資料的蒐集以及實地訪談在網路資訊產業中最具指標性的三家公司(Google、YAHOO!、愛情公寓)之一手資料,透過質性研究的方式,分析整理出以下研究結論,包括有在地市場環境的了解與掌握、網路位置的定位與連結整合在地資源、彈性策略、以及重新鍵結的在地策略…等。 / As time goes by, global commercial has been developed into a new stage. Businesses around the world now understand that the Law of Comparative Advantage must be used correctly to create the cost minimization and maximize their profits. Professor C.K. Prahalad, renowned professor in Ross Business School at the University of Michigan who developed a theory of “N=1, R=G”, restated that “Globalization” is indeed an invincible force in the new age.
The topic of “Globalization” comes with the issue of “Localization”. In the past, localization business strategy has been analyzed and studied in depth for the traditional industry. Due to the rapid evolution of global business, the greatest business opportunities now lie in the virtual world of information and internet. Now the question is, are there any differences in the localization strategy of the traditional business and those of the information and internet industry? When traditional international enterprises develop their localization strategy, is it any different than the localization strategy of international information and internet businesses? How do international enterprises develop localization strategy in information and internet industry? How do local companies develop their best strategies to fight against the penetration of international enterprises? These issues are not discussed in depth in the information and internet industry in the past. This study is based on the Professor Wu’s theory, “Three dimensions of strategy”. This is redesigned in a new structure and, additionally, a set of innovative research questions. The research questions are: (1) In order to overcome the disadvantages in local market, how does international enterprise develop business strategies to gain the competitive advantages in a new market? (2) How do international enterprises combine their global competitive advantages with the special local market condition? (3) What are the key successful factors of “glocalization” for international enterprise?
With the second-hand data collecting, and the first-hand information gathering by interviewing three representative companies (Google, YAHOO!, iPart) in information and internet industry, I developed the research conclusions through the qualitative research method which include the understanding and overall control of international enterprises in local market, the right positioning of the international enterprises in the internet and information industry, the integration of the global advantages and the local resources, flexible international business strategy, and recontextualization of local strategy…etc.
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新創事業掌握創業機會與調整營運模式之探索性研究 / Seizing Entrepreneurial Opportunities and adapting Business Models of New Ventures: An Exploratory Research蘇惟宏, Su, Wei Hung Unknown Date (has links)
網際網路(Internet)於1990年代中期蓬勃發展以來,營運模式(business model, BM)成為創投業者(venture capitalists, VCs)評估新興dotcom廠商能否在競爭中勝出的準則。從相關文獻指出,成功的營運模式不僅可形塑新產業,甚且重新分配新價值。因此,營運模式對廠商在市場的持續競爭力,求取生存與成長,具有重大的影響。
市場競爭的本質是以動態呈現,本研究嘗試探索具有動態性之營運模式架構。依循Eisenhardt(1989)個案研究法,本研究以6個新創廠商個案進行深度訪談,將訪談逐字稿進行逐句、逐段分析,歸納整理個案研究發現,並進行跨個案分析以取得個案的型態(pattern)。
從個案研究發現與分析,廠商必須面對環境、技術及競爭者等不確定性因素,廠商的營運模式須從外部不確定性因素中,發現具有利基的創業機會,也就是:廠商須提出能夠打造具利基市場之定位與地位之「價值主張」,以及提供生存與成長的動能之「獲利能耐」。從本研究發現與分析萃取出4個營運模式要素,亦即:廠商必須能夠擁有與動員「關鍵資源與能力」;建立「網絡與平台分享機制」;注重能夠產生領導趨勢、深度體驗及高築障礙之「產品/服務之設計與品質」;充分發揮擴展共創雙贏之「在地智慧」。然而,營運模式在動態的環境中,並非一成不變,廠商必須持續透過「配適、校準、嘗試錯誤及快速商品化」之動態調整機制,才可讓營運模式具有與時俱進的持續競爭力。 / In mid of 1990’s, the era of Internet booming, business models (BMs) had become the most important evaluation tools of venture capitalists to emerging dotcoms whether they can be successful competition from the market or not. From the literature review, it showed that the successful BM not only had reshaped the whole industry, but also had redistributed billions of dollars of value. For above reasons, BMs heavily influence to firms’ performance for getting survival and growth in competitive markets.
