臺灣於1990年放寬銀行設立的限制後，本國銀行和外商銀行的數目快速增加，使得金融市場更加競爭，因此銀行的經營績效是個重要的議題，銀行可透過績效的評估結果找出可能的改善方向。本國銀行與外商銀行的進入條件、經營形態、銀行制度等因素可能使得兩種類型的銀行生產技術有所不同，因此本研究採用全域共同邊界法研究37家本國銀行與20家外商銀行在2005-2015年間效率與生產力的分析，並採用變動規模的方式拆解Malmquist生產力指數，使得生產力變動來源能更精準地衡量。最後使用Tobit迴歸分析找出影響銀行技術效率、最佳實務差距和技術差距比率之因素。 / Since Taiwan relaxed the restriction of setting up a bank in early 1990s, the number of both domestic and foreign banks in Taiwan had increased rapidly. This leads to the result that the financial market become more competitive. Consequently, the performance of bank is an important issue. It can be used to find some way for improvement. Due to the different entry conditions, types of operating system and bank systems between domestic and foreign banks, this paper uses global metafrontier approach to research the efficiency and productivity change of 37 domestic banks and 20 foreign banks during 2005-2015 in Taiwan. Furthermore, this research adopts VRS to decompose Malmquist productivity indexes, which makes the sources of the productivity change can be measured more accurately. Finally, Tobit regression analysis is used to investigate the factors accounting for the differences in technical efficiency, best practice gap and technology gap.

自工業革命後，隨著科技的進步，人口、經濟、醫療技術皆快速發展，也因人類需求的增加而大量燃燒化石燃料，大規模的砍伐熱帶雨林，導致大氣中二氧化碳大量增加，進而衍生溫室效應的發生，甚至造成全球氣候變遷。 在全球暖化的狀態下，聯合國氣候變化綱要公約與京都議定書中都明確肯定森林可固定主要溫室氣體二氧化碳，由於森林具備吸收和儲存二氧化碳的能力，其對於生態系統中的碳循環功能扮演重要的角色。若能有效監控森林資源，便能管理溫室氣體，且能提出有效的控管方式。 而本研究將應用遙測技術於碳吸存與環境變化的監測，透過美國大地衛星影像（Landsat）進行不同時期與區域之碳吸存的評估，與以往研究之最大差異為可進行大尺度與多時期的碳吸存評估，並且達到經濟、準確、有效提升效率之目標。 本研究根據光能利用率（Light use efficiency）為基礎模型，計算2005-2010之植生淨初級生產量（Net Primary Productivity, NPP），且配合不同的研究區域：台北、高雄，進一步探討不同的氣候條件與土地利用的條件下，其差異性對於NPP之影響。 成果顯示，在不同環境條件下碳吸存能力受到氣候條件影響最大，且在資料具有缺漏狀態下，依然能反映不同區域之趨勢，雖無法有效評估年總量，但仍可供評估區域性碳吸存能力之趨勢。 / Since the industrial revolution, with the rapid progress of science and technology, population, economy, and medical technology also grow rapidly. Because of increased human demand, coupled with burning lots of fossil fuels, and large-scale felling of tropical rain forests, which result in a significant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and then trigger the greenhouse effect to occur, hence causing global climate change. Under the global warming condition, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol (KC) both clearly affirmed that forests can fix the main greenhouse gas—carbon dioxide. Because forests have the ability to absorb and store carbon dioxide, they plan an important role in carbon cycle function for ecosystem. If we can effectively monitor forest resources, we will be able to manage greenhouse gases, and can come up with effective control methods. In the present study, we will use remote sensing technology to monitor carbon sequestration and environmental changes. Using Landsat images, we assessed carbon sequestration of different time periods and areas. The biggest difference between this study and previous researches is that large-scale and multi-temporal carbon sequestration assessment can be done, and the goals of economic, accurate, and increasing efficiency can be achieved. In this study, the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of 2005-2010 was calculated based on the light use efficiency model. By comparing the results of different research areas—Taipei and Kaohsiung, the effects of different climatic conditions and land use conditions on NPP was investigated. The results show that, under different environmental conditions, the carbon sequestration capacity is affected the most by climatic conditions. Furthermore, in the absence of data, it still can reflect the trend of different regions. Although not being able to effectively assess the total amount of a year, it still can be used to assess the trend of regional carbon sequestration capacity.

