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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

汽車產業與智慧財產經營模式之研究-提升產業之經營策略以輪圈業為例 / The Business model of intellectual property management in automotive industrythe management strategy in upgrading the traditianl industry, utilizing alloy wheel industry as case study

黃翊珽 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究在探討汽車零件商智慧財產相關議題與經營模式,汽車產業長久以來屬一個封閉的產業,傳統的供應鏈一直以來由製造商所主導,由中心廠根據其設計理念、市場需求、法規規範,安全性與舒適性及環保等多功能需求下,制訂規範與認證方式。儘管各車廠的認證體系與規範各有所不同以及零件商之屬性不同,對於汽車零件供應商來說,共同特點即無論是何種零配件的開發設計與製造,光是簡單的模具設計,動輒開發費用就需五、六百萬,以及經過連續性的試產與樣品送至中心廠之研發測試中心與第三單位等種種繁雜的與冗長之程序認證,這場競賽就像是馬拉松式之賽跑,需要高精密技術、資金、與人力密集。 由於全球化之經濟組織例如WTO引導市場逐漸開放,中心廠採購逐漸以全球市場為採購導向,專屬零件商之模式已不存在,台灣廠商由於全球化一則可藉由此一潮流拓展市場版圖,二則所面臨到的危機不再只是歐美等技術專業大廠,廠商原本慣用的低價之紅海策略,已不敵新興國家或是中國大陸挾帶著廉價人工及土地、水電等之成本優勢。 綜觀台灣的零件商,有多年產業經驗,這些寶貴的無形資產包含研發、生產know-how、以及客戶關係與管理等等,然而,觀察智慧財產長久以來不被台灣的汽車零件商所重視與輕忽之下,往往無形資產之流失,實在可惜,導致許多傳統企業,所面臨的是在人員的替換之下,呈現技術斷層。在內憂與外患之雙重威脅下,如何提升台灣傳統產業,以創新之專業知識為主,台灣豐富之產業經驗為輔,找出一條藍海策略,將是本研究起草之動機。 本研究以汽車零件-鋁輪圈為案例分析,由如何通過嚴格的認證進入汽車產業,成為供應鏈體系下之家族,並經由輪圈之開發、結構以及製程等技術,探討其智慧財產之相關議題,運用創新經營之方式於核心技術下做智慧財產之管理,在OEM/ODM之代工模式下或是自由品牌之模式作品牌之規劃與管理。 欲瞭解鋁圈產業之生態,必定先介紹汽車產業之整體規模與情形。 一、汽車產業之生態 本研究發現,近年來,原本百家爭鳴之汽車品牌,藉由整併進而共用品牌且整合資源之優勢下,增加市場之市佔率、提昇技術、增加品牌之價值,也因交叉持股或併購而達到多角化之經營。因整併所造成的優勢如下: (一) 供應商因增加經濟規模,增加營收。 (二) 供應商遵循之各車廠規範與認證方式,汽車廠也因整併之故,統整其規範,供應商也因此減少其開發與管理成本。 (三) 藉由中心廠之整併,供應商由原先之供應鏈體系進而擴展其新市場。 未來可見的是歐美地區車市漸趨飽和之下,新興之中國市場與印度市場,也因政府之開放與需求量遽增,將成為下一個汽車產業之後起新秀。 二、汽車供應鏈體系複雜且長 汽車零件銷售管道,主要可分為OEM,由車廠與成車一同銷售,或與保險公司或零售業作自由品牌之售服零件。本研究將針對兩種不同方式的認證與合作模式,作一系列之套探討,並以輪圈業為輔助說明。 由原物料之管理至產品製造,物流之配送,實屬高度垂直整合之行業,本研究將剖析汽車產業供應鏈,延伸探討其價值鏈,並以輪圈產業作為個案分析,探討如何管理與整合不同層次之供應商,以及對於輪圈廠如何創造有利之價值鏈,並作垂直整合或是企業聯盟之方式。以降低交易成本並減少其零組件採購之交易風險。 三、輪圈市場智慧財產行銷與管理之現況 本研究以輪圈個案作為智慧財產經營為案例,探討專利佈局、行銷策略、市佔率之分佈等等。國外專業大廠貫以專利做其技術保護方式,然而由專利分析可發現有些歐美專業廠在過度專利化情形下,反而將公司內部之機密洩漏及不當之公開,而導致競爭對手有機可乘,反觀台灣,有些廠商不重視核心技術而導致競爭力之流失,或是實施營業秘密之予以保護,但無完整支配套措施導致技術外流時有所聞。 因此,本文將藉由台灣之兩大輪圈廠為例:巧新科技與源恆工業,兩家個案不僅是值得探討的輪圈個案,更是台灣典型的傳統產業之廠商,由個案廠商來解析台灣輪圈產業於國際輪圈業之市場定位;源恆工業進入輪圈市場已近三十年,藉由國內中心廠與國外之大廠接軌,以成熟之鑄造技術聞名輪圈業,但近十年來由於大陸與印度廠商挾著廉價之人工與材料,帶給源恆工業之威脅,侵蝕原本之市佔率與產品毛利,本研究將剖析此個案之競爭優、劣勢,並剖析在已發展成熟之鑄造技術下,源恆工業如何利用原有之智慧資本,例如選擇產品難度偏高但毛利較高之產品、經營自有品牌、或是以自有之豐富經驗協助新興地區建廠做整廠輸出之服務性等業外收入,以創新方式,有別於大陸廠商繼續生存。 巧新科技以鍛造高爾夫球頭起家,近五年來轉型為汽車零件商,於今年更獲選為未上市股營收前五十強之排行榜,以技術門檻高贏得先機,如何維持此競爭優勢,以保存無形資產之管理,將是本研究之重點。 儘管智慧財產之管理行之有年,輪圈業也因法規與客戶之需求,創新之技術日新月異,許多長久之know-how 並未妥善之管理,輪圈業者今後需加快建立完整的智慧財產管理,並實際應用其作為行銷之手法。 試圖由研究個案建立起一套完整的管理流程,針對核心技術之管理與行銷之商業模式,建構流程和步驟。並延伸將核心技術受專利或營業秘密保護之後,對內以技術人員專門管理之規範,對外以專利,內部know-how 進而經營輪圈業之品牌。 / This research aims to discuss the intellectual property management in automotive industry. For a long time, the value chain of automotive industry is controlled by the automotive manufactures. Specification and plant certification are different according to each manufacture’s requirement, such as market, regulations, safety and so on. However, it needs to takes lots of time and money to be the one of the automotive family. This expensive prolonged process involves high technology, investment and man-power. Besides, the international market becomes open under the influence of many global economic organizations, for example WTO. Therefore, the Taiwan’s suppliers are the threatened by not only the US or European’s suppliers, but also the China or India suppliers with cheaper labor cost and raw material. Taiwan’s suppliers had abundant experiences, including R&D, know-how and customer relationship management. However, those intangible properties were ignored for a long time by most suppliers and the information was not treated as important trade secrets and preserved properly. Those suppliers are situated in a crucial moment. From one side, the prices competition becomes intensified in the market. From the other side, without proper preservation, there will be a gap of professional technology in the company. Therefore, this thesis will focus on how to promote Taiwan manufacture industry on the basis of the abundant experiences of Taiwan and develop a route into the blue ocean strategy. This research will be focus on the automotive suppliers. We will apply alloy wheel industry as case study. The thesis will describe how a company can pass the certification and participate in the group of automotive family. Besides, the discussion will connect product R&D, wheel structure, and production technology to brand management. How to make innovations into intellectual property and the IP management would be the main concerns of this research. Before the discussion on the wheel industry, we will need to know about the current condition of automotive industry. A. The automotive industry The research discovers that the automotive market were controlled by the biggest ten automotive manufactures due to company merger and acquisition. The action of merge and acquisition can increase the market share and the brand value and bring new product technology by sharing trademark and resource to the manufactures. The merger and acquisition by manufactures also changes the supplier’s situation and bring suppliers the following success in the future: 1. The supplier increase the sales due to new market expanded. 