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人力資源發展在日本富士通組織轉型中之促成角色探討 / The Facilitating Role of Human Resource Development in the Organizational Transformation of Fujitsu, Japanese林南欣 Unknown Date (has links)
在知識經濟時代,以產品為經營中心的事業模式、講求生產效率與低成本管理已不能為企業創造再多的附加價值,在環境變化激烈的環境中逐漸成為殺價競爭之下的沉重包袱。企業為追求營利與成長,逐漸轉而重視顧客需求,透過跨部門的知識整合,為顧客提供完整且品質優良的服務。在全新的企業經營理念之下,企業對於人力資源的需求與管理方式產生了根本上的轉變。企業逐漸了解人力資源在組織變革過程中,扮演著關鍵性的影響角色。本研究便透過實際的個案分析,從人力資源發展的觀點探究企業進行變革活動的過程當中,人力資源發展角色的轉變,以及其主要職責內容,提供台灣企業主進行改革活動時的參考依據。
放眼國際,日本在人力資源領域的努力有目共睹,無論是人事制度的設立,或是教育訓練的福利,日本企業都做得淋漓盡致,使得員工心甘情願為企業長久地貢獻心力。其中,富士通近年來從事大規模的組織變革計畫,所有政策均以人力資源為出發點,對於人力資源的重視與用心確實值得同屬製造產業的企業領導者學習與傚仿。是故,本研究以管康彥所提出的變革三部曲:策略再思考、組織轉型與變革管理作為思考軸線,分別探討人力資源發展對於組織發展所發揮的效果。企業在策略再思考階段檢視產業與環境的動態變遷,選擇與集中企業的核心能力與業務,重新給予企業新定位與策略方向;接著,打造企業願景,透過組織結構的調整增強組織競爭力,提升組織營運效率;最後,在變革管理中則經由管理制度的重新打造,將變革理念深植於員工心中,改變員工的工作行為與態度,成為根深蒂固的企業文化一部份。本研究透過此三步驟,一一檢視富士通的人力資源發展實際作法,並從中歸結出原則,以作為其他企業的學習典範。
本研究主要特色為歸結出人力資源發展在組織變革過程中,促成角色以及核心職責的變換模型。人力資源發展在策略再思考階段,主要扮演策略規劃者的角色,著眼於人力資源需求的改變;到了組織轉型階段,其角色轉變成為以人力調度者為主,致力於人力資源配置的相關活動與政策的建置;最後的變革管理階段,其角色再度轉變成為知識教育者,以提供員工知能為首要目的,職責圍繞人力資源強化的議題上。
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從資源依賴的觀點探討組織價值創新:全面解決方案提供者的個案探討 / Resource Dependence Perspective of Organizational Value Innovation: Case Study of a Total Solution Provider陳德川, Chen,Te-Chuan Unknown Date (has links)
創業初期所面對的主要問題就是資源不足的問題,要如何獲取生存與發展所需要的資源是企業的重要課題。首先,企業必須分析內部環境,找出核心資源,並將之發揮在目標事業上,為企業奠定基礎。再者,企業必須分析外部環境,透過各種組織鏈結策略,重新調整與供應商、顧客、甚至是競爭者之間的關係成為策略夥伴關係,選擇並集中核心競爭強項,形成資源互補,提供給客戶一個全面解決方案(Total solution)的服務,以滿足甚至超過顧客預期的需求,使得顧客願意持續購買,企業藉此從環境中獲取關鍵資源並得以持續發展。
本研究透過個案分析發現,組織在成為「全面解決方案提供者(TSP)」的角色過程中,因為市場力量及組織力量的融合過程的不同,我們分析出其發展軌跡可以歸類成為五大類,即「水平整合型的TSP」、「垂直整合型的TSP」、「先水平後垂直整合型的TSP」、「先垂直後水平整合型的TSP」以及「垂直及水平整合並進型的TSP」。這五大類型的發展軌跡基本上描述了組織發展的過程,讓我們更清楚的知道組織成長過程中因為環境因素以及組織因素所造就成的組織面貌。
「TSP成長曲線 (TSP Growth Curve)」的形成過程,是在個案成長過程分析及探討後發現,組織要追求持續成長,單靠本身的資源是受限的,組織必須去整合內外部的資源,包括重新建構核心資源、組織並管理外部資源網絡,透過各樣的鏈結策略使得組織獲取成長所需要的關鍵資源,透過策略再思考重新組織企業架構,建構一個學習性組織平台,鼓勵在這個平台上的每一個人去創新思考,讓組織成員得以在非傳統性架構下去思考,在非秩序中去創新,讓大家願意去共創組織的價值。
研究發現,組織獲取資源並成為TSP的四個步驟為:1.建構組織核心資源與能力2.從環境中獲取關鍵資源3.價值創新成為TSP角色使顧客滿足4.降低對環境依賴,繼續提升高一層次的成長循環。這樣良性的循環讓組織累積更多資源而逐漸壯大,擺脫了創業初期資源不足的困境,組織在壯大的同時因為建立了更多的資源而逐漸降低對於原有環境中的資源依賴,並與環境中資源提供者的關係從依賴變成互賴,此時組織已經提昇到了另一層次的成長循環。這樣的成長循環使得組織得以在不同的環境中獲取不同的資源繼續成長,讓企業一直維持企業生命週期中的成長階段,因而可能避免或延遲了衰退階段的發生。
本研究的特色是從資源依賴的角度出發,探討組織如何透過從環境中獲取成長所需的關鍵資源,並探討組織藉由成為全面解決方案提供者的角色來獲取顧客價值創新,此時組織價值亦跟隨提升。
大部分的企業皆無法規避「出生、成長、成熟、飽和、衰退」的命運,就如同生命會歷經「出生、幼年、青年、壯年、老年」的歷程一般,或許企業無法避免衰退或消失的命運,但是找出「延年益壽」方法來維持壯年期是一個可行的策略。「TSP成長曲線圖」以「TSP成長循環圖」即可以說明企業從「創業成功」到「維持成長」的策略歷程,可以作為企業經營發展的參考。 / The major problem in the early stage of entrepreneurship is the shortage of resources, so it is industries’ crucial mission to acquire the resources to sustain and develop its growth. First, industries must analyze its internal environment to identify the core sources and apply them into the target business, to lay the foundation for companies. Second, industries must conduct external analysis with organizations linkage mechanism to re-address the connection among suppliers, customers and even competitors, so that they can become the strategic partners, formulate complimentary resources, concentrate on their own core advantages in the competition. In this way, they can offer customers the service of Total Solution, to meet, even exceed customers’ expectation. Hence, this could sustain customers’ continuous purchase, and industries can keep developing its business by grabbing the crucial resources in the environment.
