台灣過去以製造業聞名全球，然而成本的降低終有其限度；隨著政府兩兆雙星方案的提出，將數位內容產業列為重點培育產業之一，也開啟了台灣往知識經濟前進的腳步。然而高風險的特性，也使得多數數位內容業者，在融資方面遭遇相當的困難。特別是過去以有形資產為擔保品的銀行融資方式，更使得數位內容業者較難展現自己的價值。本論文以此情境為出發點，並參考國外數位容產業個案，引發對於相關融資方式的討論。 本研究以數位內容產業可能之融資手段為出發點，參照國外個案，以美國著作權證券化與日本製作委員會之融資方式為討論標的。美國著作權證券化最成功的案例，非大衛包伊個案莫屬。個案資料之豐富於廣受討論之程度亦為此系列之最；而日本的動畫產業亦向來我亞洲之冠，近來更廣受歐美市場的青睞。本論文以此二個案為標的，分析個案所處之情境，以產品所處之不同發展階段與資本市場成熟度，深入了解其融資方式之選擇策略。並兼論採取此種融資方式，所可能遭遇之困難與挑戰。最後並探討台灣之產業經濟環境，提出可參考改進之建議與作法，作為台灣改進數位內容產業融資問題可能的方向。 關鍵字：數位內容、融資、智財證券化、管理委員會 / Taiwan has been famous for its manufacturing ability. However, there’s a limitation with cost down strategy. Taiwan government has brought out the “Two Trillions & Twin Stars Industries Development Plan” in order to promote the development of certain industries in Taiwan, and Digital Content Industry is listed among one of them. The development of Digital Content Industry has presented the progress toward knowledge based economics of Taiwan. However, the high risk characters have resulted in the difficulty of finance for digital content business. Especially collateral requirement is making digital content players even harder to show their value. This research is based on this situation to discuss related financing methods and refers to some cases. This research is based on the possible financing methods for digital content industry, and using copyright securitization in America and Cinema Production Committee in Japan. The most famous copyright securitization case in America is David Bowie securitization, and the related comment and information is also richest. The Japan animation industry is always the best of Asia, and is popular in Europe and America recently. This research is focus on the two topics to analyze cases. The research uses the different product development stage along with maturity degree of capital market to analyze the selection of financing methods. Also, the possible difficulties and challenges are discussed. The research also talks about the digital content industry and economic environment in Taiwan, and make possible suggestions to improve the progress of digital content development in Taiwan.

近年來，智慧財產議題在西方國家受到極大的重視，然而現在亞洲國家，如日本、韓國以及台灣也開始關注智慧財產權。智慧財產權對於創作人或發明人而言，能夠給予他們一段時間的壟斷或保護，使其取得一定的報酬；對於企業而言，智慧財產權訴訟能夠讓企業擁有持續性的競爭優勢，並保障其在某個市場區段的獲利。因此，小至個人、大至企業、國家，都會因為智慧財產權制度的發達而受益。 除此之外，智慧財產也開始以交易標之姿展現其價值，企業或是獨立專利權人授權其專利或是各項智慧財產以獲取利潤。即使智慧財產之交易日益興盛，但公開透明的交易市場卻遲遲未出現。顯然在智慧財產之商業環境的建構上我們依舊有所闕漏。為了活化無形資產之交易市場，我們必須要發展出一套關於授權策略之理論，才能更有效率地管理各式無形資產。 然而，在多數的文獻當中都將授權行為視為法律議題，而非商業考量。但事實上契約雖然是以法律形式存在，但背後之動機卻是出於企業之商業考量。若單純就法律觀點來探討此議題，恐會造成對於企業授權策略之研究之不足，因此本研究將從管理的觀點出發探討授權策略並釐清其與企業經營模式間之關係。 植基於此，本研究選擇了IC產業中11家績效良好的矽智財供應商作為研究標的，在該領域中授權交易已經行之有年且市場建構完備。並透過訪談相關實務界人士以及蒐集研究標的公司之年報、報章雜誌以及網站資訊等次級資料進行分析，得出目前矽智財供應商主要的經營模式共可分為四類，並逐一解析各種經營模式有何異同。除此之外，更擷取出授權策略之組成亦可分為四個元素，以及分析企業之經營考量如何影響到在各項元素上選擇。 / In decades, intellectual property has got a lot of attention in the Western world. Now Asian countries such as Japan, Korea and Taiwan start to pay attention to this issue. Intellectual property rights grant patentee the exclusive rights for a period to perform his innovations, which can reward himself. For enterprises, intellectual property litigation has become a tool to sustain competitive advantages, and protect the profitability. In this case, the whole society will gain benefit from the intellectual property. In addition, intellectual property has proved itself as an exchange object , firms or individual patentees licensed their patents or other intellectual property to get revenue. Although the transactions has been carries out more