2. The supplier could decrease the management cost of specification and certification due to the merger and acquisition between automotive makers. 3. The supplier increases its market share due to the manufacture’s merger. Besides, China and Indian will become the biggest market of automotive industry because of the economic growth in both countries. B. The supply chain of automotive industry is long and complicated. The sales channels of automotive components can be divided into two ways, OEM and After Market. This research will explain the different certification and collaboration between those two ways and apply alloy wheels as case study. The automotive industry is a highly vertical integrated industry from the raw material management to product logistic. This research will elaborate the automotive supply chain and further discuss the value chain between tier 1 and tier 2. We will also discuss about how to manage the supply chain and to create profits from the value chain. It can be done through the decrease of the exchange cost, the purchase low-risked components, the vertical integration of industry and the joint venture. C. The intellectual property management in alloy wheel industry In this research, the patent strategy, marketing management and market share of each alloy wheel manufacture will be analyzed to elaborate the patent situation of alloy wheel industry. Form the analysis, we can find that over-filing patents in some American alloy wheel manufactures caused the disclosure of trade secret to their rival companies. On the other hand, some Taiwan suppliers ignore the protection of intellectual property. As a result, their core competence will not be developed. This research will choose two famous alloy wheel companies, Super Alloy and Rosta as case study. Both companies are typical companies of traditional manufacturers in Taiwan. From the analysis of the two cases, we can understand the position of Taiwan’s suppliers of the world. The Rosta Group has been in the alloy wheel industry over 30 years. It maintains its international business through the connection with foreign manufactures. Except for the customer relationship, the excellent foundry technology is well-recognized by its customers. However, in past 10 years, China and Indian suppliers offer cheaper price by their lower manufacturing cost. The low cost strategy brought the impact of the market share and original profits of Rosta Group. The research will analyze the Rosta Group by SWOT. The advantage of Rosta group will be its abundant experience and excellent production technology. How to transform the intangible capital into the profitable intellect property will be the main concern of this case study. The thesis suggests to choose the products of higher production technology and high profits, to well apply the trademark value or to offer technology consulting for new suppliers who want to start its alloy wheel business. The conclusion will be a advice of the market strategy for Rosta Group to differentiae from China suppliers. The Super Alloy was a manufacture of golf iron head in the beginning. In 2003, it started its automotive business. The Super Alloy is strong at its forge technology. It was also chosen as the best 50 profit private companies in 2008. How to maintain the competency and manage the intangible asset would be the key point of this case study. Though the concept of intellectual property has been promoted for years, it is more practiced in the high technology industry. For the alloy wheel industry, the know-how of design, structure and production technology was not maintained and managed properly. It is suggested that the wheel suppliers should develop an intellectual property management and apply it in marketing strategy. Through the case study, the thesis will try to build a complete managing process of intellectual property, step by step, including protection of core technology and marketing strategy of business model. Besides, the trade secret management, the patent management, the management and promotion of trademark will also be involved in discussion.
72