The competitive nature of markets presents a dynamic characteristic. Under this circumstance, this research tries to explore the architecture of BM that is with the adapting mechanisms to a dynamic and competitive market. The research employs case study methodology and conducts 6 new venture cases. The first research question is to explore new ventures how to seize entrepreneurial opportunities. It can be found out new ventures how to confront uncertainties including environments, technologies, and competitors, which construct antecedents of BMs. From research findings, there are two antecedents, one is value propositions which make firms to craft a special position in a niche market, and the other is profitability capabilities. The second research question is to explore new ventures how to build up BMs and adapt to the dynamic settings. Extracting of case studies findings, there are four elements, including key resources and capabilities, sharing mechanism in network and platform, design and quality in products/services, local intelligence. Also, from the research findings, there are four mechanisms of dynamic adaptation, including alignment, fit, trial and error, and commercialization.
In the dynamic markets, the optimal status to BMs is to adapt and renew automatically. On one hand, it makes firms to sense and seize opportunities which are coming from external uncertainties; on the other hand, firms have to keep their BMs on the right trajectory with mechanisms of dynamic adaptation. BMs with adapting mechanisms can make firms keep competitive advantages.
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企業集團全球網絡與在地治理模式研究以華碩集團為例 / Corporate group global network and localized business management model: Case study Asus.王樂平 Unknown Date (has links)
過去對於台灣單一廠商朝向大型集中化的企業集團發展及其在地交易治理模式的現象較少涉及,本研究由網絡理論出發,扣連華碩集團作為研究場域,援引Håkanson企業全球擴張模式,企圖論證華碩企業集團化過程中,如何透過獨資或合資之進入模式,佈局全球在地網絡關係,進而運用Powell組織治理模式,探討企業集團在地網絡治理模式。有別於過去文獻單從政治經濟學詮釋企業集團介入不同產業時,強調國家角色的重要性;或者從經濟地理學探討單一產業之廠商全球佈局或跨界生產網絡建構與在地鑲嵌實證研究,期能補充過去文獻之不足。經研究後發現:
一、Håkanson於1979年所提出之企業集團全球擴張模式,無法適用於華碩全球網絡擴張模式。
經本研究分析,Håkanson所提出的企業集團全球擴張模式,無法適用於華碩企業集團的全球網絡擴張模式,就其原因,應與現今之企業集團受全球網絡接軌、資訊技術的進步、市場全球化、專業技術的研發及台灣中小企業的靈活性等因素影響。故本研究依華碩案例,整理出企業集團全球擴張模式的三階段,1.單一廠商及採用海外銷售代理商階段;2.滲透到個國內外市場階段;3.產生跨國產業的公司。
二、Powell的組織交易治理模式,可以解釋華碩企業集團全球網絡下各公司在地網絡治理行為。
Powell強調網絡是一個重要的組織交易治理模式,相關研究亦指出華人企業比較重視「網絡」,透過華碩企業集團案例分析,顯示研發活動受到確保關鍵技術的限制而採用層級型;在製造活動上,受到控制產品品質及降低成本的需求,初期會採用層級型,然後隨着產品多樣化而採用網絡層級型;行銷活動為了獲取最大的銷售利益,在單一技術多角化經營期間採用市場網絡型,隨着產品多樣化而採用市場型。
三、本研究所選擇的四個影響在地組織交易治理模式因素,僅有企業價值活動具解釋性。
透過企業發展階段、各公司設立時間、進入模式及企業價值活動等四個選擇因素的迴歸分析,發現各分、子公司所從事的企業價值活動對在地組織交易治理模式有顯著影響。 / There are few researches on how a Taiwanese single manufacturer developing into a hyper-centralized group and what its localized business and management model is. Hence this paper is employed the network theory to Asus as studied case and applied Håkanson’s Corporate Global Expansion Model for Asus’ group developing process to try to explain how employ solely or joint investment entering model to layout global localized network. Furthermore, employ Powell’s organization management model to explore corporate group’s local management network. This dissertation is different from most papers focus on the role of country when interpreting from political economy view that how corporate group enters various industry. It is also different from economic geography view to explore how one single manufacturer layout globally or across industry to setup and localize completely production. I hope the approach of this paper can fill the gap.
Findings:
1. Håkanson’s Corporate Global Expansion Model submitted in 1979 can not be applied for Asus’ global network expansion model.
The reason why Håkanson’s Corporate Global Expansion Model can not be applied for Asus’ global network expansion model is modern corporate group is highly influenced by global network, information technology, market globalized, and the development of professional skills, and the flexibility for Taiwanese middle and small companies. It can be concluded that there are three stages for the corporate group to expand globally based on case Asus. First is one single producer and oversea sales agent, the next step is penetrating to foreign market, and the third phase is one cross-country manufacturer is born.
2. Powell’s organization management model can explain how Asus’ individual company’s local managing behavior under the global umbrella of Asus Corporate Group.