and more frequently, the open , transparent exchange market of intangible asset is still not rising. Obviously , we still have to make much effort on improving business environment. In order to active the intangible property market, we must develop the theory of licensing strategy to manage the intangible assets orderly. However, in most of literature, license has been considered as a legal issue, instead of a business one. Contract itself is legal terms, but in fact, licensing strategy origin from firm’s business consideration. So we need to research this issue form managerial perspective to gain more understanding about licensing strategy. On the basis, this study will discuss the issue from managerial perspective, and clarify the between patent licensing strategy and business model. This study selects 11 leading SIP providers as research object, which had built a well-developed licensing market. By interviewing practisers and collecting, analyzing targeted firm’s annual reports, newspapers, website information etc. , the consequence reveals that the business model of SIP providers can be divided into four categories, and figure out the difference between the four ones. In addition, this study extracts four elements that comprise licensing strategy, analyzing how business model affects licensing strategy.

交易標的物，可分為物、勞務、權利。在過去，智慧財產等權利的價值，往往透過物或勞務之交易才能間接地展現。如今在智慧財產日益重要之知識經濟中，以智慧財產直接作為交易標的物的商業模式，愈趨頻繁。此一直接智財交易之相關會計及租稅問題，值得進行體系化研究。本研究旨在分析直接智財交易可能產生的營利事業所得稅問題。本研究將直接智財交易分為權利買賣讓與（所有權移轉）、權利的融資擔保（價值權）及權利的使用收益(用益權)，針對各項爭點，分析問題形成的原因及可能造成的影響，並提出解決之道。 本研究分析後發現，目前稅法體系僅能掌握間接智財交易，因此未來修法時應將直接智財交易明文納入所得稅法體系之中。其次，智財交易多為跨國交易，但因與台灣訂有租稅協定的國家為數不多，為避免重複課稅，本研究建議對於來源地認定，應採取「經濟關聯」的認定標準。再者，針對著作權設質融資，由於著作權欠缺公示制度，本研究認為可能造成誤將讓與擔保當成買賣讓與而不公平地課徵所得稅，因此建議將讓與擔保分別處理。最後，對於智財作價入股之課稅時點，本研究認為，應依新創事業創立與為犒賞員工之目的分別處理，並依本研究所提出之指標個案認定。 / Objects of transactions can be tangible property, labor service, and rights. Intellectual property (IP) as right used to manifest its value most indirectly through transactions of tangible property and labor service. In a knowledge-based economy where IP becomes more important than ever before, business models based on direct transactions of IP have gained more popularity. As a result, a systematic research on accounting and taxation issues of IP transactions is urgent. This study aims to examine corporate income tax issues related to sales, collateral-based financing, and usufructs in direct IP transactions. After analyzing potential controversies and their causes and effects, the study proposes some feasible solutions to such disputes. The analysis shows that the existing income tax system does not apply well to direct IP transactions, and such transactions should be considered in future amendments of the Income Tax Act. Next, as IP transactions are usually involved in cross-border transactions and potentially subject to double taxation, given the fact that Taiwan has tax treaties only with a few countries, this study suggests identification of income origin be based on the economic connection so as to avoid unfair double taxation. Thirdly, as copyright lacks a public disclosure system and hence a copyright-backed financing deal may be mistakenly treated as sales rather than transfer guaranty and be unfairly taxed, this study suggests a separate treatment for such transactions. Finally, regarding taxation on stocks exchanged for IP, this study suggests differentiating the timing of taxation for encouraging new venture formation from that for rewarding employees, based on certain proposed criteria.