汽車第三人責任險訊息不對稱問題之研究 / A study on the asymmetric information of automobile third-party liability insurance

魏青暉 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣產險市場自2009年4月費率自由化第三階段實施後,費率訂定依產險公司自家損失經驗及費用控制而訂,各產險業者必須在相關監理配套措施及自律規範下,進行市場費率自由定價及防止惡性競爭。然而隨著投保率的上升,損失率卻沒有獲得改善。有鑑於此,探究使得汽車第三人責任保險市場上損失率居高不下的原因,可能是由於訊息不對稱(Asymmetric Information)所致。 是故,本研究採用國內某家產物保險公司的樣本,針對台灣汽車第三人責任保險上的訊息不對稱問題進行實證研究。除了探討市場上是否存在訊息不對稱問題,更重要的是,嘗試區分在不同通路銷售保單上,可能面臨的訊息不對稱問題的影響程度。本研究的內容在於:(1)以與保險公司本身關係親疏不同之通路,銷售汽車保險保單時,實證研究在保單上所可能面臨的訊息不對稱問題的影響程度。 (2)依循Dionne et al的兩階段估計法(Two-Stage Method),對訊息不對稱問題進行檢定。分別使用Probit Regression與Negative Binomial Regression建立實證模型,多重檢證訊息不對稱是否存在,確保了研究結論的穩健性和可靠性。(3)我們成功辨識逆選擇或道德風險所形成訊息不對稱,在不同通路投保人群體中的顯著性有所不同,這個發現增益了過去國內有關人車風險分類,與費率釐訂等定性研究的結論。
73

