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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

企業併購程序中有關併購公司取得成本、被併購公司公平價值與與商譽攤銷爭議問題研究

蔡智仁 Unknown Date (has links)
企業併購商譽產生係由「併購公司投資成本」與「被併購公司可辨認淨資產公平價值」產生差異所致,本文先由「併購商譽攤銷」之行政訴訟進行分析,進而研究我國稅捐稽徵機關是否應當發展公平價值評價審查制度以解決相關租稅爭議。另外由於在我國102年起上市櫃公司全面採用國際財務報導準則的前提下,透由我國上市櫃公司於102年度之商譽減損測試執行狀況,將該分析結果與國際現況進行比較,試圖了解我國上市櫃公司之商譽會計政策是否隱藏併購公司高估商譽之風險,並進而探討公司負責人於併購時點所作之投資決策,是否有「經營判斷原則」之適用?在此混沌不明的過渡期間中,本文希望透過此研究而呼籲我國監理機關能盡早正視此一問題。 / M&A Goodwill arises from the difference of "M&A investment cost" and "the acquired company's identifiable net assets at fair value" .This study analyzes the administrative litigation about the " amortization of goodwill" at first. Further we study that whether the tax authority should develop the examination system of fair value evaluation to resolve disputes related to income tax. In addition , science Taiwan Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) formally announced that all listed companies must apply International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) after year 2012, we summary the the Goodwill impairments during year 2013 evaluated by the listed companies and compare with the international status ,trying to understand the listed companies`s accounting policy and weather the M&A Goodwill is without evaluation . At last, this study discuss when responsible person of the corporation high paying to the acquired company whether there is "business judgment rule" applicable? In this chaotic period, this study hopes that this research result could let FSC to notice this issue as soon as possible.
52