值此知識經濟時代，土地建物、自然資源、機器設備等有形資產的重要性已大不如前，而電腦、通信、生化等知識(智慧財產權)的價值則持續增加，許多擁有知識的大企業以全球為市場，所創造的財富大過許多國家，知識不只是力量，更是財富。1982年美國S&P 500大企業的總市值中無形資產佔38%，2002年已躍升為87%，即是明證，美國如此，台灣亦然，因此，智慧財產權融資應當是我國銀行可以開拓的業務之一。 本研究從實務觀點深入瞭解我國金融機構辦理智財權融資的現況與政府相關政策，同時借鏡美國、日本與韓國的作法與許多實際案例，先找出我國金融機構辦理智財權融資所遭遇的問題與挑戰，然後探討未來我國金融機構辦理智財權融資業務與政府建立智財權融資體系的方向，期能對於推動處在發展初期的智財權融資業務有些許助益。經由分析比較，本研究獲致以下結論： 一、智慧財產(無形資產)之重要性與日俱增，其價值早已不下於有形資 產，銀行應正視此一趨勢，於授信、投資、風險管理等多方面有所因應。 二、智財權必須商業化，必須結合營運，才能發揮價值，使其價值極大 化。 三、智財權融資是企業發展與產業升級所需要的資金來源之一。 四、智財權融資業務有商機，但風險仍不容輕忽。 五、健全的智財權融資體系不能只有金融機構，還需要智財權鑑價機構、智財權交易市場等環節。 並提出以下建議： 一、銀行應積極地為智財權融資業務做準備。 二、銀行不宜因智財權融資體系不成熟，而過度排斥智財權融資業務。 三、政府宜適度增加對若干智財權融資的補助。 四、政府宜以公權力協助建立具公信力的智財權鑑價機構與智財權管理機構。 五、政府可考慮開放創投公司或財務公司承做智財權融資。 六、智慧財產權證券化為智財權融資的重要項目與發展趨勢，政府應預做準備。

台灣早期係以農業為主的社會，加上位處亞熱帶，植物品種豐富，生長期長，稻作可一年三穫。又二十世紀初，台灣處於日治時期，製糖、樟腦、茶葉、稻米進入工業化生產時代，技術持續進步，產量也逐漸上升，奠定生產優良農產品的實力。另外一方面，台灣的花卉業也不容忽視，蝴蝶蘭的育種具有世界水準，而台灣與外界隔絕之海島地形，加上地處亞熱帶，具有豐富且特殊的生物基因資源，以上因素皆奠定台灣發展農業科技之基礎。 1980年代起，生物技術日益發達，基因轉殖或是基因改造的方法逐漸與傳統嫁接、配種等植物育種方法並行，隨著國際化的腳步、經濟的發展，農業技術的進步，植物新品種的培育愈來愈容易進行，且新品種樣態也愈來愈繁多。但另一方面，植物的流通日益複雜，熟悉育種技術者可由新品種植物種子、枝條、葉片等便於攜帶部位輕易繁殖，導致辛苦育成新品種的育種者心血結晶易被他人盜用，使育種人逐漸失去創造新品種之動力。為解決此問題，國際間有以植物新品種保護國際聯盟(UPOV)及與貿易相關之智慧財產權協定(TRIPS)規範之植物品種權及專利權制度保護育種者之智慧財產權，我國目前亦有植物品種及種苗法保護植物品種權，專利法則正在修法開放植物為專利標的。 然而，除了法律制度健全外，還需要有效的執行政策確保能實際達到立法目的，以植物相關智慧財產權法為例，需讓育種者了解自己有哪些權利、申請方式及行使方式，再遇到侵權事件時，能第一時間防止侵害、順利主張權利、請求賠償及去除侵害。再者，確保權利得以主張後，如何將此權利產業化、商品化以換取利益亦為重要課題。完成上述一連串政策後，才能順利達到提升產業、讓社會大眾享受到科技成果之目的。 由於農產品不同於電子或醫藥產業之產品可全球通行，依據不同地區有不同的主食及盛行作物，美國、中國、日本及歐洲等農村結構、農業技術、氣候及產品等亦大不相同，故國際間對於農業或植物相關智慧財產權之保護及商品化政策都因地制宜，不盡相同。 台灣的近鄰 --- 日本，有著與台灣類似的農村結構、飲食習慣及盛行作物，同時植物智財保護政策也對其高產值的精緻農業有所貢獻，例如日本特有的獨立行政法人植物種苗管理中心以及品種保護對策官(G-Men)制度，在行政上發揮有效的智慧財產管理作用。同時日本善用其地方文化結合農產品發展出地方特產、一村一特產等，提升國內外觀光潛力，使遊客聽到北海道即聯想到「夕張哈密瓜」、聽到京都即聯想到「宇治抹茶」，松坂市有「松阪牛」、青森有「青森蘋果」等等，以地名行銷農畜產品之方式相當成功。 綜上所述，本研究認為台灣在發展農業技術上之潛力不亞於日本，並期待「台灣」一詞有朝一日能在國際上代表「品質優良的農產品、水果、花卉及先進的農業技術」，使台灣之農產業能成為繼電子產業後另一項能在國際間發光之產業，故本研究以日本為研究對象，以植物相關智慧財產權政策之角度分析其精緻農業成功因素，並針對台灣之特色，提出因地制宜之政策變革方向。

二十一世紀是知識經濟的時代，傳統製造業所看重的有形資本已不足以維持企業優勢，無形的智慧資本在新型態的企業競爭中所扮演的角色日顯重要。各行各業都有無形資產，種類性質因產業而異，傳統製造業重視營業秘密、商譽，高科技產業的專利則是公司競爭力的核心，而屬於知識高度密集產業的生技產業更需要重視智慧資本的管理。生技產業的結構複雜，價值鏈長、分工專業、產品開發期漫長，在產品成功上市之前的開發時期中，公司資產多屬於無形的智慧資本，無法從傳統的財務報表觀察其真正的企業價值。相較於其他產業，生技公司更必須訴求於正確的無形資產管理方式，方能成功兌現其智慧資本。 本研究先藉由文獻回顧統整台灣生技產業的相關現況、過去相關智慧資本管理研究以及研發管理等議題，歸納出一般性共識與管理原則。接著依循這些重點，訪談三家台灣生技公司的經理人，包括台灣微脂體、中裕新藥與因華生技，深入了解台灣產業經營實務與現況，探討其智慧資本中的人力、組織與關係資本在個案公司內的蓄積方式，從研發管理模式、組織制度設計與智財管理等面向進行綜合比較。 本研究認為研發能量與知識管理在組織制度中的蓄積，是台灣業界經營管理上常見的盲點，台灣生技新藥業者多重視新技術的研發，普遍對智慧資本其他面向的重視程度不高，但對生技產業而言，扣除資金與技術後，公司的長期競爭力往往都是在組織發展的過程中累積而來的，忽視知識管理與組織制度的養成，對於企業長久發展有關鍵性的負面影響。研究中的個案最終都必須往累積組織資本的方向邁進，若不針對組織資本的蓄積設計恰當的管理方法，為研發人才設計合適的制度與生涯發展管道，將研發團隊的知識能量內化為企業自有資產，只期望以短期的數據績效取得資金支持，忽視智慧資本的管理與培養，並非生技產業長久經營之道。建議生技公司除了聘僱專業經理人處理資金與股東的關係外，也要重視研發長與策略長在組織中的地位，大膽給予權利，調整組織的運作模式，設計出能累積公司能量的專案管理流程，才是生技公司創造競爭力之本。 / In the era of knowledge-based economy, the tangible assets highly-valued by traditional manufacturing industry is no more enough solely to maintain industrial competency. Intangible intellectual assets become more and more important in modern commercial competitions. The intangible assets exist and vary according to different industries. Traditional manufacturing industry looks highly upon trade secrets and brand reputation while patent is the core competency to high-tech companies. Biotech industry belongs to a high knowledge-intensive business and should emphasize more on the management of intellectual assets. Biotech industry is characterized of a complicated system, a long value chain, specialized divisions of labor, and a prolonged timeline of product development. The company assets before the successful commercialization of a product are usually intangible intellectual property and a biotech company during this period cannot be accurately evaluated from traditional financial reports. Hence, compared to other business, biotech companies should resort more actively to appropriate intangible intellectual asset management to achieve a successful redemption of its intellectual assets. This thesis will firstly through the literature study depict the current condition of Taiwan biotech industry and important issues on intellectual asset management and R&D management, inducing several principles of management. Further, the study proceeds with the principles induced to examine three new ventures in Taiwan, Taiwan Liposome Company (TLO), TaiMed Biologics, and InnoPharmax. The discussion will elaborate the practice of intellectual asset management of biotech industry in Taiwan, analyzing and comparing the accumulation of human capital, organizational capital, and relationship capital in the three cases. The study proposes that Taiwan biotech companies usually neglect the accumulation and management of R&D capacity and knowledge in the enterprise organization system. The companies in question invest their resources mostly on the development of new technology and less on other intellectual assets. However, in the long run, the competency of a biotech company accumulates while the organization develops, other than the financial capital and technology. The depreciation of knowledge management and organization system will cause fatal influences on the company. The cases in the thesis must eventually develop their own organizational capital. Biotech companies need to devise appropriate management for organizational capital and preferable career paths for researchers and engineers, to internalize the knowledge capacity of the research team into the company assets. It is not beneficial to a biotech company in the long run to expect financial supports with short-termed achievements, instead of the management and cultivation of intellectual assets. It is advised that other than hiring professional manager for investor relations, the biotech company should pay more attention to the function of CRO and CSO in the organization and sufficiently authorize them into full play. It should also focus on the operation of the organization, adjusting and devising program management to accumulate knowledge capacity, to firmly establish the core competency in a biotech company.