Powell emphasizes the network is a very important organization business management model. All the relative researches also point out that Chinese enterprises consider “network” more important than the others. Base on the stud of Asus, this paper indicates R & D development is restricted for protecting critical technology so as to employ ranking mode. As in production, by the request of controlling product quality and lowering down cost, at first, the ranking mode is required, then, along with product variety increasing, the network mode is employed. Marketing activity aims to maximize selling profit. Asus employs market network mode for a single technology with diversified managing phase while market mode for product variety situation.
3. Researching four chosen factors of influencing local organization business managing model, enterprise value activity only is explainable.
Based on the regression analysis for four chosen factors as enterprise developing stages, the setup date of each subsidiary or branch office, entering models, and enterprise value activity, the enterprise value activity of each subsidiary or branch office does significant influence on local organization business managing model.
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以語意觀點為基礎之文化建模於服務創新 / A semantic perspective of culture modeling toward service innovation戴華呈, Tai, Hua Cheng Unknown Date (has links)
服務創新和發展文化創意產業已成為在這幾年的熱門話題。許多的研究也顯示出文化背景對影響人們做決策和經營管理的重要性;並且,許多相關的文獻也顯示,融合文化來做服務創新的可能性。因此,在這項研究中,我們的目標研究就是要了解是否有任何可以讓我們結合當地的文化資產還有運用資訊科技的協助來促進中小企業達到服務創新的可能性。我們期望可以用文化的角度來看資訊科技於服務創新上的應用,尤其是對中小型企業的業主。
在本文中,我們提出了「文化驅動因子」,藉以傳達人受到文化的影響所傳達出來的情感、價值觀和行為等。除此之外,我們更進一步的提出以語意為基礎的資訊系統,希望藉由本系統,我們可以用一種新穎的方式來詮釋當地的文化,並使用當地文化影響下所生成的「文化驅動因子」來激勵中小企業做服務創新。我們相信我們的系統可以激發中小企業,了解他們的文化背景,並進一步實現服務創新的目標。 / To do service innovation and to develop culture and creative industry are becoming a hot issue in these years. A lot of researches have been demonstrating the importance of culture and how it relates or influences to people's decision making and business management. However, few researches to date show the IT enabled use of culture ingredients to do service innovation. Accordingly, in this research we aim to investigate if there is any possibility for us to utilize cultural factors and IT to facilitate the creation service innovation opportunities. Therefore, we intend to view service innovation from the lens of local cultural factors and IT, especially for the small and medium business owners (SMBs). In this paper, we proposed “cultural interpretations” as the emotions, values and behavior, etc. which people convey out through the effect of culture. In addition, we come up with a semantic information system to motive or inspire SMBs with a new way to think about service innovation by leveraging the local culture in terms of the perspective of “cultural interpretations”. We believe our system could motive SMBs to understand their culture context and then achieve the goal of doing service innovation.
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在自己的土地上漂流: 臺灣美麗灣度假村開發案爭議的民族誌研究 / Rafting on Their Own Land:Ethnography of Development and Conflict on the Miramar Resort, Taitung, Taiwan卡伊, Kayi Aslan Demirtas Unknown Date (has links)
本研究透過針對台東縣都蘭社群建造傳統竹筏所記載的民族誌,探索該社群在政府授權的美麗灣民間興建營運後轉移模式(BOT)發展案中的角色與互動。研究內容包括了(1)對民間興建營運後轉移之模式的總體回顧,以及美麗灣此個案的評估。(2)在地阿美族社群對發展計畫反對的詳細論述。(3)在替代發展方案上的建議。我的田野調查包含了在社群集會與示威抗議活動上的參與觀察,但調查的重心則立基於一條阿美竹筏建造與出海的過程。本文的結論提供了一套能夠兼顧在地居民互動及外來廠商利益的發展方案,旨在透過融合相關各方的觀點以圖能夠減少衝突並促進共同利益。 / This research explores the dimensions and interactions of the Amis community under the Miramar Resort (MR) Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) development project authorized by the local county government through an ethnographic approach on the construction of a traditional bamboo raft in the township of Dulan, Taitung, Taiwan. The content of this study includes (1) A status review of the BOT policy in general and the MR development project in particular, (2) A detailed account of the local Amis community’s opposition to the project, and (3) Suggestion on alternative methods of land management. My fieldwork includes participant observation in the context of seminar meetings and activist demonstrations. However the centerpiece of the research at Dulan revolves around my personal participation in the construction of an Amis traditional bamboo raft and its launching into the ocean. Conclusions offer alternative ways for the development of an area that is interactive with indigenous peoples and outside commercial interests. The perspective taken is aimed at alleviating conflict through incorporating the views of stakeholders in the best interests of all parties involved.
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