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財務槓桿、自由現金流量與過度投資關聯性之研究 / The Association between Financial Leverage, Free Cash Flows and Overinvestment葉柏廷, YEH,PO-TING Unknown Date (has links)
本研究之主要目的在於探討公司自由現金流量與其過度投資之關聯性,並設法瞭解內外部機制是否有助於減緩公司過度投資之代理問題。此外,本研究亦探究公司自由現金流量與債務控制之關聯性,以及債務控制與公司之其他監督機制間之關聯性。本研究發現,公司自由現金流量愈大時,愈可能有過度投資之現象,且此種現象較集中於自由現金流量為正之公司。此外,相較於高成長公司,低成長公司自由現金流量之代理問題較為嚴重,更傾向於過度投資。而在減緩代理問題之機制上,管理階層及機構投資人之持股並無法有效減緩代理成本,或抑制公司過度投資之現象,但或許可藉由債務控制減緩過度投資之問題。再者,本研究推論過度投資之公司可能會傾向於提前適用資產減損之會計處理,以認列其投資損失。最後,公司代理問題愈嚴重時,並不一定會藉由債務控制方式減緩過度投資。而在降低代理成本的作用上,管理者持股、機構投資人持股與債務控制之間具有明顯的互補關係。 / The main purpose of this study is to examine the association between a firm’s free cash flows and its overinvestment. In addition, I also examine the interrelationships between free cash flow, managerial ownership, institutional investors, and debt .The empirical results suggest that overinvestment is concentrated in firms with higher levels of free cash flows and lower opportunities for growth. Further tests find that a firm’s managerial ownership, institutional investors’ ownership may not effectively mitigate its overinvestment. However, debt appears to control overinvestment. Besides, I infer that firms with overinvestment may choose to adopt the accounting standards for asset impairment earlier to recognize their investment losses. Finally, I find evidence that firms may not be using debt control to mitigate their overinvestment, and a firm’s managerial ownership, institutional investors’ ownership and debt may serve as substitutes in controlling its agency costs.
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高爾夫球桿頭產業上市櫃公司關鍵成功因素與股票評價之研究張佑如, Chang, Faith Unknown Date (has links)
高爾夫球桿頭產業所製造的產品屬於消費性商品,因此消費者在擁有自由使用所得後才會採取購買的行動。由此得知國民所得將影響消費者的運動類型與休閒意識,接著影響消費者的購買意願,所以休閒產業與國民所得密切相關。隨著全球經濟的復甦,高爾夫球桿頭產業隨著經濟的轉變、產業轉變與開發中國家的轉變使得需求量提升。
高爾夫球產業可分為高爾夫球、整套高爾夫球桿、高爾夫球車以及其他高爾夫球設備。本研究主要針對製造高爾夫球桿頭之在台灣上市、上櫃之廠商,分別為復盛、大田精密、鉅明與明安國際等四家公司為研究樣本。以個案公司之2001年至2005年之財務報表,作為推估未來評價數據、未來成長率與獲利率的依據。採用現金流量折現法之銷售導向與盈餘導向等兩種模式,依最樂觀、最有可能與最悲觀等三種情境,估計其實際價格區間,並與個股目前之實際股價相比較。推論出股價區間再透過敏感性分析將各個評價因子繪製成龍捲風圖來觀察,找出影響股價變動的關鍵因子,得知每一個百分比之變動性程度。
實証結果顯示樣本公司之合理股價區間分別為,復盛為39~50元、大田為73~97元、鉅明為20~29元、明安為69~79元。而敏感分析顯示,其中兩家公司之變動因子皆為邊際利潤率,約0.30%~0.36%,復盛之變動因子為銷售成長率,為3.67%,而鉅明之變動因子為ROIC與盈餘成長率,皆為1.44%。經由目前股價與評價所得區間相比,大田與鉅明皆為合理價格,復盛與明安有被低估的情況。
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以自由現金流量折現模型評價手機代工廠商 — 以華寶通訊為例 / Valuing Handset OEM/ODM Companies with DCF Model — A Case Study of Compal Communication Inc.張善文, Chang, Shan-Wen Unknown Date (has links)
對於企業評價通常需要採取四個重要的步驟。首先是了解公司的實質營運狀況,包括對於公司的產業、競爭地位與公司策略。這些產業的資訊會結合公司的財部報表去推斷未來的公司營運。其次是根據過去的來估公司盈收能力以及財務狀況。第三,因為在台灣缺乏夠多的相似公司來做比較所以本研究採取自由現金流量折線模式來做股東權益的評價。如果對於公司能夠有深入的了解可以幫助評價的品質。最後是根據產業分析以及企業評價作出經營或是投資的決定,以增加個案公司未來的價值。
在本論文中提出一企業評價架構,而個案公司以此一架構來驗證其正確性。共有六個關鍵的區塊來實踐此一架構,其中包含了產業分析、會計報表分析、財務分析、競爭策略分析、預測未來營運以及企業評價等。值得注意的事,這六個區塊彼此相互影響。
本研究的企業評價最主要的應用為選擇股票,股票分析師在市場中,希望根據本身公司股價或是其他相似公司的股價,找出被正確、高估或是低估的股票。企業評價的工具更可以用來評估公司的重大營運決定,例如購併、收購、部門撤資、部門分割、管理買下以及槓桿買下。此外一個關心股東權益價值最大化的公司也可以利用此一評價工具評估其他的策略替代方案。 / For business valuation, there are four necessary steps to undertake. These steps include that the underlying business of the firm must be understood comprehensively first. This involves evaluating industry prospects, competitive position, and corporate strategies. The information is used together with financial statement analysis to forecast performance. Next, company earning power will be estimated based on historical performance and adopted strategy within the competitive environment including forecasts of sales, earnings, and financial position. Third, in this study the DCF model is chosen to evaluate the equity value due to lack of similar companies available in Taiwan. An in-depth understanding of the business and an ability to forecast the performance of a company help determine the quality of valuation efforts. Finally, based on the analysis of industry and business valuation, some investment or business decisions can be undertaken to improve the future values of the case company.