有鑑於我國長期以來皆為技術引入國，為強調自主創新，產學合作受到了相當程度的重視，而生技製藥產業的價值鏈長、高風險、高研發成本、高知識內涵等特性，使得產學合作成為生技製藥產業中相當重要的機制。又由於上述的產業特性，使得生技製藥公司在產品上市前，所有的研發投入，皆以「無形資產」的形式，儲存在階段性的開發成果之中，因此，智慧財產的保護與管理，對生技製藥公司而言，確實有很高的重要性，智慧財產若經過妥善的經營與管理，能有效成為企業的競爭優勢來源。 本研究即以生技製藥產業之產學合作為前提，針對智財管理與企業策略因子，以產業方的觀點，探討「產學合作－智財管理－企業營運模式」三者之間的關連性，並從智財管理的四大內涵－「創造、保護、管理、運用」作為分析之構面，釐清重要議題與關鍵因素，以作為日後雙方架構合作與管理模式之依據，達到知己知彼，互信合作，創造雙贏的綜效。 本研究以個案訪談方式，訪談台灣微脂體、台灣東洋、世基生醫三間國內生技製藥公司，並根據訪談結果之分析與彙總比較，得到研究發現並提出建議如下： 1. 生技智財策略與其營運模式有關，受到獲利方式影響而採取不同的智財策略。 2. 生技產學合作成果，「權利歸屬」之模式多元化，與該成果距離商品化之成功率有關；此外，「先專利、後發表」的慣例已普遍採用，無保密與公開之衝突。 3. 智財專責部門的設立與人數配置，應隨企業的成長而增置，人才網羅應以生技背景之跨領域專業人才為主，且需經過商管課程之訓練，方能對產業發展與競爭脈動有所掌握。 4. 產學合作成果運用，與企業核心能力與互補性資產掌控度有關，國內廠商而言，「對外授權」仍然必要；運用訴訟的方式與否，與「智財策略」有關聯，並受成本因素之影響。 5. 產業方應主動積極參與產學合作，由於學界缺乏商品化之經驗，技轉辦公室現階段亦無法充份發揮功能，因此，由產業方積極參與產學合作，能以產業方敏銳的商業嗅覺協助學界補捉具有潛力的研究，發揮引導之功能，使前瞻研究能進入應用階段，而實際造福人群，同時帶動產業的活絡發展。 / Regarding that Taiwan is always in the position of “technology transfer licensee”, to emphasize the goal of innovation, academic-industrial collaboration has becoming an important issue. Especially with regards to the features of bio-pharmaceutical value chain, such as compartmentalization, high risk, high return, highly knowledge-based, the investment input is thus transformed into the form of “intangible assets”before the product actually launched. Therefore, the protection and management of intellectual property is critical to bio-pharmaceutical companies. If IP is properly managed and utilized, it could become a source of competitive advantage. This thesis is based on the study of bio-pharmaceutical academic-industrial collaborations, from an industrial perspective, focusing on IP management and strategy. Four components of IP management－development, protection, management, and exploitation, is set as major constructs of this thesis. The primary goal of this study is to find important issues and key factors toward a successful collaboration. This thesis studied three bio-pharmaceutical companies, Taiwan Liposome Company, TTY Biopharm, and Pharmigene. According to results of interviews and analytical comparison, this thesis concludes some findings and suggestions as follow: 1. The IP strategy of a bio-pharmaceutical company is related to its business model. Different profitable models should apply different IP strategies. 2. The way which academia and industry allocate the IP right and interest is diversed, according to the risk and commercialization successful rate of the collaboration. Also, “patent goes first, publication goes after”is a common route. Therefore there is no collision between secrecy and openness. 3. The establishment and expansion of in-house IP department should go in accordance with the growing of company. It is necessary for an accountable one to be bio-tech educated and further received MBA training, in order to be competent to business competition and strategic planning. 4. The exploitation of collaboration is in relation to company’s core competence and complementary assets. For Taiwan bio-pharm companies, the“licensing out”model is necessary. With regards to litigation, the attitude toward litigation is related to its IP strategy and cost of litigation. 5. The industrial part in such collaboration should take an active attitude, because the academic part lacks commercialization experience. It would be helpful for industry to guide and help capturing valuable study in academia, therefore makes radical innovation an usful one.