跨國專利侵權訴訟之管理

陳郁婷, Chen,Yu-Ting Unknown Date (has links)
自1980年以來,台灣企業逐漸於國際商業競爭上嶄露頭角的同時,也開始面臨智慧財產保護課題。 2003年3月,聯發科為全球獲利最高的IC設計公司,美商DVD播放機控制晶片供應商ESS正向系統客戶送樣(預計4月開始出貨),以增加客戶採用之可能性的同時,在美國北加州聯邦法院向聯發科提起專利侵權訴訟,禁止聯發科使用DVDPlayer單晶片(SoC)播放機銷往美國;6月初,傳出ESS與聯發科達成和解,金額從數千萬美元到1億美元,消息傳出,聯發科股價一度下滑近10%,市場與法人同步傳出聯發科將面臨官司敗訴,需賠償1億美元,據悉聯發科高層對消息提前曝光相當震怒,傳出對消息外露人員處以解職。6月中,聯發科宣布與美商ESS簽訂技術授權合約,未來2年內,聯發科將支付9,000萬美元的權利金。 2004年3月,美商Zoran向美國國際貿易委員會(ITC)控告,聯發科侵犯CD/DVD控制器設計架構,以及直接連結IDE/ATA資料埠的主端界面控制器等相關三項專利權,隨後又向美國洛杉磯地方法院提起專利侵權訴訟,除請求賠償金以外,亦要求美國法院發出禁制令,命令聯發科之侵權相關產品不得輸往美國;聯發科則回應,因尚未收到任何正式文件,委由美國律師了解,俟收到正式文件後再對外說明;同年7月,聯發科也在美國德拉瓦聯邦地方法院對Zoran提起專利侵權訴訟,2005年9月ITC判定聯發科敗訴,市場傳聞聯發科已提列準備金8億元;2006年1月,雙方達成和解,聯發科支付8,500萬美元權利金給Zoran,侵蝕聯發科該年獲利約10%。 而跨國專利侵權訴訟有別於傳統訴訟的特殊性在於(1)跨國性:涉及於不同國家企業、不同國之涉訟地、不同國之市場與生產。因在跨國企業之布局運籌下,訴訟地必定尋求最有影響力之地點,通常為美國及中國,案例中由於ESS及Zoran均為美商,因此在美國提起對聯發科之訴訟;(2)計畫性:為達成商業目的而規劃之訴訟,案例中,ESS對聯發科基於競爭關係而提出訴訟,目的在於增加訂單、減少競爭;Zoran對聯發科則基於增加營收之目的,要求侵權損害賠償,作為過去一年之營運虧損。換言之,為自己或客戶增加營收及訂單、減少競爭,為其訴訟計畫之最終目的;(3)規模性:為了增加影響力與壓力,往往在許多國家同時提起,對象從侵權者擴及其下游客戶,攻擊點既廣且深;(4)繼續性:訴訟期間,影響客戶對其之信任及訴訟管理能力形象;案例中,聯發科雖有傲人之獲利能力,然而在與ESS一案中,卻顯出訴訟管理能力之薄弱,導致Zoran效而尤之,此形象一旦形成,勢必將為聯發科帶來更多不必要之侵權訴訟紛爭;(5)組織性:將訴訟工具與企業組織做連結,融入組織文化以全面改善,並由此發展一套標準作業流程,案例中Zoran習慣性地在提起訴訟前,先於市場發放消息,造成市場恐慌以形成其客戶之壓力,並使該壓力轉嫁至侵權對象,使其容易屈服;(6)資源性:跨國專利侵權訴訟必須具備以下基本要件,「錢多」因需支付龐大之訴訟費、律師費、專家費、賠償金及權利金、並有能力迴避設計及改變模具,並需有喪失市場及流失營收之心理準備。「人多」因訴訟之故,需具備詳盡之專利資料庫建立、調查產業/技術/產品/競爭者分析等資料為因應,並有訴訟規劃人員、應訴人員、支援人員等龐大後勤單位。「命長」因企業必須有能力支撐營運,不致在訴訟過程之謠言紛擾中倒下,案例中,均有市場傳言紛擾之問題,足以說明。 自1980年以來,台灣廠商歷經歐洲、美國、日本等大廠商之專利侵權訴訟逼迫下,付出了昂貴的代價,因此開始投入鉅額資金為研發、申請專利,近十年來台灣企業在美國、台灣、中國所申請的專利申請費用便高達了一千九百多億台幣,加上遭受了至少一百多件跨國專利訴訟的訴訟費用,便高達兩千億之多,尚不包括每年支付的權利金也高達台幣一千五百多億台幣,足以養活台積電兩萬名員工及影響四十七萬名股東生活長達兩年之久,足見台灣廠商在研發及專利申請方面之投入程度及所花費心血之鉅。 然而,審視台灣企業近十年在專利侵權訴訟方面之表現,發現:(1)每年均有影響台灣產業發展的專利侵權訴訟發生;(2)遍及每個產業;(3)以被告居多;(4)和解的以付出鉅額權利金居多;(5)打完訴訟的以敗訴居多。 由此可見,台灣企業付出昂貴的研發費用、專利申請費用之後,並沒有改善台灣企業年年被告、年年支付鉅額權利金、損害賠償金的宿命,在高度的付出之下,卻沒有改善在國際研發方面的地位,顯然付出與獲得顯不成比例。 智慧財產的創造、保護、管理,其中的費用包括研發費用、專利申請費用、訴訟費用、權利金及損害賠償等,美國企業是在研發、專利申請支出了龐大的費用,然而可以在訴訟費用、權利金及損害賠償中賺回來,亦即至少符合投資報酬率,然而,反觀台灣企業,不但在研發、專利申請時支出了龐大的費用,在訴訟費用及權利金、損害賠償方面,不但沒有賺回來,反而必需支付更多的金錢,顯然的,台灣企業在跨國專利侵權訴訟管理的方法論上出了極大的問題,而有立即改變之必要! 有別於過去文獻侷限於「文獻與法規的翻譯」、「片段案例的選擇討論」、「過多理論的探討」、更幾乎沒有人探討重要的「中國專利侵權訴訟」,以致於見樹不見林,徒有理論而不會操作,消耗過多精力與資源於繁瑣而不重要的法律細節,卻無法猜透國際企業專利侵權訴訟背後的策略運籌,導致不能真正打贏過一場戰爭。 因此,本文提出一套跨國專利侵權訴訟管理之機制,橫跨最重要的兩個世界市場—美國、中國為主,法律面提供詳盡完整的如警告信發送、起訴、審前會議、馬克曼聽證會、發現程序、審判程序、專利無效程序、訴前救濟、保全措施等訴訟程序、制度規定與流程架構;企業管理面提供包含研發、生產製造、市場行銷、財務、會計、租稅、外部律師、專家、公證人等全面性管理策略,以大量實證的方式分析整理、以豐富的跨國專利侵權訴訟實戰經驗寫成,期望能使台灣產業真正打贏一場戰爭。 / Since 1980, Taiwan companies had been sued by European, U.S.A., Japan companies for patent infringements and forced to pay out enormously. Therefore, they started to invest tremendous amount of money and resources in research & development (R&D), as well as in patent prosecution. Last decade, Taiwan companies had already spent up to 190 billions New Taiwan Dollar (NTD) in U.S.A., Taiwan, and China patent prosecution and maintenance fee. Yet, if added up the cost of hundreds of transnational patent litigations, the total amount was up to 200 billions NTD and it did not include Taiwan companies had to pay out 150 billons NTD royalty yearly. 190 billions NTD for example could provide for twenty thousand employees and influence 470 thousand shareholders in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). This certainly exhibited that Taiwan companies had been invested magnificently in R&D and patent prosecution. However, examining the outcome of patent infringement litigations of Taiwan companies in last decade, it shows: (1) every year there are critical patent infringement litigations which influence the development of Taiwan industry; (2) litigations are throughout all important Taiwan industries; (3) in most of time, Taiwan companies are defendant , not plaintiff; (4) Taiwan companies reach the settlement with paying a great sum of indemnification and royalty mostly; (5) most Taiwan companies lose in the litigation. As the above described, although Taiwan companies have invested enormous resources in R&D and patent prosecution, it does not change the situation which every year Taiwan companies are sued for patent infringement, have to pay out a great sum of indemnification and royalty, and certainly still stand in indifferent position of the R&D value chains. After all, what Taiwan companies obtain is not what they expect from their investments. The cost of creation, protection, management of intellectual property include R&D, patent prosecution, patent litigation, royalty, and indemnification. Although U.S.A. companies invest a lot in R&D and patent prosecution, they usually earn back from patent litigation, royalty, and indemnification. However, Taiwan companies not only invest tremendous money and resources in R&D and patent prosecution, but also pay out much for royalty or the outcome of patent litigation. Obviously, Taiwan companies have some serious problems in their methodology of management transnational patent infringement litigations, thus it is very crucial to change their methodology immediately! Taiwan theses and studies usually fall into “translating foreign papers, laws and regulations ”, “discussing the choice of some parts of cases”, or “studying theories excessively”, also almost no inquires into patent litigations in China. Consequently, the discussions and studies of patent litigations in Taiwan have never brought out the whole picture and practical actions of strategic management of patent litigations. Obviously, most studies spend too much efforts and resources on legal details and ignore the most important matter which is how international companies control and manage transnational patent litigation. As a result, Taiwan companies never learn how to win a patent litigation war. Therefore, this thesis is different from other Taiwan theses because this thesis provides a mechanism of managing transnational patent infringement litigations. Prominently, this thesis covers patent litigation procedures and management in the most significant markets in the world—U.S.A. and China. In the legal aspect, this thesis provides information on the complete litigation procedure in U.S.A. and China which includes cease and desist letter , service, pre-trial conference, markman hearing, discovery, trial, patent validity procedure, pre-trial injunction, protective injunction; in the management aspect, this thesis provides complete management strategies which shall be carried out as the regular basis and during a patent litigation while managing R&D, manufacture, marketing, finance, accounting, taxing, law firm and lawyer, expert, judge performing notarization. Most importantly, this thesis analyzes enormous patent litigation cases and industrial information, therefore this thesis is able to provide the first and never-seen practical structure for Taiwan companies to win a patent litigation war.
53