論費率自由化對產險公司車商通路行銷策略之影響-以個案公司分析 / The Affects of the Car Dealer Marketing Strategy after the Rating Liberalization – Analysis Study for specific insurer

陳德惠, David Chen Unknown Date (has links)
探討費率自由化第三階段實行兩年多來,汽車保險面臨費率自由化、及遵守保險業自律公約情況下,產物保險公司因應車商通路新競爭與新需求之行銷策略相關議題,藉由個案公司的分析探討,了解整體車商通路保險的現況與問題,提出有效建議車商通路汽車保險的關鍵成功行銷策略,並藉此拓展車商通路業績並達成利潤目標,以符合保險經營所要求的穩健性原則並創造保險公司、監理機關、車商通路與消費者多贏之態勢。 / 探討費率自由化第三階段實行兩年多來,汽車保險面臨費率自由化、及遵守保險業自律公約情況下,產物保險公司因應車商通路新競爭與新需求之行銷策略相關議題,藉由個案公司的分析探討,了解整體車商通路保險的現況與問題,提出有效建議車商通路汽車保險的關鍵成功行銷策略,並藉此拓展車商通路業績並達成利潤目標,以符合保險經營所要求的穩健性原則並創造保險公司、監理機關、車商通路與消費者多贏之態勢。
74

從中華汽車採購部門程序探討台灣汽車業合作網路關係 / The research of Taiwan motor industry corporation network relationship from pruchasing department process of China Motor company

黃國鈞, Hwang, Peter Unknown Date (has links)
合作網路關係是近年來甚受重視的一門管理學科,但在汽車業的運作實務中,中心廠和協力廠的緊密合作則是行之有年,也是許多探討合作網路關係的文獻所研究的對象.但以往文獻資料中大部份探討網路的形成原因和類型,或者針對美日汽車業作比較.本研究則從台灣汽車中心廠的角度出發,來探討台灣汽車業的合作網路關係,並希望能發展出一些具有管理涵意的命題. 研究結果大致整理成五大命題: 1.合作關係的形成可分為評估與選擇,互動與合作,關係的強化與終止三個階段. 2.選擇新合作夥伴時,私人關係的影響力受組織運作機制的影響. 3.合作時間長短,介面人員特質,溝通形式會影響雙方信任關係的建立. 4.雙方的信任程度會影響交易的重要性和危機處理時的態度. 5.組織間關係的強化與終止,受介面人員,雙方過去的合作經驗,未來潛力等因素影響. 最後,根據本研究的觀察,對台灣汽車中心廠提出四點建議: 1.導入新廠商的決策過程和標準應透明公開,並採集體決策方式決定. 2.遴選適當的採購人員,並灌輸正確的觀念. 3.鼓勵對內對外的面對面溝通. 4.努力將個人化的關係組織化. / This thesis discusses the relationships between CMC(China Motor Corp.)and its subcontractors from the viewpoint of the Purchasing Department of CMC. This paper tries to find the stages of inter-organizational relationships (IOR) and the variables that affect them. The followingsare the prepositions it finds:1.IOR contains three stages which are "evaluation and choosing","interaction and cooperation",and "strengthening and termination".2.While choosing a new partner,"the influence of personal relationships"is limited by "organizational mechanism".3.The establishment of "trust"between two parties will be affected by"the period of cooperation","the quality of the contact persons",and "the style of communication".4.The "degree of trust"betweentwo parties will affect the "value of the exchange"and "the way they go in special situation".5.The strengthening and termination of IOR are affected by "the contact persons","the cooperation experience",and "potentiality".
75