知識經濟時代，智慧財產權已經成為公司經營的策略重點，不再只是著重於法律與科技等構面，觸角更擴張為經營管理、商業競爭、企業併購、財務規劃與驅策新事業的重要工具。新的專利侵權原告（The New Breed of Patent Infringement Plaintiffs）便趁此一熱潮悄然誕生，美國稱之為「Patent Troll」，其不為營運研發、純粹在全球購買專利，以創造利潤與策略佈局考量為主，挾著專利持有人的地位大張旗鼓尋找「交易」對象，以訴訟為手段作為談判的籌碼，到處發警告函以獲取權利金。「Patent Troll」不僅在法律制度上引發爭議，更提高企業在智財管理方面的困難度，其對專利體系上的影響是全面性的。 本文第一章主要說明本論文之研究動機，包含專利訴訟新趨勢、新的商業營運模式，以及順應而生的「Patent Troll」之情形，闡述其所造成與被授權人間議價能力失衡之現象，接著闡述其對交易關係的影響以及美國法上相應適用的法律原則之變化，最後針對台灣的現況做一說明並向企業提出策略上之建議。 第二章蒐集並整理國內外與「Patent Troll」相關問題的爭議及探討。首先針對智慧財產服務業(IP Service Corporation)及智財控股公司(IP Holding Company)等名詞作一基本介紹。次對「Patent Troll」之名詞、定義、由來及分類做一整理介紹，接著說明「Patent Troll」之特徵、功能及商業模式。最後則針對各方文獻對於專利管理流程以及企業營運策略等建議做一整理分析。 第三章針對「Patent Troll」此一名詞做全面性的介紹與探討。首先對「Patent Troll」的定義、名詞爭議、發展歷史及與類似名詞的區辨為一概括式的介紹，本文將「Patent Troll」定名為「專利地痞」，並認為分析特徵可歸納為下列七項，只有當七項特徵都符合時才是本文所指涉之專利地痞：（一）為專利權人的個人、獨立發明人或公司；（二）藉由購買專利（如MercExchange）或進行技術創新(如Lemelson)；（三）不製造生產產品；（四）非提供專利服務；（五）鎖定目標公司（Target Company）：該目標公司必須是獨立發明製造技術，真正使用該專利，欠缺專利授權，在商業上成功，並且出現且已投入不可回復的損害；（六）以訴訟與禁制令作為要脅；（七）以達和解授權以獲取權利金等創造利潤及策略布局。接著說明「Patent Troll」的分類，以掌握其可能存在的不同態樣，本文將專利地痞分類為「發明型」專利地痞」，以及「購買型」專利地痞。然後就其特徵、優勢及商業模式加以闡述，歸納出一些共通的特徵，本文認為專利地痞的商業模式可以分成下列幾個步驟，第一階段為累積專利期，第二階段為授權協商期，第三階段則為專利訴訟期。各階段之間有其前後順序，並且環環相扣，除了第一階段需投入成本外，另外兩個階段均以創造利益為最終目的。最後再就全球各主要國家關於「Patent Troll」的現況進行討論並提出結論，以此部分的撰寫與結論作為第四張及第五章關於法律面與管理面相關議題批評檢討的基礎。 第四章探討「Patent Troll」在美國法上涉及的相關法律爭議問題，期以此觀察緣起環境變遷的方式了解國內外法制環境的差異，並定位台灣在此一進程中所處之發展位置，以解析台灣關於「Patent Troll」此議題重視之必要與否以及應該採取的態度與方法。首先以美國法上針對「Patent Troll」此一議題在行政、立法和司法的變革為引，帶出此一議題影響層面的全面性。次專注於美國法上關於立法上「專利改革法案」對於解決「Patent Troll」問題所做的努力，如前已提及之專利先申請原則、專利侵權損害賠償計算基礎、惡意侵權損害賠償、專利核可後非經訴訟程序的異議制度（Post-Grant Opposition）和專利侵權訴訟管轄權等。接著以法院判決的變化演進，如前述主要提及之2006年eBay v. MercExchange一案中對於禁制令核發原則的確立、2007年KSR v. Teleflex一案中對於可專利性原則（Patentability）的解釋運用，2007年MedImmune,Inc. v. Genentech一案對於確認判決（Declaratory Judgment）行使範圍的解釋。2007年Microsoft v. AT&T 針對域外效力（Extraterritorial Impact）的確立，以及2007年In re Seagate一案對於惡意侵權(Willful Infringement)的認定等。最後針對個別修正法案或法院判決的變遷對專利地痞的影響做一說明。 第五章提出企業面對「Patent Troll」此一威脅時所能採取的因應策略。將以第三章所分析之專利地痞商業模式三步驟為本，針對專利地痞行使各該步驟時，企業可能採取的因應策略。第一階段的累積專利期，包含有專利資訊管理、專利購買與公司併購、延攬IP專業人才、保險分擔機制與提撥準備金、技術創新設計、專利交叉授權、專利策略聯盟、契約條款規劃和其他新型態的因應策略等；第二階段的授權協商期，包含有專利評估、和解授權，確認訴訟；第三階段的侵權訴訟期，則有專利訴訟程序、侵權認定程序、善用迴避設計、提出異議制度、提出專利再審查、慎選繫屬法院，以及採取團體訴訟以資因應等。期以一相關流程使企業得以瞭解其現階段落在何種情況時應採取何策略始得降低風險並妥善因應。 第六章為本論文之結論建議，結論部份，將前述第三章、第四章和第五章所提出之觀點作一概括性的總結。建議部分，即就我國產官學各界及現行法制面對「Patent Troll」問題可能適用之解決方式加以檢討並提出建議。 / In the knowledge-based economy era, intellectual property has become the focus of business management strategy. The concerns of intellectual property management extend from law and technology to management, market competitions, mergers and acquisitions, financial plans, and start-ups. The trends also bring forth a new breed of patent infringement plaintiffs, Patent Troll, who do not undertake R&D and purchase patents worldwide as their main profit and business strategy. Those patentees utilize litigation as measures to bargain with their “clients” to obtain loyalties. The issue of Patent Troll is influential in the Patent system. It rouses controversy in legal system and increase difficulty for industry in intellectual property management. Chapter I describes the main concern of this thesis, including new trends of patent litigation, new business model, and “Patent Troll.” The chapter will elaborate an imbalance of bargaining power between licensors and licensees cause by patent troll, the