遺產酌給請求權之研究

古素幸 Unknown Date (has links)
遺產酌給為我固有之制度,明清舊律重被繼承人與受酌給權利人間相互依倚及情義關係,而現今民法第一千一百四十九條,則因繼受外國立法例將個人財產制度導入,廢除了中國傳統家產制度,使得遺產酌給轉化為死後扶養概念。遺產酌給的概念並不符合現代繼承法的原則,惟此乃我國優良的社會風俗下特有的制度。恰巧法務部正著手草擬修正條文,故本文嘗試從遺產酌給制度之立法沿革開始及整理學者間不同見解,並評析實務上之重要判決,以得知遺產酌給在學理上與實務上所遭遇到的問題。進而針對法務部遺產酌給修正草案內容加以研究,提出個人研究之心得。
54

以服務設計發展社區社交平台App 促進鄰里人際互動與溝通之研究 / Service design for a social platform of community strengthens the interaction and communication between people and neighborhoods

李安婷, Lee, An Ting Unknown Date (has links)
自古鄰里相親敦親睦鄰,然而近年生活習慣與居住型態轉變,集合式公寓社區成為都市人們主要的住宅型態,人們與鄰里之間的互動日漸減少,以致於鄰里關係疏離。基此,本研究主旨在探討透過服務設計方法,改善都市集合式社區的住戶與鄰里之間的人際互動與溝通。 本研究以服務體驗工程方法論為研究方法,分三個階段進行研究。第一階段「服務體驗需求洞察研究」階段,透過深度訪談與參與觀察,挖掘社區住戶與鄰里主要有兩個接觸情境,即兩個不同的研究方向: (1)一為主動型住戶與鄰里往來而形成社區團購;(2)二為管委會與住戶的溝通與服務。比較兩個方向對社區的影響性後,擇第二個方向為本研究的研究方向。首先,採用人物誌分析出流程中三方使用者,包含住戶、管委會與總幹事,再以顧客旅程地圖發現三方溝通流程「管委會與住戶之間的溝通」及「住戶參與管委會的經驗」影響社區鄰里的互動關係,在流程的三部分中共發現16個問題與需求。 接著,第二階段進行「服務設計」,以普及至使用者中壯年齡層的智慧型手機為服務載具,設計社區社交平台「比鄰Belink App」,提供四項功能:「社區公告」、「提問求助」、「知識交流」與「委員會議」,改善住戶擔任委員參與管委會或是與管委會接觸的體驗。最後,第三階段「服務原型測試與評估」,邀請三方使用者以放聲思考法依照指定的情境使用「比鄰Belink App」,並填寫整體使用評估量表,再根據測試結果與意見回饋提出第二版設計,修改操作模式、介面按鈕的位置、顏色與形狀等等。 總結,研究成果為:(1)發現住戶與管委會在溝通流程三階段的16個問題與痛點;(2)了解中壯年齡層住戶的智慧型手機使用經驗;(3)提出符合使用需求的「比鄰Belink App」四大功能設計;(4)完成App使用性測試與可行性評估,使用者滿意提供的功能,三方使用者可更即時、公開與正向地進行溝通;但易用性方面雖具備可記憶性但易學性低,需修改設計。研究成果可作為日後相關研究參考。
55

