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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia characterized by intracellular appearance of neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic and neuronal loss; and extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in senile plaques. The initial causes leading to AD are unknown, and the available treatments are only effective at slowing the degeneration process. The accumulation of arginine in the brain of Alzheimer patients indicates a possible disruption of enzymes responsible for its metabolism. One such enzyme is neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and controlling its activity by interacting with nanoparticles may lead to a delay in the onset of the disease. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase was purified using DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange resulting in 10 % yield, 0.43 fold recovery and specific activity 0.09 U/mg. The enzyme was found to be a dimer with a molecular mass of 150 kDa. Characterisation of the nNOS showed an optimum temperature and pH of 50°C and 7.5 respectively, and it was relatively stable at the optimum conditions (t½ = 100 min). The purity was analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot. Purified nNOS was challenged with 3-7 nm silver and 4-15 nm gold nanoparticles of between synthesized chemical using AgNO3 and either sodium borohydride or sodium citrate. Results showed that gold nanoparticles are more effective at low concentration (5 μM) than silver nanoparticles due to their size difference. Incubation of different concentration of nanoparticles (5, 15, 25, 50 μM) with the purified nNOS showed an initial decrease of 5% in enzyme activity which over time was restored to 80%. This suggests that different nanoparticles are produced in different sizes and interaction over a given time may result in enzyme association–dissociation mechanism. Inhibition studies showed a strong binding of both nanoparticles with Ki values of 1.4 μM and 0.2 μM for silver and gold, respectively. Both nanoparticles inhibited the activity of nNOS extensively as they bound strongly to the inhibition site on the enzyme and were more in contact with fluorophores nanoparticles. This was confirmed by fluorimetry with binding constants of 0.0084 μM and 0.01092 μM for silver and gold, respectively. Results of this study suggest that silver and gold nanoparticles competitively inhibit nNOS.

In this thesis, we investigate the mechanisms driving the self-assembly of peptides and proteins using computational and theoretical tools, always validating our results with experimental measures when possible. In the first part, Chapters 2-5, we focus on the Aβ system, a peptide whose aggregation is intimately linked with the development of Alzheimer's Disease. We begin by simulating the major alloforms of the peptide, Aβ_40 and Aβ_42, demonstrating that the two populate similar disordered ensembles and matching experimental data. Next we investigate how disordered Aβ_42 monomers interact with each other, finding that oligomerisation into amorphous aggregates is driven largely by hydrophobic, non-specific forces. We then move on to probing the aggregation of Aβ_42 into amyloid structures using a native-centric coarse-grained model, and explain the results with a novel Markov state analysis from which we are able to extract structural, kinetic and thermodynamic information on elongation reactions. Finally, we probe the interactions of Aβ_42 monomers with Aβ_42 fibrillar surfaces using a specially designed enhanced sampling scheme, which allows us to obtain enthalpy-driven binding thermodynamics consistent with experiments and to propose major polar binding modes. In the second part of the thesis, Chapters 6 and 7, we model the aggregation of two other self-assembling systems, viruses and a truncated form of the molecular chaperone Hsp70. We first develop a data analysis platform to extract information on the microscopic mechanisms of viral capsid self-assembly from experimental data, synthesising the results from several different systems to draw general evolutionary conclusions about the assembly mechanism. Finally, we model the oligomerisation of Hsp70 thermodynamically and kinetically, showing that its self-assembly is a highly cooperative reaction that is under strong structural constraints.