influences of patent troll to IP transactions, and the changes of legal principles under U.S. patent law and judicial decisions. The chapter will outline the current situation in Taiwan and propose some strategy to industries. Chapter II involves relating issues on "Patent Troll" in Taiwan and abroad. First, the chapter will introduce the definition of IP Service Corporation and IP Holding Company. Then the chapter will elaborates and discuss patent troll from the name, definition, classification, origin, features, functions and business models. At last, this chapter will analyze the patent managerial process and operating strategies for the industries. Chapter III focuses on a comprehensive introduction towards patent troll. First, the article elaborates the disputes on the definition, the term, the history and the differences between similar terms of patent troll. A Patent troll should meet all the following seven characteristics, (a) patent owner/independent inventor/company; (b) Compare purchase of rights (MercExchange for example) vs. invention (Lemelson for example); (c) Does not Make, Use, Sell, Offer to Sell, Or Import Patented Article/ Does not Use/Practice Patented Method; (d) no IP Service; (e) Target company (infringer): The target company must be an independent inventor of the technology, has real use of the patent, lacks of patent license, has successful business and devotes substantial investments; (f)Threat of litigation & Injunction; (g) Demand for licensing fee. Then the article describes the classification of patent troll in order to grasp the potential types of it. Patent troll in this chapter will be classified as "inventor" one and "purchaser" one. The business model of patent troll can be divided into three stages: (a) cumulative period ;(b) licensing and consolation period and (c) patent litigation period. The three stages are of time sequence and closely linked together. The “Patent Troll” needs to invest money only in the first stage and take profit creation as the ultimate goal in the other two stages. Finally, the chapter describes and discusses the developments and current status of patent troll in some major countries in the world. The observation and discussion will be served as the foundation for further discussion in the following chapters. Chapter IV focuses on the legal principle changes under U.S. patent system in three dimensions: administration, legislation and jurisdiction and illustrates the effects that occur to patent troll. The changes of administration focus on three parts: the limitation of continuation application, the limitation of divisional application and the limitation of claims. In legislation, the changes focus on “Patent Law Reform Act”, including the first-to-invent to first-to-file principle, the calculation basis of damages, enhanced damages, post grant review procedure, and venue and jurisdiction. The changes of jurisdiction focus on five verdicts and cases, eBay v. MercExchange, KSR v. Teleflex, MedImmune, Inc. V. Genentech, Microsoft v. AT & T, and In re Seagate. The chapter will elaborate the influences of those changes and decisions on the business model of patent troll. Chapter V proposes some possible solutions and strategies to industries when they are confronted with the threats of patent troll. This thesis takes the three stages of patent troll’s business model as a