The architecture of implement the business valuation is proposed in this study. The case company is employed to verify the validity of this architecture. There are six major function block to construct this architecture, including industry analysis, accounting analysis, financial analysis, competitive strategy analysis, forecasting prospective performance and business valuation. It is noted that these function blocks influence one anther. Industry analysis is the beginning of valuation in this architecture.
Stock selection is the primary application of the business valuation presented in this study. Equity analysts attempt to identify securities as fairly valued, overvalued, or undervalued in the market, relative to either their own market price or the prices of comparable securities. Valuation tools can be used to assess the impact of corporate events such as mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, spin-offs, MBOs, or LBOs. In addition, the company concerned with maximizing shareholder value must evaluate the impact of alternative strategies on share value.
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半導體行業企業價值評估方法對比 ——實質選擇權與自由現金流折現模型 / Comparison between the Valuation Methods of Semiconductor Companies: Real Option and Discounted Cash Flow Models汪卉 Unknown Date (has links)
企業價值評估是企業管理和企業投資的熱門問題,半導體產業又是高科技發展的關鍵。所以本文就台灣半導體產業的兩個晶圓代工企業之價值評估問題進行對比討論,分別用實質選擇權與自由現金流折現模型來對台積電和聯電進行價值評估。分析中發現實質選擇權方法在評價中比較能充分考量到企業投資決策的彈性,卻對於企業在行業中的領先地位比較難把握;而自由現金流折現模型對於財務報表的數據十分敏感,關於增長率的估計比較難把握,從而使企業價值評估的波動性較大,所以可以綜合兩個方法來進行評價,則可以減少估計誤差。本文的後半部分主要是基於半導體的產業狀況,對台積電與聯電兩家晶圓代工企業的經營策略進行分析,得出科技企業的經營收益與對技術研發的投入呈正相關,也與管理層的理念與穩定性以及上下游產業鏈穩定性密切相關。 / Business Valuation is an important issue for business management or business investment. The semiconductor industry is also an important part for high-tech development. Therefore, this paper focuses on the valuation of two foundry companies in semiconductor industry in Taiwan. Respectively, this paper uses the real option and the discounted cash flow models to assess the values of TSMC and UMC. The analyses find that the real option approach can consider the flexibility of enterprise investment strategy better than the discounted cash flow approach, while it is difficult to grasp the leadership of the company in the industry. The data from the financial statements is too sensitive for the discounted cash flow approach, and the uncertainty about the growth of a company contributes the volatility of the business valuation; therefore, by considering both approaches can reduce the valuation errors. The other part of this paper is based on the semiconductor industry analysis. With the comparison of the corporate business strategies of TSMC and UMC, we find that the operating income of scientific and technological enterprises is positively correlated with business investment in R&D, meanwhile it is closely related to the concept and stability of the manager, as well as the stability of the upstream and downstream supply chain.