本論文為探討台灣國際觀光旅館產業的實證文章，除第一章的緒論外，三篇相關的文章依序撰寫於二至四章。第二章的實證結果指出在第一階段的未考量準固定與調整後投入的資料包絡分析模型會高估技術與純技術效率值，但會低估規模效率值，因此，驗證考量準固定投入的必要性；第二階段使用隨機邊界分析模型排除外在因素與隨機干擾的影響，實證結果顯示外生變數對投入差額與純技術效率存在顯著的影響，其中，市場集中度與旅館規模對勞動、餐飲支出與其他支出的投入差額存在正向的影響，對純技術效率存在負向的影響；位於風景區對所有的投入差額有負向的影響，對純技術效率有正向的影響；加入國際與/或國內連鎖對勞動與餐飲支出投入差額有正向影響，但對其他支出投入差額有負向影響；SARS對勞動與餐飲支出投入差額有正向影響，對純技術效率有負向影響；金融海嘯對勞動與其他支出投入差額有正向影響，對純技術效率有負向影響；第三階段的效率評估結果顯示技術無效率的主要原因是來自不適當的生產規模，且國際觀光旅館對於技術與規模效率仍有改善空間，此外，傳統的資料包絡分析模型會高估技術與規模效率值，但會低估純技術效率值，因此，驗證使用三階段方法的適當性，最後，以服務團體旅客為主的國際觀光旅館的績效最差。第三章的實證結果顯示：在第一階段，未考量準固定與調整後投入要素的Malmquist生產力指數會低估生產力的變動，因此，驗證考量準固定投入的必要性；第三階段的生產力指數顯示前期的生產力成長已被後期的生產力惡化所取代，生產力的成長或惡化主要來自技術的進步或退步與規模效率的改善或惡化，此外，實證結果亦顯示僅考量準固定投入但未考量調整後投入的Malmquist生產力指數會低估生產力的變動，且是否考量調整後投入會造成所評估的Malmquist生產力指數其背後的因素有所不同，因此，驗證使用三階段方法的適當性；最後，以服務團體旅客為主的國際觀光旅館的生產力有較佳的改善，且雖然服務對象的不同使得生產力變動的背後因素有所不同，但規模效率的變動皆扮演重要的角色。第四章的實證結果顯示：規模效率假說在台灣國際觀光旅館產業中是被支持的；以服務個人旅客為主與同時服務團體與個人旅客對獲利率有負向的影響；SARS與金融海嘯對獲利率有負向的影響。 / The dissertation is a collection of three separate but related papers which are devoted to the empirical studies of the international tourist hotel industry in Taiwan. In addition to the introduction in chapter 1, three papers are presented in chapters 2 to 4, respectively. The empirical results in chapter 2 indicate that, in the first stage, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) models without the quasi-fixed and adjusted inputs overestimate the technical and pure technical efficiencies, but underestimate the scale efficiency of international tourist hotels so that the necessity of considering the existence of the quasi-fixed input is justified. The second stage uses the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model to purge the effects from exogenous variables and statistical noise. The SFA results show that the exogenous variables have significant influences on input slacks and pure technical efficiency. The degree of market concentration and hotel size have positive impacts on labor, food and beverage (F&B) expense and operating expense input slacks, as well as have negative impacts on pure technical efficiency. An international tourist hotel in the resort area has negative relationships with all input slacks and a positive relationship with pure technical efficiency. An international tourist hotel participating in the international and/or domestic hotel chain has positive relationships with labor and F&B expense input slacks, but has a negative relationship with other expense. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has positive effects on labor and F&B expense input slacks and has a negative effect on pure technical efficiency. The financial tsunami has positive effects on labor and other expense input slacks and has a negative effect on pure technical efficiency. After adjusting the variable input data from the SFA results in the second stage, the efficiency-evaluation results in the third stage show that the technical inefficiency mainly results from the inappropriate production scale. In addition, international tourist hotels have an ample space to improve their technical and scale efficiencies. The efficiency-evaluation results also show that the conventional DEA models overestimate the technical and scale efficiencies, but underestimate the pure technical efficiency of international tourist hotels so that the usage of the three-stage approach is justified. Finally, international tourist hotels which mainly receive group visitors have the worst performance. In chapter 3, the empirical results show that, in the first stage, the Malmquist index without the quasi-fixed and adjusted inputs underestimates the productivity change so as to justify the necessity of considering the