銀行國際傳輸客戶資料保護規範--以英國法為中心 / The study of the regulations on the protection of international data transfers in U.K. banks

林詩韻, Lin, Shih Yun Unknown Date (has links)
隨著資訊技術之快速發展及受到金融交易全球化之影響,在營運模式及法令遵循之需求下,使得銀行業將客戶個人資料跨境傳輸至其他國家之公務或非公務機關所產生之資料保護或對資訊隱私權衝擊等議題漸增。為調和不同國家間對於個人資料保護文化及規範程度之差異,各國及各國際組織間均致力於如何在不影響商業交易需要、個人資料隱私安全及資訊自由流通之前提下,經由適當法律規範對於資料管理者國際傳輸個人資料之行為,予以適當控管。 隱私權之概念雖起源於美國,惟現行各國對於個人資料國際傳輸保護規範仍以歐盟委員會於1995年發布之個人資料隱私保護指令(Directive 95/46/EC)最為重要且影響層面較大。在歐盟指令仍須各會員國將其轉化為國內法,始得有效執行之前提下,本研究以金融服務產業發展較為領先之國家—英國,以英國銀行業適用之個人資料國際傳輸保護規範為研究主題,所涉法規包括:歐盟指令、英國1998年資料保護法(Data Protection Act, DPA)及英國金融服務業適用之相關規範等。 研究結果發現,英國1998年資料保護法在參照歐盟指令之相關規範下,對於資料管理者將個人資料國際傳輸已訂有相關限制規定及如何符合相關豁免規定之作業流程及評估程序,英國專責資料保護之監理機關(資訊自由及保護委員會),並已依據歐盟指令,發布規定授權英國企業得採用標準契約範本及經其個案核准採用共同約束條款,顯示英國對於國際傳輸之個人資料已有一定程度之保障。惟如同歐盟委員會之研究報告所述,英國相對於歐盟其他會員國,並未將國際傳輸規範明訂於資料保護法之本文,對於當事人資訊隱私權保護之法律位階,仍有待加強。 不同於我國係於銀行法明定銀行對客戶資料之保密義務,英國法院認為銀行對於客戶資料之保密責任,原始存在於銀行與客戶間之契約。惟英國與我國相同於金融相關法令中僅針對銀行境外委外所涉之國際傳輸訂有相關監理規範(包括境外委外事先申請核准、申請程序及應檢附之文件),以透過銀行與委外服務供應商之委外契約,確保金融監理機關能跨國有效行使其監理權限,保護當事人之權益,至於銀行因非委外事項,將客戶資料跨境傳輸至其他國家時,仍應回歸適用資料保護法有關國際傳輸之相關規定。 本研究最後就我國與英國對於個人資料國際傳輸相關保護規範之比較結果發現,我國個人資料保護法雖已於99年修正發布(新個資法),但對於國際傳輸之限制規定,修法後雖已明定國際傳輸之定義及加重非公務機關違反國際傳輸規定之罰則,惟未修正其實質規範內容,仍僅授權中央目的事業主管機關於非公務機關有第21條所列四項情形之一時,得限制其進行國際傳輸。在新個資法下,非公務機關對於個人資料之國際傳輸,已無須取得目的事業主管機關登記,並取得執照,雖有利於資料之國際流通,惟為保護當事人個人資料於傳輸後之安全,我國是否尚須其他配套措施,以落實個人資料於國際傳輸層面之保障,值得深思。 本研究對於我國銀行業國際傳輸個人資料保護規範之主要建議,包括(1)宜透過各中央目的事業主管機關對被監理機構之監理及其與相關公益團體間之合作,以強化各界對於個人資料保護之重視,(2)國際傳輸之限制規定應予細緻化,並透過產業自治逐步達成個人資料保護之目的,(3)金融監理機關宜配合個人資料保護法之修正,訂定銀行業國際傳輸之作業規範,(4)宜透過租稅合作協定,在不違反我國個人資料保護法及銀行法之原則下,協助我國金融機構解決美國「外國帳戶稅收遵從法」之實施,衍生對於個人財務資訊隱私權及跨境傳輸個人資料保護之問題。
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台北市民主治理之研究(1994~2008年) / A Research to Democratic Governance of Taipei City (1994~2008)