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投資價值個案分析 / A Case Study on Investment Value蔡赫陽 Unknown Date (has links)
企業營運績效通常是以會計報表上的數字為參考,例如,資產報酬率(ROA)、每股盈餘(EPS)、股東權益報酬率(ROE)與資本報酬率(ROC)等,但這些數字通常受制於許多會計規範,且忽略股東資金成本,若只觀察這些會計數據可能無法忠實呈現一間公司的實際價值與績效。1995年由紐約Stern Stewart & Co.財務顧問公司所提出一個結合會計及經濟之觀念的財務績效衡量指標,現在已廣被使用作為企業價值的衡量工具。能夠以目前會計報表裡的資訊運用若干公式原理而更能充分的呈現在原始會計報表無法獲取的有用的訊息,而更能夠以投資者的角度觀察企業經營者所制定之決策是否以股東之權益為優先考量。本研究係採個案研究方式,分析經濟附加價值,並應用企業評價中自由現金流量折現法,經由三種假設情況下的情境分析,評估個案公司企業價值;最後透過敏感性分析拆解選取關鍵驅動因子,作為提供個案公司未來營運策略與方針之參考。 / The measurement of the firm’s performance usually rely on a lot of normal accounting statements, for example assets rate of returns (ROA ) , per share surplus (EPS ) , stockholder's equity rate of returns (ROE ) and rate of returns of capital (ROC ) ,etc. Those numbers have to follow the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)and ignore the cost of equity. If only observe those accounting numbers, it is hard to faithfully expressing the real value and performance of an enterprise. The Economics Value Added (EVA) concept was proposed in 1995 by the New York Stern Stewart & Co. financial adviser company. It combination of accounting and economic concepts based on financial performance measures. It can show some primitive useful message that accounting statement can't be obtained abundant at present. This concept has been widely be used as a measure of corporate value tool. Our research, which applies case study method, attempts to analyze the EVA value and determine the value of company S by using the discounted free cash flow model under three hypothetic scenarios. In addition, we conduct sensitivity analysis model to find the key value-driving factor of the company, which will be considered in planning future operating strategy.
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工業電腦產業上市公司投資價值之研究許君瑋, Hsu , JunWei Unknown Date (has links)
工業電腦屬於較特殊的利基型資訊電子產業,具有少量多樣、高毛利且競爭者多而分散的特質。在過去國內對於該產業評價的研究中較少。故本研究希望能透過研究工業電腦產業中五家主要的上市廠商,計算個案公司股價合理區間與驗證真實股價的合理性。研究結果一方面可提供工業電腦廠商作為未來企業經營的參考,另一方面,幫助協助投資人理性評估企業價值,做為參考的依據。
本研究主要以2003年以前上市之研華、威達電、研揚、凌華及瑞傳五家工業電腦廠商為樣本,依各公司從2000年至2003年之財務報表來推估個案公司未來成長率及獲利表現。並利用現金流量折現法採銷售導向及盈餘導向二種模式,分別針對樂觀、最可能發生及悲觀三種情境估算其實質價格區間。同時與各個案公司當前前之實際股價相比較,以推論目前股價的合理性以及目前股價可能隱含的的銷售成長率及盈餘成長率,並將各個評價因子製成龍捲風圖,來進行各關鍵評價因子對股價影響的敏感度分析。
實證結果顯示,研華、威達電、研揚、凌華及瑞傳的合理股價區間為分別為69~81元、54~65元、31~40元、57~71元、55~65元。對照當前的股價,研華、研揚及瑞傳的股價均落在合理區間,而威達電的股價有下滑趨勢。而凌華的股價則是長期被低估。另敏感性分析方面,邊際利潤率及盈餘成長率對研華、凌華及瑞傳的股價影響都很大,而研揚股價則受邊際利潤率的影響最大。威達電的股價則是對ROIC與邊際利潤率最為敏感。
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運輸產業上市公司投資價值之比較研究楊政龍, Yang, Cheng-Lung Unknown Date (has links)
台灣本身係屬於一種外貿型的經濟體系,貿易依存度高,運輸對台灣來說可算是經濟發展的重要關鍵,由於運輸係屬於衍生性需求,運輸公司的經營績效易受景氣而波動,導致企業及投資者不容易知道公司本身之潛在投資價值,故本研究希望能透過評估運輸產業中五家主要的上市公司,估算樣本公司股價合理區間與驗證實際股價的合理性。研究結果一方面可提供運輸公司做為未來企業經營時的參考,另一方面,可做為投資人在理性評估企業價值時的參考依據。