existence of quasi-fixed input. After adjusting the variable input data from the SFA results in the second stage, the productivity index in the third stage shows that the initial increase in productivity has been compensated by a decrease. The productivity growth or deterioration mainly results from the technological progress or regress and the scale efficiency improvement or deterioration. The results also show that the Malmquist index with the quasi-fixed input and without adjusted inputs underestimates the productivity change. The key factors of the productivity changes estimated by the Malmquist productivity index with the quasi-fixed and adjusted inputs are significantly different from those estimated by the Malmquist productivity index with the quasi-fixed input and without adjusted inputs so as to justify the usage of the three-stage approach. Finally, international tourist hotels with mainly receiving group visitors have the better improvement of productivity. The sources of productivity changes among receiving different types of visitors are different, but the scale efficiency change plays an important role in all types. In chapter 4, the empirical results indicate that the scale efficiency hypothesis is supported in Taiwan’s international tourist hotel industry. An international tourist hotel that mainly receives individual visitors and an international tourist hotel that simultaneously receives group and individual visitors have negative impacts on profitability. SARS and financial tsunami have negative effects on profitability.

本論文嘗試解決在文獻上估計生產函數時所產生內生性及樣本選擇的問題。在模型設定上，我允許生產函數存在未觀察到的生產力，並引入技術無效率。在隨機邊際模型架構下，我利用 Olley and Pakes (1996) 及 Levinsohn and Petrin (2003) 所提之演算法先行解決內生性的問題。之後再利用關聯結構法 (copula method) 將樣本選擇問題考慮至生產函數中。如此，既可解決生產函數時所產生內生性及樣本選擇的問題，又可在此基礎上估計技術效率值。另外，根據本文所提之估計方法基礎下，我們透過共同邊界分析法 (metafrontier analysis) 比較留下 (stayer) 與離開 (exit) 市場廠商的技術效率與技術差距比率 (technology gap ratio, TGR)。 / Plants in Taiwan’s manufacturing are characterized as small- and medium-size with frequent exit and entry and the scale of survivors varies considerably with business cycles. Plants' choices on whether to exit or to stay and continuing plants' options on input quantities count on both technical efficiency and productivity. This entails a selection and a simultaneity problems in the estimation of production frontiers. This dissertation proposes a new approach to solve both issues under the framework of the stochastic frontier approach. More specific, we extend Olley and Pakes' (1996) and Levinsohn and Petrin's (2003) approaches to a stochastic production frontier and use copula methods to deal with simultaneity and selection at the same time. Based on the proposed method, we further conduct a metafrontier analysis to compare the technical efficiency and technology gap ratio between exit and continuing firms, which are operating under different technologies and subject to simultaneity and selection. The data of Taiwan’s electronic and food products industries are arbitrarily chosen to illustrate our empirics. Some results are obtained in this dissertation: first, the proposed model solves the problems of simultaneity and selectivity in the production function that exists in ordinary least square estimation; second, there is a serious downward bias in technical efficiency when the conventional stochastic frontier approach ignores simultaneity or sample selection problem; third, the results of metafrontier analysis find that, there is little difference in technology gap ratio between exit and continuing firms. The primary determinant on whether a firm can keep operating in the industry is its managerial ability, rather than its adoption of technology.