郭中玲 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣地區的民主化過程一直是中外學者注視的焦點。在長期實行民選地方政府或地方自治的台灣,真正是一個民主的社會嗎?在解嚴、動戡時期終止前,很容易回答,由於沒有組黨自由,中央民代選舉只是部分的增額改選,台灣的全國政治並不能達到民主社會的基本標準。但是,地方選舉則是長期地、完整地在舉行,要回答台灣地方是否民主,仍很難輕易地給予答案。地方民主是如此複雜、多樣化的面貌,如何才算達成地方民主?本論文基本上是以Leach和Percy-Smith所提出的地方民主的四個面向為標準,此即:1、課責性;2、回應性;3、參與性;4、代表性;進而探討。 筆者研究後發現:第一,從台北市的民主經驗來看,代表性應該不是問題的癥結;所謂的代表性是否意味著該和R. A. Dahl所言的,和社會人口或職業的結構相符合?在地方民主上來看,由於社會的多元化,以及要求民意代表的專業及高學歷背景,代表社會結構的多元民主(polyarchy)是否值得再強調?可以深思。第二,從台北市的民主經驗來看,參與性應該是地方民主很重要的一項指標。如何讓民眾更直接的參與到民主政治中,除了選舉之外,應該有更多的、直接的交換意見的平台或管道,例如公民投票、公民論壇、協調會等等。第三,地方民主的參與和地方政府的回應性夾雜在一塊,民眾參與到政策討論的領域中,政府也加入予以回應。所以,地方民主中,回應性與參與性似乎呈現某種程度的關聯性。第四,不論是參與性、回應性等民主的程度,都與政府能力有關,似乎地方政府解決問題的能力越高,民眾就越會表現出對於地方政府做為的參與,以及政策的回應。
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沙皇亞歷山大一世之研究 / The Study of Tsar Alexander