台灣汽車產業策略聯盟行為之分析 / The Study of Strategic Alliances in Taiwanese Motor Industry

彭博詮, Peng, Bo Chyuan Unknown Date (has links)
隨著技術的快速變遷及市場全球化的趨勢,單一企業在有限的資源及時間的限制下,面對全球化的競爭壓力,難免力有未逮,因此紛紛尋求企業間的合作。然而我國積極加入世界貿易組織,導致的市場全面開放,對於長久受政府保護的汽車產業而言,無疑是雪上加霜。因此如何提昇國內汽車廠商的國際競爭力,實有加以探討的必要。   本研究乃針對國內汽車產業的現況及汽車廠商國際合作時的聯盟特性,利用四個構面(產業特質、聯盟動機、聯盟策略型態及聯盟績效)來加以描述,經由各構面變數相關性的探討,試圖找出我國汽車廠商所面對的競爭優劣勢,進而發展未來之市場定位。   研究發現得知,汽車業的競爭優勢主要來自「技術」及「資本」,然而我國汽車廠商在這兩方面均較國外車廠落後許多,使得造車技術始終無法自主。因此我國車廠在聯盟動機上主要以技術移轉為主;而國外車廠由於技術以達成熟階段,在其全球化策略考量之下,聯盟動機乃以國際專業分工下之規模經濟為主。在策略型態上則傾向於自主性較低且非競爭性的聯盟。在整體的聯盟績效上以漸近整合策略之合資類型績效較佳;採同行分手及蜘蛛網策略類型者,績效普遍較差。   最後建議政府應投注更大的心力來制定一切實可行的汽車發展方案,另外,針對車廠未來之市場定位上,則建議位於中心組群之強勢車廠適合往商用車來發展;而處於邊際組群之弱勢車廠則適合成為零組件供應中心。
76

台灣汽車公司自創品牌策略之研究:以納智捷汽車為例 / Brand building strategy for Taiwan automobile company: An example of LUXGEN