從一九九0年代開始，由於微電子、電腦、衛星通信、網際網路、光學纖維等資訊科技的發展，不僅造成社會生活的變遷，也帶動了國家競爭的新形勢。 在這樣的時代環境下，資訊知識發展與科技運用成為經濟發展成功的關鍵，唯有促使科技出現重大突破，才能提昇產業的競爭力。 在學術界，討論資訊科技的文獻上出現了生產力矛盾(productivity paradox)的說法，即他們發現使用資訊科技對於生產力的提升出現了不顯著甚至是負的結果。針對此，後續有許多學者提出各種解釋生產力矛盾的原因，諸如過度投資(overinvestment)、衡量錯誤 (mismeasurement)等問題。 因此，本研究以生產力指標中的總要素生產力為衡量對象，檢視資訊科技對台灣製造業是否具有矛盾的情形，並觀察當技術革新時，對人力資本的需求變化，資料期間為1995-2002年，採用的計量模型為揉合資料（pooling data）模式。 根據實證結果，自動化設備的應用出現生產力矛盾(productivity paradox)的情形，而人力資本對總要素生產力的貢獻則為顯著的正值，若觀察投入自動化生產設備對人力資本的需求，則發現有資本與技術互補（capital-skilled complementarity）的情形。因此推論：單獨增加自動化設備並無法提升總要素生產力，唯有透過自動化設備投資與人力資本的配合，兩者互補之下，以提升台灣製造業生產力。

本文採用一階段隨機邊界分析方法，建立一多投入多產出之投入距離函數模型，衡量民國81~91年間台灣66家國際觀光旅館經營之相對技術效率，同時探討造成不效率之因素。並利用投入導向Malmquist生產力指數進一步分析國際觀光旅館產業生產力改變的原因與幅度。 整體而言，台灣國際觀光旅館產業之經營效率大致呈現緩慢進步之趨勢。造成整體產業生產力提升之原因，主要為業者對於投入產出配置使用之效率改善，而非生產技術進步。除了整體經濟景氣因素當然影響觀光產業之興衰外，個別國際觀光旅館業者之效率表現仍受到許多因素影響。諸如規模、國際化程度等內部原因，及旅館是否位處風景區、所在地縣市政府對觀光發展投注之資源預算和該地市場競爭程度等外在因素。 從政府政策方面來分析，若以整體國際觀光旅館產業經營效率來衡量我國觀光產業興衰，民國87年隔週休二日政策及民國90年實施之全面週休二日政策，的確有效帶動國人休閒旅遊之風潮，促進國內觀光發展。而各縣市政府觀光相關支出與國際觀光旅館生產力變動之關係，呈現正向相關，則表示政府支出增加有助於觀光產業蓬勃發展，並增加國際觀光旅館之經營效率。由於觀光產業生產具外部性，政府積極利用觀光產業以帶動經濟景氣繁榮成長的政策應當可行。 / In this paper a multi-output, multi-input and input oriented distance function is built by one-stage stochastic frontier approach (Battese and Coelli, 1995) to estimate the relative efficiency of the 66 international tourist hotels in Taiwan in 1992~2002 and to explore the determinants of technical efficiency. In addition, the Malmquist productivity index model is used to analyze the range and the causes of the productivity changed. The results reveal that managerial efficiency of international tourist hotel industry improves gradually. The productivity growth can be attributed to efficiency gains, but not the effects of technical progress. There are significant differences in efficiency due to difference not only in the macroeconomic situation, but also in many other individual factors, such as scale, joining an international chain, located in scenic area, local government other economic service expenditure and competitiveness. Analyzing the government policy, the implementations of two-day-off twice a month policy in 1998 and two-day-off per week policy in 2001 have fostered domestic traveling and expanded tourist hotel industry. The local government other economic service expenditure has positive effect on efficiency of international tourist hotels. That is to say, increasing in local government tourist expenditure will promote tourism market and improve efficiency of a hotel. Because of the production externality in tourism industry the idea that government tries to promote tourism to benefit economic development would be workable.

為了解在中國政府正式開始扶植中國半導體產業之後該產業生產率的動態變化，本研究以2001年至2007年之間中國半導體產業的企業層面資料為樣本範圍，並使用Olley和Pakes(1996)的三階段估計法對個別廠商生產率進行估計，同時有效解決傳統使用OLS方法估計生產率會產生的聯立性和樣本選擇問題。接著，再利用Melitz和Pakes(2015)年針對Olley和Pakes(1996)的模型加入廠商進退出市場決策之生產率動態分解模型，對兩兩年度的生產率變動進行拆解。有別於過去文獻主要以中國半導體產業的經營策略為主軸，敘述產業發展，或是使用其他計量方法推估廠商生產率而忽略廠商進出市場行為，本研究將受中國政府提供優惠政策而進入中國市場投資半導體產業和因經營方向不合時宜而遭市場淘汰退出的廠商行為納入考量，並試圖歸納2000年以來中國政府對半導體產業態度的轉變對於廠商生產率帶來的影響。 / The main purpose of the study is to examine the dynamics and decomposition of total factor productivity in China’s semiconductor industry after the government started to pour support and investment into the industry. This study uses firm-level financial and production data to estimate total factor productivity with Olley-Pakes estimation to eliminate both simultaneity problem and selection bias. Furthermore, it separates the contribution of firms to the aggregate productivity changes into three categories for surviving, entering, and exiting firms. Apart from studying merely business strategies, the research aims at taking entry and exit effects into account and also figuring out the impact of the policy of China’s government on the entire semiconductor industry since 2000.