高克銓, Kao, Ko-Chen Unknown Date (has links)
「沙皇亞歷山大一世之研究」主要以歷史分析法(History Analysis Method)為主軸,針對俄國沙皇亞歷山大一世(Tsar Alexander Ⅰ)從出生(24 Dec 1777)一直到逝世(26 Dec 1825)的一生事蹟,包括了少年成長時期、執政時期(1801-1825年)的社會情況、內政外交、軍事行為等加以研究分析,以提出對此段歷史的分析解釋以及對其後歷史的影響。 由於凱薩琳大帝精心設計的教育歷程,使得亞歷山大一世成為俄國皇室中有史以來第一位具有啟蒙思想的沙皇並且懷有著改革俄國的夢想。然而亞歷山大一世經常在言行上出現不一致的狀況。舉例來說,少年時代的他曾不只一次地表明本身並不適於擔任沙皇,然而日後他卻在一場弒父的流血政變中登基﹔他宣稱自己熱愛憲政,但卻未能實踐他對憲政主義的理想;他一再地表示對農奴制度極端地憎惡,但卻沒有對這項制度有較為激烈的改革﹔他在外交上表示別無所求只願歐洲和平的想法,卻一再地與法國以及瑞典、顎圖曼土耳其帝國等發生戰爭。因此,為了解釋這種矛盾性,大部分的史家經常將亞歷山大一世描寫為一個謎題一般神秘而且矛盾的人物,或者將他描繪成詭計多端、不真誠的乃至於白癡與精神分裂,以提出對於亞歷山大一世如此矛盾不協調的統治的解釋。除了以這種方式來解釋亞歷山大一世的統治歷程外,本篇文章旨在更進一步地深入瞭解沙皇的性格與人格特質,以及將外在條件的制約納入分析思考的範圍中,以對此段歷史提出更為全面而廣泛地解釋。 終亞歷山大一生,他耗費了相當多的時間在國內改革與外交事務的參與上。1801年即位之始,他便汲汲營營地進行各項改革,然而由於國內改革事務存在的艱困阻礙加上拿破崙的壓力,逐漸促使他遠離內政改革而將心思轉向外交事務上。在提爾斯特條約暫時地解脫亞歷山大一世在外交與軍事上的壓力之後,亞歷山大一世又回到內政改革上,他任命了麥克海爾•史普蘭斯基為國務卿,並且命他進行憲政計劃的草擬。由於許多的原因,史普蘭斯基所提出的計劃沒能夠全盤被執行,而憲政改革又再次陷入了停擺。1812年,俄國面臨了拿破崙侵略的威脅,最終又捲入與法國的戰爭中。在拿破崙經歷了征俄戰爭以及最終受到聯軍的圍剿而徹底失敗之後,亞歷山大一世成為歐洲最有勢力的統治者,他的功績在此時達到最高峰,並且要將歐洲改造成新的局面,最終藉由神聖同盟的設立而完成他的志願。在回到國內之後,亞歷山大一世似乎已經準備好再次面對內政的改革。然而沙皇對於革命的畏懼更勝於他對改革的熱情,1820年代俄國國內的不安以及國外的革命騷亂終究使得他的改革劃下了句點。雖然亞歷山大一世未能完成他的改革理想,但無可置疑地,他仍是19世紀裡俄國與歐洲歷史上的重要角色。 本文第一章緒論針對研究動機與目的、研究途徑與架構、文獻分析與研究限制與問題提出說明。第二章係對亞歷山大一世之成長背景,主要探討十八世紀末俄國現況,凱薩琳二世及保羅一世對亞歷山大一世成長的影響。第三章則對亞歷山大一世的內政改革,包括農奴政策、憲政改革、以及其他經濟文教的改革加以研究論述。第四章論述亞歷山大一世的外交與軍事作為,包括俄法戰爭、維也納會議、歐洲協調、四國同盟與神聖同盟等問題。第五章針對亞歷山大一世晚期的作為提出綜合檢討與回顧。第六章為結論。 / The Study of Tsar Alexander I mainly explores the history of the whole life of the Russian Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825). This article basically use the historical analysis method to describe and analysis the history from Alexander I's birth (24 Dec 1777) until his death (26 Dec 1825), which covers his childhood, youth, and his behaviors after his ascended to the throne. And finally provides the explanation and analysis of the history about this period of time, and it’s influence for later history. Due to Catherine II’s delicated education, Alexander I was the first tsar who had the enlightened thoughts and had dreams to reform Russia. But his behaviors were usually contradictory to his words. More than once he professed he was unsuitable for the exercise of power, yet he ascended to the throne in a bloody coup which involved the murder of Paul I; He claimed to love constitutions, yet he failed to realize his ideal to implement the constitutional reform; He frequently expressed his abhorrence of serfdom, yet he did little to challenge this institution; He asserted that his only ambition is to promote the peace of the Europe, yet he fought not only with France, but also with Sweden and the Ottoman Empire. Historians usually explained the incongruities of his highly paradoxical reign by portraying Alexander as everything from scheming and insincere to idiotic to schizophrenic. In addition to this kind of explanation for his reign, This article aims at exploring the tsar’s personality and character more deeply and taking the outside constraints on his reign into consideration in order to analysis and explain the history of his lifetime more broadly. Through his lifetime, Alexander I spent most of his time in domestic reforms and diplomatic affairs. After his coronation, he eagerly engaged in domestic reform. However, the difficulties he faced in domestic reforms and the oppressions from Napoleon gradually pushed him to turn away to diplomatic affairs. Until the temporary relief of Tilsit treaty, he proceeded to domestic reforms again. He appointed Mikhail Speransky as the state secretary, and ordered him to draft the plan of constitution. Due to a lot of reasons Speransky’s plan was canceled and the constitution reform was delayed again. In 1812, Russia faced the aggression oeagerly engaged in domestic reform. However, the difficulties he faced in domestic reforms and the oppressions from Napoleon gradually pushed him to turn away to diplomatic affairs. Until the temporary relief of Tilsit treaty, he proceeded to domestic reforms again. He appointed Mikhail Speransky as the state secretary, and ordered him to draft the plan of constitution. Due to a lot of reasons Speransky’s plan was canceled and eagerly engaged in domestic reform. However, the difficulties he faced in domestic reforms and the oppressions from Napoleon gradually pusArakachev to start oppressive and cruel rule until his death. Despite of his failure to fufill all the reforms, generally speaking, he still is a dominant figure in both Russian and European history in the nineteenth century. The construction of this article is as follows:The first chapter focuses on the tropics about motives and intentions of this study, study methods and construction, the article analysis and the study limits. The second chapter explores the background of Alexander I’s growth, which about the tropics of current situations of the end of 18 century, and the influence of Catherine II and Paul I on the growth of Alexander I. The third chapter explores the tropics about the domestic reforms which include the serfs question, the constitutional reform, and other reforms about economy and education. The fourth chapter explores the diplomatic and military behaviors of Alexander I, which includes the tropics of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, the Vienna conference, the European settlement, the Quadruple Alliance and the Holly Alliance. The fifth chapter explores the last years of AlexanderⅠ’s rule, and provide the full analysis and overview. The sixth chapter is conclusion.
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國際競爭法的調和 / The Harmonization of International Competition Law