劉怡君, Liu, I-Chun Unknown Date (has links)
裕隆企業集團創辦人嚴慶齡先生與夫人吳舜文女士,本著工業報國的理念,於1953年創立裕隆汽車製造公司,發展代表「火車頭」的汽車工業,希望「為中國人裝上自己的輪子」。1987年,裕隆集團由董事長吳舜文女士帶領,自創台灣第一個國人自行設計車身的汽車品牌-Feeling101(飛羚101),然而並未妥善規劃的品牌策略,最終宣告失敗。 2003年起,裕隆集團董事長嚴凱泰憑藉著多年來與日本日產汽車(NISSAN)技術合作累積的組裝與研發能力、代理與經銷中華汽車的通路與營運管理能力,輔以2005年政府獎勵國內廠商自創品牌的契機、充分利用台灣的IT產業優異的能力,以及策略聯盟等資源的累積之下,於2007年成立納智捷汽車股份有限公司(以下簡稱納智捷),推出自有汽車品牌LUXGEN,以SUV與MPV的車款切入車市,並同時以海外市場為目標,佈局全球通路。 裕隆集團不將角色侷限於汽車製造商,而是以企業思維在汽車產業鏈上耕耘,透過子公司建置、併購以及技術合作等模式,擴充其核心資源與能力。 LUXGEN將汽車定位為「移動價值鏈」。有別於傳統休旅車以家庭溫馨為宣傳主軸,納智捷以科技、生活、樂趣等創新定位,重新詮釋SUV與MPV休旅車,並結合集團內的造車技術,以及台灣國際知名的IT技術,創造出納智捷獨特的品牌價值。 裕隆集團歷經近五十個年頭,透過資產與能力的累積,企業策略逐漸由整合式策略邁向多角化的策略,其中,汽車本業的垂直與水平整合更為顯著。在垂直面上,裕隆集團已將汽車業價值鏈,從上游製造整車、中游行銷、下游行銷通路,甚至到汽車產業的週邊服務拓展完備;而在水平整合部分,早期由兩大汽車中心廠-裕隆汽車與中華汽車,擔綱製造與整車的核心,近年來轉以合資或技術合作方式,代理裕隆日產、東風裕隆等至集團名下,達成企業的多品牌策略。 LUXGEN透過以科技智慧的差異化定位,以品牌商身分向前整合通路,透過LU特有的汽車生活館,以體驗行銷的模式與消費者建構品牌意象與品牌價值。在可控制的通路管理制度下,間接節省企業營運成本,維護品牌形象。 本研究也發現,納智捷在進入國內外市場係透過海內外的策略聯盟、技術合作廠商與合資合作廠商等,來建立產品的功能與效益;部分的技術專利也透過技術合作取得。也就是說,策略聯盟與合作夥伴,支撐與豐沛了LUXGEN自創品牌的資源與效益。 2011年11月,LUXGEN高層管理幹部出訪俄羅斯約莫兩週,計畫將以CKD的方式拓展歐亞市場;2011年12月,LUXGEN又於台北國際世貿車展發表了最新的轎車產品-Neora,以「Cross over」的思惟,欲切入競爭最激烈的轎車市場。LUXGEN的知名度與外銷市場規模,已透過創立初期積極參與的國際車展加速:於國內的銷售量迄今已晉升為國內第七名。 LUXGEN是裕隆集團第二次自創品牌,由董事長嚴凱泰承接創辦人的使命。本研究在於剖析裕隆集團自創品牌的歷史因素與動機,以及如何運用競爭優勢,以各項企業策略的角度支撐自有品牌LUXGEN。 / With the spirit of “contribution to the country by developing industry.” , Mr. Tjing-Ling Yen, founder of Yulon Group, was accompanied by his wife, Mrs. Vivian Wu Yen, established Yulon Motor Co. in 1953. The company engaged in the production of automobiles, and led relevant companies to boost Taiwan's auto-related industry which was a capital and technology intensive one. In 1987, Yulon Group, led by the chairman of Mrs. Vivian Wu Yen, created the car brand-Feeling101, which was the first self-designed body of car in Taiwan. However, not well-planned brand strategy failed ultimately. Since 2003, Mr. Kenneth K.T. Yen , chairman of Yulon Group ,with long term technical and R & D cooperation with NISSAN ,and been agency of Mitsubishi for years, has accumulated capabilities in car assembly, distribution , and operational management. Supported by government policy for encouraging companies who build its own brand in 2005, Yulon launched his own car brand LUXGEN, and found LUXGEN automobile Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as LUXGEN) in 2007, entering the automobile market with SUV and MPV cars focused on overseas markets and global distribution channels by taking full advantages of Taiwan`s excellent IT technology and alliance strategy. Yulon Group not only positioned itself in an automobile manufacturer, but also put a lot of efforts on the value chain of the automotive industry by setting up subsidiaries, acquisitions, and technical cooperation etc. to expand its core competences and capabilities. LUXGEN define the car as a “mobile value chain.” Unlike traditional sport utility vehicles (SUVs) for the promotion of family-groups , LUXGEN interpret the automobile features as technologic, life, fun , and innovative etc. creating a unique brand equity and customer value. LUXGEN is the second own brand, by the founder, Mr. Kenneth K.T. Yen undertake the mission. This study is to clarify the historical factors and motivations of building own brand of Yulon Group, and analyze how Yulon use competitive advantages, its` own resources, group`s equities, and corporate strategy to support its own brand LUXGEN.
77

建構汽車險客戶評估模式之研究 / A research of establishing the evaluation model of car insurance customers

莊皓鈞 Unknown Date (has links)
從西元2010至2014年以來,台灣車險市場的賠款率逐年攀升,而汽車保險業務占產險公司營收來源約五成,顯見汽車保險業務對於產險公司的重要性,然而近來高單價超跑肇事頻繁,屢登上新聞版面,單一案件的賠償金額遠超過客戶所繳保費收入,對公司經營績效產生莫大壓力。 本研究透過二元邏輯迴歸來探討可能影響車體險出險理賠的因素,依據發現的影響因子建立客戶評估模式,提高公司經營績效,藉由個案公司所提供西元2012至2014年共1,071,935筆的資料,以SPSS Statistics作為分析工具,得出年齡、性別、國產或進口車種類、車輛出廠年份以及車輛用途分類中的重型機車、自用小客車、客貨兩用車、長租小客車和個人計程車與出險理賠存在相關性。 分析後發現五大結論。第一,年齡增長與出險理賠呈現負相關;第二,女性出險的機率高於男性;第三,進口車出險理賠的機率遠高於國產車;第四,車齡愈小發生出險理賠的機率愈高;最後則是各項車種用途的車輛發生出險理賠機率皆偏高,尤以長租小客車和個人計程車為最。
78