從2015年統計數據來看，中國大陸涉農金融機構地方滲透性比重較高。03年中國大陸國務院下發《深化農村信用社改革試點方案》到現在為止雖然14年了，但是農村信用社還是存在很多問題。 所以研究農村信用社經營效率，對提高涉農金融機構質量和促進中國大陸農村金融市場的發展具有重大的意義。 本研究以數據包絡分析法為主，由於dea方法沒有考慮到誤差項的分配，因此加入了隨機前沿分析法。 本研究發現雖有個別農村信用社效率不足的情況存在，但福建地區整體農村信用社各項指標都很穩定。只是要針對個別經濟環境不景氣的地區重點研究，造成其效率低下的主要原因，改善其經營效率，也能提高整體指標。 從本研究對福建省地區農村信用社效率的比較影射到全國農村信用社。在國務院對農村金融改革後，雖農信社還存在部分問題，但也慢慢趨向穩定發展。可看出國務院的金融改革日漸成效。 / The statistical data of 2015 indicates that most of the Chinese local financial institutions are served as agriculture-related financial institutions.Although state council promulgated<The reform of rural credit cooperatives >in 2003, there are still lots of problems to be solved today. Therefore, the researches about the operating efficiency of rural credit cooperatives can help not only the improvement in the quality of agriculture-related financial institutions but also the development of rural financial market in China. This paper is mainly based on the data envelop analysis (DEA). Because the DEA doesn't consider the distribution of residuals, we also use the stochastic frontier analysis. In this paper, we find that the inefficiency problem still exists in some rural credit cooperatives, but all indexes of overall rural credit cooperatives in Fujian area are still stable. Moreover, we think that the improvement in the operating efficiency of individual rural credit cooperatives can also improve the overall indexes. Applying our analysis into whole districts of China, we find that the development becomes stable gradually, meaning the reform by state council works.

本論文對於醫療市場的生產績效研究，係由兩篇獨立的學術研究報告所組成，研究重點在於利用非參數資料包絡分析方法 ( nonparametric DEA approach )，估計醫院的生產技術，以衡量醫院的技術效率及不同年度間之生產力變動，進而分析不同醫院間，生產績效差異的主要原因。本論文所採用的研究方法與探討的主題，不同於國內既有的相關文獻。 第一部分：生產不確定性與醫院效率 本部分主要探討在醫院面對不確定性時的效率評估。一般而言，醫院有兩種生產上的不確定性來源：醫師或醫院的診療結果所導致的生產不確定性；及消費者對醫療服務需求的不確定性 (Arrow, 1963)。當醫院面對生產不確定性時，醫院效率將與廠商如何處理不確定性問題有關，亦即，當廠商事前規劃愈縝密，未來可能的產出失靈水準愈低，則其生產效率表現愈佳。本文利用民國 82 及 83 年（準）醫學中心與（準）區域醫院資料，模擬醫院在面對生產不確定性時，各種可能的產出失靈水準，以chance constrained DEA 模式 (Land, Lovell and Thore, 1993) 估算醫院的隨機技術效率，並與傳統、確定性的DEA模式所得到之結果，做一比較。 Chance constrained DEA模式與傳統DEA模式的不同，在於前者估計出的生產前緣，並不總是包絡所有的樣本點，亦即，允許某廠商之產出超越生產前緣或說允許產出失靈可能性之存在，而後者則否。實證結果發現，在chance constrained DEA模式下，私立醫院的技術效率高於公立醫院，且呈現統計顯著性的差異，但兩者間的差異隨著醫院事前準備程度的提高而縮小；而傳統DEA模式也顯示，私立醫院的技術效率確實顯著地高於公立醫院。此外，若產出失靈水準夠低，則chance constrained DEA模式的效率值與傳統DEA模式的效率值，兩者間的分配會呈現統計顯著性差異。 在面對生產不確定性時，欲提升公立醫院的生產效率，應提高廠商事先規劃的程度，才能與私立醫院之生產效率並駕齊驅。一般而言，廠商事先準備的程度高低，與醫院本身的特性有關，因此，欲改善公立醫院緩衝產能的準備程度，以降低產出失靈水準，有必要進行體制層面的改革，亦即，從進行人事變革、財務之授權與彈性化等方向開始做起，如此應可提高公立醫院的生產效率。 第二部分：全民健康保險制度與醫院生產力變動 全民健保實施後，民眾對醫療服務的可近性提高，醫院間的市場結構改變，因此，醫院生產力與效率的提升，成為眾所關切的焦點。為瞭解醫院在全民健保實施後，資源是否有效配置，本部分利用民國 82 至 86 年醫學中心、區域醫院與地區醫院等大小型醫院資料，以範疇DEA模式估計Malmquist生產力變動指標，並將之分解為技術變動、純技術效率變動、及規模效率變動等三項變動來源。 實證結果發現，從82至86年醫院整體平均效率而言，CRS（VRS）生產技術下的平均效率為 66.00%（74.87%），表示不論大小型醫院，平均而言，皆存在技術不效率的情形。再者，在民國84年，亦即全民健保實施的年度，其效率水準明顯較其他年度為低，其餘年度的效率水準都相對較高，此一結果意謂，政策干擾對於醫院效率表現的影響，是短期性的。另外，小型醫院皆較大型醫院不效率，兩者的效率差異呈現統計顯著性；以權屬別而言，不論是大型醫院或小型醫院中的私立醫院，其生產效率均優於公立醫院，且兩者的效率差異呈現統計顯著性。而透過迴歸分析顯示，全民健保實施、權屬別之虛擬變數、佔床率、平均住院日、及以醫院產出衡量的集中度指標等，是影響醫院生產效率的重要因素。 從Malmquist生產力變動（　et al., 1994）來看，平均而言，82-86年間醫院生產力成長率約在 -3.06 % 左右。就生產力變動來源而言，技術成長率（-2.74 %）與整體效率成長率（-0.33 %）均為負，而技術變動則是阻礙生產力成長的主要原因。此外，若以醫院整體效率變動來源來看，平均而言，整體效率退步是由於規模效率變動所致（-0.74%）。 此外，本文著重在　et al.