本研究主要以在2003年之前上市的長榮海運、陽明海運、萬海航運、中華航空以及長榮航空五家運輸公司做為樣本,以其1999年至2003年之財務報表作為預估個案公司未來的成長率及獲利率的依據,並利用現金流量折現法分採銷售導向及盈餘導向兩種模式,依樂觀、最可能發生及悲觀三種情境,估算其實質價格區間,並與個案公司之實際股價相比較,以推論目前股價的合理性以及目前股價背後隱含的營收成長率及盈餘成長率,另利用敏感性分析將各個評價因子繪製成龍捲風圖,以觀察個別關鍵評價因子對股價的影響程度。
實證結果顯示,長榮海運、陽明海運以及萬海航運等三家海運公司中,除萬海航運股價略微被低估外,其股價大都位在合理價格區間內;中華航空及長榮航空兩家航空公司由於受到業外虧損影響,以及進行評價時只考慮本業營運部分,因此其實際股價長期低於合理實質股價區間;另敏感性分析方面,經由各個案公司之龍捲風圖可明顯發現,銷售利潤率對陽明海運、萬海航運、中華航空以及長榮航空的股價影響幅度最大,而影響長榮海運股價幅度最大的評價因子則為盈餘成長率,另影響股價幅度最小的評價因子則主要是營收成長率。 / The study mainly focuses on the samples of 5 public offering companies in transportation industry; they are Evergreen Marine, Yang Ming Line, Wan Hai Lines, China Airlines, and Eva Air. Based on their financial statements through 1999 to 2003, the study speculates their growth rates together with profit margin on sales in future. Furthermore, from each scenario, optimistic, possible, and pessimistic, the study employs two models of Earning-Driven and Sales-Driven Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) respectively to infer their intrinsic value. Comparing the value to their market prices, the study estimates their reasonableness as well as implicit sales growth rates and earning growth rates. In the end, the study makes use of sensitivity analysis to present valuation factors in a tornado chart for every company so as to observe how the factors influence its market price. Judging from those charts, the study concludes that profit margin on sales has great influences on the market prices of Yang Ming Line, Wan Hai Lines, China Airlines and Eva Air, whereas what influences Evergreen Marine most is the factor of earning growth rate. On the other hand, sales growth rate has the fewest influences upon all of the market prices.
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運用財報資訊評估企業經營績效與預測財務危機之研究-以分析損益表及現金流量表之資訊為主蔡惠玲, Tsai, Hui-ling Unknown Date (has links)
我國股市參與者向來以自然人為主,自然人所佔之比例約80%,即是一般俗稱的「散戶」。但散戶往往對於財務報表、業績、獲利能力等基本面資訊之依賴性極低,且無法使用及消化過於複雜之資訊,導致多數散戶投資者僅是抱著投機的心態盲目跟進,極容易成為公司內部人與市場中炒手不當得利的犧牲者。故本研究擬站在小額投資人之立場,嘗試由較為小額投資人熟知、容易瞭解且能直接反映企業營運優劣之「利潤」觀點出發,藉由分析損益表及現金流量表關鍵的財報資訊,可幫助投資人判讀企業體質好壞,進而能投資具成長性之企業,同時更能有效降低因投資失敗企業而遭受重大之損失之風險。
本研究以我國股票上市、上櫃、興櫃及公開發行公司為研究對象,探討所篩選出之損益與現金流量項目,對於評估企業經營績效與預測財務危機的效用,即判斷篩選的損益與現金流量項目是否對企業經營績效具有評價攸關性及對企業財務危機具有預測攸關性;並以獨立樣本t檢定、迴歸分析及Logistic分析,對假說進行檢定。
經過實證結果,獲致以下的結論:
1.損益與現金流量項目對企業經營績效之評價攸關性:本研究所選取之關鍵損益與現金流量項目均對企業短期、中期及長期經營績效具有顯著的解釋能力;
2.損益與現金流量項目對企業財務危機之預測攸關性:本研究所選取之關鍵損益與現金流量項目均對企業爆發財務危機前3年度內,區分出財務危機公司與正常公司之顯著差異,顯示所採取的變數具有差異性價值。 / The individual investors account for 80% as compared to 20% institutional investors, which characterized Taiwan’s stock market. Individual investors lack the capability to comprehend financial statements. They seldom rely on fundamental analysis of corporate performance to make investment decisions. In a stock market with the characteristics as Taiwan the individual investors are usually the victims of insider trading and market speculation.