液化石油氣加氣站經營方向研究 / If it is suitable to keep running an Auto station ,at this moment

姚嘉偉 Unknown Date (has links)
在空氣污染、溫室效應及能源危機日益嚴重下,又鑑於移動污染源(也就是汽車排放)是空氣污 染之最大原凶,民國 80 年政府政策宣誓,建設液化石油氣汽車加氣站改善空污,責成中國石油 公司開始辦理台北、台中、高雄三座示範站。 用液化石油氣為燃料之車輛,具有經濟、環保、安全的特性;(經濟性)在車輛使用人立即節省 40%燃料費支出,(環保性)是燃料完全燃燒不排放二氧化碳、苯、硫、鉛等致癌物質,(安全性) 是使用液化石油氣(註一、)為燃料車輛較使用汽油為燃料之車輛更安全,歐盟環保亦已此為重點 項目之一,大力推行。 此一行業在政府鼓勵下,從民國 82 年起發展,燃料由中油、台塑提供車用液化石油氣,車輛使 用人在汽車加汽站取得灌裝,整個產業鏈是自國外進口車輛改裝套件、在國內設備認證改裝簽 證、國內設置汽車加氣站加氣服務,合格改裝廠為車輛維修保養,是當下發展成熟又環保之產 品,理當政府扶持且鼓勵, 但近年政府在利益團體遊說下,調整了政策,本研究嘗試從相關液化石油氣加氣站產業鏈環保現 況發展、市場競爭、業者努力、政府政策,得出不同因素影響下,在合理狀況,作出決策探詢 加氣站未來經營方向。
79

中古汽車買賣之法律問題研究 / Legal research of middle ages automobile business

陳竹君 Unknown Date (has links)
中古汽車市場日漸蓬勃發展,依中華民國汽車商業同業公會理事長賴坤獅推估,民國九十三年在小型中古車店銷售的車輛數達到五十萬輛,以平均新臺幣三十萬元的價格計算,產值就高達新臺幣一千五百億元,則依交通部統計處公佈之民國九十四年中古車過戶交易數量之八十五萬六千三百三十八輛計算,該年度中古車市場產值則達新臺幣二千五百億元,其市場價值與對國民經濟的重要性不言可喻。 鑒於中古車交易之興盛,品牌車商亦逐漸踏入此一市場。傳統車商和品牌中古車商相較,品牌車商係仿效日本業者之經營模式,強調的是車源保證、原廠車況查鑑以及售後服務,並提供較良好的交易環境。然而羊毛出在羊身上,品牌車廠同時也必將相關人員、設備、制度等成本開銷均反映在中古車售價下,而中古車市場的消費者本即偏向價格導向,縱使消費者明知品牌車廠之中古汽車較有保障,仍有可能選擇向傳統中古車商購買較為便宜、但相對而言車輛來源、車子狀況較無法掌握之中古汽車。而中古車相較於新車除前述來源多元性、車況不確定性,尚具有價格不透明性、資訊不對等性等特性,再加上企業經營者使用定型化契約實際運用之結果,將有利於其本身之不合理條款訂入契約,迫使無法律經驗且處於相對弱勢之消費者接受,致使消費者的契約自由大受限制,在中古車買賣自係無可避免。除此之外,中古車交易市場有「假仲介、真買賣」之跛行現象,使得買受人無法向真正出賣人主張權利,對其權益影響甚鉅。 現行中古汽車買賣及中古汽車買賣仲介定型化契約範本係經濟部商業司於民國九十年三月三十日公告實施,迄今雖已頒布多年,然因宣導效果不彰,許多消費者仍然不知道主管機關有公告中古汽車買賣定型化契約範本,而經濟部商業司查訪中古車業主所使用之定型化契約後發現許多業者所使用之定型化契約仍未載明中古車輛的里程數多寡、交易次數及是否為自用車或營業車等影響交易價格之重要資訊,甚且有在契約中約定排除或限制出賣人有關汽車買賣瑕疵擔保責任之明顯屬於違反平等互惠原則、對消者顯失公平之條款,另外部分業者基於前述加值型營業稅問題,為了避免以出售與買受人之中古汽車車價直接課徵營業稅,而以個人交易方式取巧,僅由業者與出賣人簽訂中古車仲介契約,再由出賣人與買受人簽訂中古車買賣契約,本身卻未與買受人簽訂任何契約,形成「真買賣、假仲介」之現象,對買受人權益之保障甚為不利,故經濟部商業司乃於民國九十四年委託學者修正中古汽車買賣及中古汽車仲介定型化契約範本,將中古汽車仲介定型化契約範本修正為委託銷售定型化契約範本,並增訂中古車仲介業者與買受人間之契約範本,另起草具有強制效力之買賣應記載與不得記載事項。買賣定型化契約範本強調標的物現況之揭露義務,蓋因中古汽車為「舊品」,標的物現狀之呈現係買受人締結契約之重要基礎。除以契約方式規範出賣人之告知義務外,日本公平競爭規約係以商品標示之方式賦予出賣人詳盡之商品說明義務,另德國私人間交易規範則以車輛現況鑑定之方式以期早日發現瑕疵,均值借鏡。至於修正範本中新擬定之仲介業者與買受人間之定型化契約範本尚未實施,故其成效仍有待觀察。然鑒於現行營業稅法採行加值型營業稅制度導致中古車出賣人藉由仲介方式逃避買賣責任,故除以契約範本方式課予仲介業者檢查通知甚至損害賠償之責任外,稅制之改革亦應為待努力之方向。
80