(1994)、Ray and Desli (1997) 及Grifell and Lovell (1998) 三種定義下的Malmquist生產力變動指標之比較。研究結果發現，Grifell and Lovell (1998) 的一般化Malmquist生產力指數，並沒有正確衡量廠商的生產力變動及其變動來源項。而利用Kruskal-Wallis檢定結果發現，三個模式中的生產力變動差異，並不具統計顯著性，而變動來源項（技術變動與規模效率變動）亦顯示相同的結果。 / This dissertation is focused on the efficiency and productivity studies of hospitals in Taiwan. It includes two independent academic papers. The primary intention is to introduce the newly developed ideas in the measurement of efficiency and productivity, rather than to create new ones. The utilization of these ideas has not, however, been discussion in print. And some of the arguments we used and brought together are new regarding to the literature of hospital efficiency and productivity measurement. Utilizing the non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) approaches, efficiency scores and productivity change indexes were estimated. Efforts were made to explain the difference of productivity performance among individual hospitals. Nevertheless, the methods we used and the economic approach behind them distinguish this study from other empirical studies of the medical market. Part I　 Market Uncertainty and Hospital Efficiency This part of the dissertation is focused on the measurement of efficiency of hospitals, incorporating uncertainty. There are stochastic variations in production relationships for hospitals. Generally speaking, the uncertainty of hospitals comes from two major sources: the natural uncertainty of medical cares; and the uncertainty of demands for medical cares (Arrow, 1963). Given the uncertainty in the medical market, the efficiency of hospitals hinges on how decision-makers deal with it. Undoubtedly, an optimal planning of the output buffers improves the efficiency performance. Using the hospital survey data in 1993 and 1994, and employing the chance constrained DEA model (Land, Lovell and Thore, 1993), the stochastic efficiency indexes of public and private medical centers and regional hospitals were estimated. Compared with deterministic frontier enveloping a given set of sample observations all the time, the chance-constrained frontier envelops them most of the time. That is, the chance constrained DEA allows the possibilities of output failure. Imposing different values of output failure probability, the estimation results were compared with the traditional (deterministic) DEA models. The empirical evidences of the chance constrained DEA model showed that, on average, private hospitals performed significantly better than public hospitals. This result matches with the result of the traditional DEA model. With Mann-Whitney U test, we compared the distributions of efficiency indexes under chance constrained DEA and deterministic DEA models. The test results showed that the difference between these two different models is statistically significant given a higher probability of output failure. These results imply that the nature of risk and the manipulation for risk are different for public and private hospitals. We also find that that the efficiency performance of public hospitals could be improved by the increasing of its reserve capacity. Part II　 National Health Insurance and Hospital Productivity Change In this part of the dissertation, we examine the impact of NHI on