The purpose of this study is to identify certain financial items from income statement and the statement of cash flows which are easy to understand by the individual investors and are valuation relevant as well as possessing the capability to predict the financial distress of listed companies.
Nine financial items from income statement and the statement of cash flows were selected for test and the results indicate that:
1.All selected financial items are valuation relevant in distinguishing short term, mid-term and long term operating performance.
2.All selected financial items are capable of predicting financial failure of enterprises three years preceding the financial distress emerge.
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資訊通路產業上市櫃公司投資價值之研究楊道遠 Unknown Date (has links)
資訊產品通路業的價值,隨著資訊產品的成熟與普及,而漸趨重要,能否在這一塊價值鏈中降低成本,也成為產業中主要的努力目標之一。而就資訊通路產業本身而言,其特色在於薄利多銷,由於競爭激烈,因此利潤率普遍不高。在此情形下,資本週轉率就成為產業中能否增加獲利的一項重要因素。
本研究主要以聯強、精技、捷元、國眾、建達以及亞銳士等六家公司為樣本,依其2000年至2004年之財務報表做為預估個案公司未來成長率及獲利率的依據,利用現金流量折現法採銷售導向及盈餘導向二種模式,依最樂觀、最可能發生與最悲觀等三種情境,估算其實質價格區間,並與個股目前之實際股價相比較,以推論目前股價的合理性以及目前股價可能隱含的銷售成長率及盈餘成長率,另以敏感性分析將各個評價因子繪製成龍捲風圖來觀察個別關鍵評價因子對股價的影響程度。
實證結果顯示,聯強、精技、捷元、國眾、建達、亞銳士之股價合理區間分別為24元-59元、0元-43元、0元-11元、0元-7元、0元-14元、2元-40元。另在敏感度分析上,大部分公司受總投資率的影響最大。最後,觀察各公司之本益比、關鍵成功因素與公司評價,可發現大體而言,擁有較多關鍵成功因素的公司,公司價值也較高,且本益比也較大。
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台灣資訊軟體產業上市櫃公司投資價值之研究黃名慈 Unknown Date (has links)
資訊軟體產業為技術和知識密集的產業,由於科技不斷創新以及市場激烈的競爭下,具有產品生命週期短、產品更多元等特性。本研究希望透過台灣資訊軟體產業中五家主要的上市櫃公司之研究,以計算個案公司股價合理區間與驗證真實股價的合理性。研究成果,一方面可提供給資訊軟體廠商作為未來企業經營的參考,另一方面,可作為投資人評估公司價值的參考依據。
本研究以智冠科技、訊連科技、思源科技、友立資訊以及凱衛資訊等五家上市櫃軟體公司為研究對象,根據2000年至2004年之財務報表作為推估個案公司未來成長率與獲利表現的依據。利用現金流量折現法,採銷售導向及盈餘導向二種模式,分別針對樂觀、最可能發生及悲觀等三種情境,以估算出真實股價區間。並將估算的股價區間與個案公司當前實際股價相比較,以推論目前股價之合理性和目前股價可能隱含的銷售成長率以及盈餘成長率,另以敏感度分析將各個評價因子繪製成龍捲風圖來觀察個別關鍵評價因子對股價的影響程度。
實證研究顯示,智冠科技、訊連科技、思源科技、友立資訊以及凱衛資訊之合理股價分別為21.73~193.32元、54.05~223.98元、40.52~245.38元、14.12~52.47元、4.63~41.40元。與最近17個月(2004年1月2005年5月)之股價走勢比較發現,個案公司最近股價多在計算之價格區間,在敏感性分析方面,經由個案公司的龍捲風圖發現各家公司對於股價影響幅度最大的評價因子都是邊際利潤率。
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