謝孟珊, Meng-Shan Hsieh Unknown Date (has links)
不論是反全球化或是支持全球化,我們都無法否認,全球化已經是一個現在進行式。另外一個與全球化一樣逐步成長的乃是市場經濟體制,市場經濟體制植基於開放競爭有助於資源合理分配的觀念,而全球化則擴大了資源分配的範圍。然而,全球化和市場經濟體制的發達,貿易壁壘的消除,也帶動跨國界限制競爭活動的發展,反托拉斯不再是單純的國內問題,而是國際問題。 國際反托拉斯所帶來的問題大致可分為下述兩種,一是阻礙國際貿易的發展,二是因為各國不同的反托拉斯標準造成國際緊張以及企業成本。第一類問題可以細分為下述幾種情況:1. 國際卡特爾破壞市場競爭機制以及消費者福祉; 2. 跨國公司在全球濫用獨占力,影響國際競爭秩序和消費者福祉;3. 競爭法的缺乏以及競爭法的不力執行構成市場進入障礙。第二類問題亦可以細分為下屬幾種情況:1. 國際合併的多國標準造成企業的額外成本,不利國際合併之進行,並造成國際緊張;2. 國與國間產業政策以及競爭政策的衝突。 面對上述這些跨國性的反托拉斯問題,各界紛紛提出競爭法調和的呼籲,此議題近來在各國際組織也漸獲重視。事實上為了處理國外限制競爭行為對國內所產生的影響,以保護本國利益,國內法方面已有所謂的「域外適用(extraterritorial application)」對策產生。但是競爭法的域外適用並無法全然解決現時國際限制競爭行為所帶來的問題,反而還帶來了新的問題,並造成國際緊張。為了在國際案件有效執行反托拉斯法,不論是在卡特爾案件或是獨占力濫用案件,各國競爭法主管機關互相合作與協調都是不可或缺的。至於將競爭法提升至國際法層次,避免國家以非關稅措施破壞自由貿易制度,似乎也有需要。 本文目的在於藉著對競爭法調和現況的瞭解和其成就之分析來尋求目前全球化時代,貿易自由化時代下跨國限制競爭問題的解決之道。 全文一共分為六章,第一章為緒論,為本論文做出開端,闡明全球化時代國際競爭秩序的問題,並提出研究範圍與目的。 第二章研究關於國際競爭秩序的雙邊條約,著眼於美國和歐盟,澳洲和紐西蘭,以及我國和世界各國所訂立的條約。討論範圍為該些雙邊關係所建立之合作內容,其具體成效,成功失敗之因素,以及可供世界各國借鏡之處。台灣部分則著眼於我國目前現狀之檢討,和未來走向之研究。 第三章為從事競爭法調和的區域性國際組織,研究範圍包括歐盟、APEC以及NAFTA。其中APEC所從事的活動較近於政策性的調和,屬於競爭政策的宣導;NAFTA則進一步具有競爭法的實體規範;歐盟不但具有實體規範,並具有一套全球獨步的競爭法執行架構。 第四章為國際組織,將討論UN, WTO和OECD在國際競爭法的發展。UN基本上雖為政治組織,但是對於競爭議題也相當重視;WTO部分則將討論目前競爭議題在WTO體系的進展,並進一步討論WTO進行國際競爭法調和工作的可行性和不可行性;OECD對於競爭議題也一直相當重視,本文將探討OECD在競爭議題方面的研究成果。 第五章為全球性的競爭法規範,討論的範圍有UNCTAD所提出的「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則(Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices)」以及DIAC。這兩套全球性的競爭法不但都具有實體規範也都提出一套制度性規範,雖然兩者都未能成為具有拘束力的國際競爭法,但是其所提出的實體規範內容和架構設計仍值得我們做進一步的研究。「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」本身是以聯大決議的形式呈現,因此在某一角度而言,「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」並未失敗,然而DIAC原本乃是預定成為WTO的附件之一,唯最後這樣的理想並未實現,因此我們有必要去問,DIAC的失敗因素為何?是基於其實體內容的設計問題,或是制度面的設計問題?或者是因為其他的外在因素? 最後,在第六章的結論,本文將試圖分析各種競爭法調和方式的利弊得失,並且提出建議。 / Some people oppose globalization, while others support globalization. However, it is undeniable that globalization is an on-going trend. Another on-going trend is market-oriented economy structure. The structure of market-oriented economy bases on the theory that competition contributes to reasonable allocation of resource. On the other hand, globalization expands the scope of the allocation of resources. However, the proliferation of globalization and the structure of market-oriented economy and the elimination of trade barriers also promote the development of transnational anticompetitive activities. Antitrust is no more a pure domestic issue, it is also an international issue nowadays. International antitrust problems could be divided into two parts. First, the international antitrust activities hinder the development of international trade. Second, different antitrust standards of each country cause international tense situation and increase enterprises’ cost. First situation contains following aspects: 1. International cartels ruin market competition system and welfare of consumers. 2. Transnational companies abuse their dominant power all globally and affect international competition order and consumers’ welfare. 3. Absence of competition law and unenforcement of it constitute market entrance obstacles. Second situation also contains following aspects: 1.Different standards of international mergers bring many results, such as increasing enterprises’ extra cost, hindering the proceedings of international mergers, and causing international tensions. 2. The conflict between industry policy and competition policy of countries. Facing those transnational antitrust problems, the issue of the harmonization of competition law has been raised. This issue is drawing more and more attention in several international organizations day by day. In fact, to deal with the domestic effect of abroad anticompetitive activities to protect national interest, the theory “extraterritorial application” of domestic law has been raised. However, the extraterritorial application of domestic law is unable to solve all the problems that the international anticompetitive activities have brought. Furthermore, it has also made new problems and caused international tensions. To enforce antitrust law effectively in international cases, cooperation and coordination between national competition agencies are unavoidable. In addition, bringing antitrust law up to international law level and avoiding nations ruin free trade system by non-tariff strategy seem also be needed. The main purpose of this essay is to understand and analysis the current situation of the harmonization of competition law and to find out the solution of transnational competition problems in the era of globalization and the era of free-trade. This essay has been divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which illustrates the international competition problems in the era of globalization and brings out the studying scope and purpose of this essay. The second chapter talks about international competition bilateral treaties between U.S. and E.U., Australia and New Zealand, Taiwan and other countries. The discussing scope contains the cooperation content which was set up by the bilateral treaty, its concrete result, and the reasons of its failure or success. As for Taiwan, this essay focuses on the review of its current situation and where its future is. The third chapter talks about regional international organizations which involve in the harmonization of competition law, such as E.U., APEC and NAFTA. APEC’s activities are more closer to the harmonization of policies, which promote competition activities. NAFTA has substantial competition regulations. E.U. not only has substantial regulations but also has the first set of enforcement system of international competition law in the world. The forth chapter is international organization, which talks about the development of international competition law in U.N., WTO and OECD. Although basically U.N. is a political organization, it also highly emphasizes competition issues. In addition, this chapter talks about the development of competition issues in the WTO system and the possibilities of promoting the harmonization of international competition law in WTO. Additionally, OECD also emphasizes competition issues very much. This chapter also talks about the study result of OECD in the competition issues. The fifth chapter is the global competition regulations, which contains “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” of UNCTAD and “ Draft International Antitrust Code”. Both of the global competition laws contain substantial regulations and the design of enforcement systems. Although both of them ended up in unrestrictive regulations, they also deserve further research. “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” was brought out with the form of UN General Assembly Resolution, but it is successful in some aspect. DIAC was meant to be an Annex of WTO originally. However this idea was not realized at the end. Why DIAC failed? Was it because of the design of its substantial content or the design of the enforcement structure or other outside factors? At last, this essay will analysis the shortages and advantages of all kinds of the harmonization of competition law and bring out recommendations in the conclusion of chapter 6.
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論全民健康保險法上之公共安全事故代位求償制度