foundation and proposes the strategies for industries against patent troll during different stages. The strategies for first stage are IP information management, patent purchase, mergers and acquisitions of companies, IP professionals recruitment, insurance mechanism, technology R&D, patent cross-licensing, patent alliances, contract planning and other new types of strategies and so on. The strategies for the second stage include patent evaluation, authorization of reconciliation and declaratory judgment. The strategies in the third stage are patent litigation, infringement procedures, patent design around, patent re-examination, choose of venue and jurisdiction and group litigation. The thesis expect to enable industries to understand what stage they fall on and what strategies they can adopt, with the proposal of management procedure. Chapter VI will be the conclusions of this thesis and will include suggestions on the issue of patent troll to industries, government and academia.

在數位出版產業中，台灣出版業者面對網路改革的壓力，積極尋找網路數位出版發展趨勢與商業模式，並且華文網路市場機會的興起以及網路社會上智慧財產權的日益重要，本研究將以智慧財產權管理的角度探討在網路中，臺灣出版業者如何尋找新的商業模式掌握此次出版業的革命商機，為廠商提出發展建議。 網路數位出版，意指在內容出版的過程，從內容創造、流通到利用都是以數位化的技術進行，並且在網路的環境中完成這些過程。網路數位出版平台，指的是溝通內容創造與內容利用兩端的中間者。負責聯絡兩方平台業者所面對的智財權議題以著作權最為重要，因為數位出版產業立基於內容發展，而著作權主要說明內容的管理。 本研究從網路長尾理論出發，以該現象形成的原因作為分析廠商的智財權管理的面向，分析專業數位出版平台—商業周刊網站，以及業餘數位出版平台—PIXNET，尋找商業模式與智財權管理的關連性。 根據個案訪談的結果分析，專業數位出版平台內容發行與智財權管理皆為以業者角度為主的單向，然而業餘數位出版平台的內容發行與智財權管理都是以互動的方式完成，平台之商業模式確實影響智財權的管理。除此之外，對於未來數位出版平台的發展，專業與業餘之間的藩籬逐漸消弭，成為兩者的綜合，本研究亦建議業者朝向專業與業餘並行的發展方向前進。 / The importance of intellectual property increases with the growth of Chinese internet market. Taiwan publishers are now confronted with the pressure from internet innovation and thus are forced to find out a new business model and more opportunity. This study will focus on the possible business model of digital publishing and the strategy of IP management which Taiwan publishers should adopt. Digital publishing suggests an all-digitalized publication process. Every step of publication, from content creation, editing, publishing, selling to application, can be completed all through the internet. The platform of digital publishing serves to communicate both side of content providers and users. Hence, copyright of the digital content and the management of copyright becomes one of the most important intellectual property issues. The thesis will begin with Chris Anderson’s Long Tail theory. Two websites of digital publishing in Taiwan will be chosen for analysis: the Business Weekly as the commercial plaform and PIXNET Blog as the avocational one. Through the comparison, the study aims to find out the connections between the business model and the intellectual property management. According to the case studies, the content and the intellectual property management of commercial platform are unidirectional, decided by managers. On the other hand, tthese of avocational one are bidirectional, influenced by website managers and users. Intellectual property managements are influenced by different business model. However, it would be the trend that the barrier between commercial platform and the avocational one will melt away and the business model of website in the future will change. The business model and intellectual property management of digital publishing platform should combine characteristics of both commercial and avocational one.