hospitals, and trace the sources of hospital productivity growth in Taiwan. To pursue our goal, we employ a data consisting of 157 medical centers, regional hospitals and district hospitals over the period 1993 to 1997, and resort to the Malmquist productivity index to measure total factor productivity change. The index could be decomposed into three components: technical change, pure technical efficiency change and scale efficiency change. The estimation technique used in the study is the deterministic non-parametric DEA approach. The results we find are revealing and suggestive to the public and the government in order to promote and assure the efficient delivery of quality health care. The average efficiency scores are 66.00% (74.87%) for CRS (VRS) technology and it means that there are substantial efficiency losses for the sample hospitals during the study period. The efficiency score of the hospitals as a whole in 1995 (the beginning year of NHI) was much lower than the other 4 years' efficiency scores. A censored Tobit regression analysis is used and identifies that NHI policy, ownership, rate of bed occupancy, average length of stay and the output-specific concentration level were all the significant determinants of technical efficiency. Empirical results indicate that most medical care regions became more output-specific concentrated. Total factor productivity on average deteriorated at an annual rate of -3.1%, and it was dominated by substantial technical regresses at an annual rate of -2.74%. The small hospitals were severely affected by NHI. Furthermore, within large and small hospital groups, the difference in technical change was statistically significant, but the differences in TFP and the associated components between ownership were not. Special attention was paid to compare　 et al.(1994), Ray and Desli (1997) and Grifell and Lovell (1998) approaches to decomposing the Malmquist productivity index. Empirical results indicate that the first 2 approaches yield accurate productivity changes, while GL doesn't. However, they produce almost the same magnitude of average TFP. In addition, no significant differences in the measured technical change and efficiency change were found among the three approaches.

本研究使用多種資料蒐集方法，對全球經濟大國中國大陸海外高層次人才引進計畫（簡稱千人計畫）之數據資料進行量化分析，本研究針對千人計畫第一批至第五批部分專家學者，分析在2009年至2014年間透過此計畫資源投入的整體學術研究產出效率，並進一步討論不同研究機構在資源獲得及學術產出效率上的差異。模型運算結果後發現，首先，國家自然科學基金在千人計畫研究經費配置上明顯偏向國家研究機構，其次，國家研究機構不論在研究產出效率或生產力指標上表現都較中國大學佳，這樣的結果說明了，千人計畫資源錯置的情況確實存在，若集中研究資源並合理配置給國家研究機構進行研發創新，將資源分配給產值高、研究成果豐碩的學者們，這樣對於中國科學領域巨額投入的回報只會有增無減。本文至此，可對中國菁英階層主導的千人計畫政策，就學術產出效率層面，建議最適的人力資本投資方向，以期能避免嚴重的資源錯置問題，並且對後續相關研究者有所助益。 / This research measures the resource misallocation of human capital development in China. We create a dataset composed of Chinese repatriate researchers of the first to fifth groups of Thousand Talent program scientists during 2009 - 2014. The result shows that National Research Institutions have long outperformed university in productivity and research output efficiency. This research; thus, contribute to evaluate the impact brought about by China's overseas high-level talents’ introduction policy via quantitative analyses and propose a variety of data collection techniques to create a reliable dataset for future research.