This research discovered that, due to the different merging processes between market powers and organizations power, there are five categorized patterns when organizations become Total Solution Provides (TSP): horizontal integration TSP, vertical integration TSP, horizontal-to-vertical integration TSP, vertical-to-horizontal integration TSP and simultaneously vertical and horizontal integration TSP. These five patterns basically outline the process of organization development and bring us more diverse pictures caused by different environmental and organizational causes.
After studying cases and formulating of the TSP Growth Curve, this research found out that it is limited to for organizations to pursue the growth by its own resources. Industries must integrate internal and external resources, re-construct the core resources, manage the external resource network, acquire all the necessary resources for further growth through linkage mechanism, rethink the structure of the business, establish the learning platform to encourage its member to jointly create the value for the organizations, contemplate beyond the boundary of tradition and innovate without order.
There are four steps for the organizations to acquire resources and formulate the TSP Growth Curve: 1. Constructing the core resources and capability of the organizations; 2.Acquireing the core resources from the environment; 3.Becoming TSP with value innovation and satisfy the customers; 4.Lowering the dependence on the environment and upgrading the Growth circle. Organizations can grow stronger, accumulate more resources with this benign circle and leave the dilemma of insufficient resources. In this way, organizations can receive more resources than ever; it can also turn the relationship between organizations and supplier from unilateral dependence to mutual dependence and TSP Growth circle will also be upgraded while they are growing bigger. This growth circle can continuously sustain its development by collecting different resources in different environments. Hence, the stage of growth will be prolonged, and the stage of recession will be avoided of delayed.
Based on the Resources dependence theory, this research has discussed how organizations obtain the crucial resources from the environment to generate growth, and also analyzed that when organizations obtain customers’ value innovation by playing TSP, organizations’ value will also raise consecutively.
Most industries can not avoid the linear destiny of establishment, growth, maturity, saturation and recession as well as human’s life stage of birth, child, youth, adult and aging. Industries may not genuinely ward off the consequence of decline or disappearance, but it’s still workable to figure out a strategy to prolong the period of maturity. TSP Growth Curve and TSP Growth Circle can well explain the industries’ process from the stage of “entrepreneurship” to “the maintenance of growth”, and also offer the positive example for business operation.
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