新制強制汽車責任險下汽車任意體傷責任險費率釐定 / The Pricing Model for Voluntary Auto Third Party Liability Insurance under the New Compulsory Auto Liability Insurance System

王志彥, Wang, Chich-Yen Unknown Date (has links)
從民國87年所通過的強制汽車責任保險,可發現我國強制汽車責任險的理賠上限與承保範圍等有了重大的改變,造成汽車任意責任險的計算費率必須要重新估算,然而國內對此方面的文獻探討卻著墨不多,因此學生將會針對任意汽車體傷責任險費率釐算詳細加以探討。 而若要重新估計任意汽車責任險首先要做的工作就是要收集完整正確的損失資料,不過由於損失資料的收集相當困難,因此只能透過模擬的損失資料進行任意責任險的費率釐算。而在有模擬的損失資料情況下我們就可透過損失分佈理論進行下列的分析: (1)透過損失資料的特性推估任意汽車責任險可能之損失分佈為Lognormal 分佈。 (2)透過最大概似估計法與特殊法推估Lognormal分佈之參數,並且採用負對數蓋似函數選擇最佳之估計參數。 (3)透過與強制汽車責任險預期損失與汽車任意體傷責任險預期損失之比例關係,釐算汽車任意體傷責任險之純保費。 (4)建立兩種損失趨勢函數,並透過此兩趨勢函數計算汽車任意體傷責任險之高保額係數。 (5)透過上述步驟之計算結果與現行實施之汽車任意體傷責任險費率作比較,以探討是否現行費率是否有超收或不足的現象。 總之,希望此篇論文能夠對未來的汽車任意責任險之費率釐算與保險司費率監督有所幫助。 / Cause the Legislation Yuan passed the compulsory auto liability insurance bill in 1998, we must have a new actuarial pricing of voluntary auto third party insurance. However, all domestic insurers haven’t revised the rate because the absence of the empirical loss data. In addition, only a fewer researches have focused on the actuarial model of this type of insurance. In this paper, we will investigate the pure premium calculation of the voluntary auto insurance, and outline the appropriate model construction procedures. The data we use are not empirical loss data, we calculate the pure premium by the simulated data. The procedures of this study are summarized in the following: (1) Find the possible loss distribution of voluntary auto third party insurance policy. (2) Estimate the parameters of the loss distribution by the maximum likelihood estimate method and the special method of lognormal distribution. (3) Calculation the pure premium of voluntary auto third party insurance. (4) Calculation the increased limits factor(ILF)by two trend functions, and compare the results of two trend functions. (5) Finally, we examine the gross premiums of the voluntary auto third party insurance and compare our results with the actual voluntary auto liability insurance premiums. Altogether, we hope that this paper could be beneficial to the actuaries and also provide suggestions for the government surveillance.

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