陳介然 Unknown Date (has links)
全民健康保險法自民國83年8月9日公告並自民國84年3月1日施行,此一社會保險制度迄今已成為我國醫療保健系統重要支幹,然而,醫療費用每年約上漲8~10%,致使民國87年3月開始,財務已有入不敷出的情形,因此中央健康保險局(保險人)有一連串開源節流的政策 民國94年2月25日全民健康保險監理委員會第117次會議,委員發言多傾向支持擴大代位求償範圍。此外,全民健保公民共識會議之與會人員,一致認為保險事故如果係可明確歸責於第三人之事由所導致,全民健保之保險人於給付後,應該向第三人代位求償,以符公平正義原則,立法院爰於民國94年5月18日修正全民健康保險法第82條,增訂公共安全事故及重大之交通事故、公害或食品中毒事件為代位求償範圍,修正後條文為:「保險對象因發生保險事故,而對第三人有損害賠償請求權者,本保險之保險人於提供保險給付後,得依下列規定,代位行使損害賠償請求權: 一、汽車交通事故:向強制汽車責任保險保險人請求。 二、公共安全事故:向第三人依法規應強制投保之責任保險保險人請求。 三、其他重大之交通事故、公害或食品中毒事件:第三人已投保責任保險 者,向其保險人請求;未投保者,向第三人請求。 前項第三款所定重大交通事故、公害及食品中毒事件之求償範圍、方式及 程序等事項之辦法,由主管機關定之。」 修法之後,雖然擴大了健保局代位求償範圍,但限制仍多,且此次修法亦未明確釐清健保局在其他領域是否亦有代位求償權 本文首先敘述我國自民國84年正式實施全民健康保險時,尚有盈餘,然而自民國87年起首見保險支出超過保險收入,至民國96年時差額更高達新台幣136億元,除了繼續開發新財源與減少支出外,有無可能利用現有的制度切實實施,消除多數國民有「中央健康保險局將全國人民當成提款機的看法」,以及使實現加害者負其責任之公平正義,故本文針對於全民健康保險法第82條第1項第2款中中央健康保險局對公共安全事故強制投保之責任保險保險人代位權之相關問題加以探討,希望對於日益惡化瀕於破產邊緣之財務有所助益,接者大略簡介我國社會保險制度的演進,包括勞工保險、公務人員保險及其相關保險、退休公務人員保險、公務人員眷屬疾病保險、退休公務人員疾病保險、退休公務人員配偶疾病保險、私立學校教職員保險及其相關保險、農民健康保險與全民健康保險之演進與概況,之後於第三章再藉由歐、美等主要國家保險理論探討保險代位求償權之理論基礎以及人身保險適用代位求償權之理由,復接者討論保險代位求償權之性質、民法上行使代位權之限制、保險法上保險人代位權之性質與全民健康保險保險人之代位求償權;於第四章則討論目前我國中央與地方法規中有哪些場所或行業係屬須強制投保公共意外責任保險以及公共安全事故中全民健康保險保險人代位求償權之構成要件;於第五章則討論全民健康保險保險人可代位求償之金額尚須受到中央健康保險局實際所支出之醫療給付與強制責任保險之保險金額限制;於第六章則討論保險對象對於中央健康保險局代位求償權之保全有協助義務以及節妨礙代位之事由與代位求償權之消滅時效;第七章則是探討中央健康保險局行使代位求償權應注意事項;最後於第八章則是結論與建議。

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