This thesis is focused on concept of coordinated rehabilitation within individuals in care of Alzheimer's disease. Objective of the thesis is to find out the possibilities of coordinated rehabilitation in the current concept of care for people with Alzheimer's disease. The thesis divided to two parts. The first part is focused on Alzheimer's disease, which describes what Alzheimer's disease is, its history, course, epidemiology, its risk factors, symptoms of how Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed and how it is treated. Another part of the theoretical part is dementia, where it is briefly described, what is the disease and other forms and division of dementia. The third and final part of the theoretical part is coordinated rehabilitation. This part describes what is a coordinated rehabilitation, its individual components and the conclusion of a specific activity that is used in a coordinated rehabilitation for people suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The research part of this work is focused on its objective and research questions, the methodology, results, discussion and conclusion are described. The qualitative research method was used in the research part. The technique for obtaining data for this research was a semi-standardized interview that was carried out with residential and outpatient staff providing services to people suffering Alzheimer's disease. The informants were selected by the method of deliberate selection. The data was then processed in Atlas.ti 7. In order to achieve the objective of this work, which is already mentioned above, two research questions have been determined. The first research question was focused on the differences in perception and the possibilities of using components of coordinated rehabilitation in residential and outpatient care for people with Alzheimer's disease. The second research question was focused on how the system of coordinated rehabilitation for people suffering Alzheimer's disease is most limited. The results of my work show that care for people suffering from Alzheimer's disease is insufficiently applied within the coordinated rehabilitation because the vast majority of practitioners who deal with such ill persons every day have no knowledge of this concept.

This thesis analyses the awareness of Alzheimer's disease among the lay public. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on definition of Alzheimer's disease, is dedicated to Alzheimer's disease in context of social work and in context of awareness. The research part itself includes goals, hypotheses, methodology and presents the results of the questionnaire survey. The final part includes discussion and the conclusion. The goal of the thesis was to find out the extent of awareness of Alzheimer's disease in Jihlava. For evaluation of extent of awareness the range of its evaluation was formed, on whose base a good extent of awareness was found out. The research group consisted of lay public of age 18-40 years in Jihlava. In total 384 respondents participated in this research. One of the goals was to propose some countermeasures to increase awareness of the disease among the public in Jihlava. One of the results of this thesis is a crossword giving useful information about Alzheimer's disease. Quantitative research strategy was applied for the survey. The date were collected using the method of questioning with technology of questionnaire survey and were processed in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and SPSS programs. For testing of the stated hypotheses the Pearson's chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis test and correlation analysis were applied. The thesis points out the importance of awareness of Alzheimer's disease and provides overview of awareness of Alzheimer's disease among the lay public. At the same time it can serve as a source of information concerning this disease.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est une pathologie neurodégénérative multifactorielle constituant la première cause de démence. Au niveau cérébral, deux types de lésions histopathologiques sont retrouvées chez les patients : les dépôts amyloïdes, constitués de peptides bêta ;-amyloïdes (A bêta;) agrégés dans le milieu extracellulaire ; et la dégénérescence neurofibrillaire (DNF), accumulation intra-neuronale de fibrilles formées de filaments appariés en hélices, majoritairement constitués de protéines Tau agrégées et pour lesquelles l’état de de phosphorylation est altéré. Si le principal facteur de risque de MA est l’âge, de nombreux facteurs de risques environnementaux et génétiques ont également été identifiés. Depuis plusieurs années, les études cliniques réalisées chez des patients atteints de la MA semblent indiquer que les troubles du sommeil, et en particulier le syndrome d’apnées du sommeil (SAS), pourraient être à l’origine de la conversion des patients présentant une déficience cognitive légère vers une MA, ainsi que d’une aggravation du tableau cognitif chez ces patients Alzheimer. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs études expérimentales se sont intéressées aux effets d’un stress hypoxique intermittent sur la composante amyloïde de la MA. En particulier, il a été démontré qu’un stress hypoxique intermittent pouvait potentialiser la synthèse de peptides Aβ in vitro mais également in vivo. En revanche, à l’heure actuelle, l’effet d’un stress hypoxique intermittent sur la pathologie Tau demeure très peu connu. Or, chez l’homme, la progression de la DNF est corrélée avec celle des atteintes cognitives. De fait, et suite aux études cliniques semblant indiquer une majoration des troubles cognitifs chez les patients Alzheimer présentant un SAS, il nous a semblé pertinent de nous intéresser à la pathologie Tau en situation d’hypoxie. Les objectifs de ces travaux de thèse étaient d’évaluer l’effet d’un stress hypoxique sur la mémoire et la protéine Tau chez l’animal. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé le modèle murin transgénique THY-Tau22, qui surexprime une protéine Tau humaine mutée et développe une pathologie Tau progressive corrélée avec une atteinte mnésique observable lors de tests comportementaux. Nous avons utilisé des animaux à différents stades de la pathologie Tau : les premiers présentaient une pathologie Tau modérée, les seconds présentaient une pathologie Tau à un stade plus avancé. Les animaux ont été soumis à deux protocoles d’hypoxie différents : un protocole d’hypoxies aiguës (Fraction inspirée en oxygène (FiO2) égale à 8% pendant une heure) mais répétées de façon bihebdomadaire pendant plusieurs mois, et un protocole d’hypoxies intermittentes (FiO2 variant de 5% à 21% par cycles de 60 secondes, 8 heures par jour, pendant deux semaines). Nos résultats ont mis en évidence des effets inattendus du stress hypoxique sur la mémoire des animaux, associés à des modifications de l’état de phosphorylation et de l’agrégation de la protéine Tau. En particulier, les animaux transgéniques les plus âgés (donc présentant une pathologie Tau a un stade avancé) soumis au protocole d’hypoxies intermittentes (modèle de SAS) ont présenté une amélioration de leurs capacités mnésiques, ce qui va à l’encontre des observations réalisées en clinique humaine (aggravation des troubles cognitifs des sujets atteints de la MA et présentant un SAS). Ces résultats sont associés à une réduction des quantités de protéines Tau agrégées dans l’hippocampe, signe d’une réduction de la pathologie Tau dans le modèle. Nous discutons ici ces résultats et leur apport en clinique humaine. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative pathology constituting the first cause of dementia. At a cerebral level, two kinds of histopathological lesions are found in patients: amyloid deposits (extracellular aggregates of β-amyloid peptides: Aβ) and neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD). NFD consists in intraneuronal accumulation of paired helical filaments, mainly composed of aggregated and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins. Aging is the main risk factor for AD. However, numerous environmental and genetic risk factors have also been identified. Since several years, some clinical studies have shown that sleep disorders breathing, and especially the sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) could be responsible of the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to AD. SAS could also be an aggravating factor for AD, with an increase of the cognitive decline seen in patients. In this context, many experimental studies have been interested in the consequences of an intermittent hypoxic stress on the amyloid pathology. More specifically, it has been shown that an intermittent hypoxic stress could potentiate Aβ synthesis both in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, the impact of an intermittent hypoxic stress on Tau pathology remains poorly investigated. As clinical studies in AD patients with a SAS have shown an increase of the cognitive decline, and that it is well known that NFD is correlated with the cognitive impairment in AD patients, we were interested to study the Tau pathology under hypoxia.Our objectives in this thesis were to evaluate the consequences of a hypoxic stress on memory and Tau protein in animals. We used the THY-Tau22 transgenic mouse model, overexpressing a human mutated Tau protein and presenting a progressive Tau pathology correlated with a memory impairment observable in behavioural tasks. The animals were submitted to hypoxia at different stages of the Tau pathology: the younger animals showed a moderate Tau pathology whereas the olders presented a major Tau pathology. Two different protocols were used in this work. The first one consisted in repeated acute hypoxias (inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2): 8% for 1 hour, twice a week, for several months). The second one was a protocol of intermittent hypoxias (FiO2 comprised between 5% and 21%, 60 seconds cycles, 8 hours per day, for 2 weeks). We observed some unexpected results of hypoxic stress on memory and Tau pathology in our transgenic mice. More specifically, the THY-Tau22 mice exhibiting the stronger Tau pathology (the older animals) have shown an improvement of their memory after two weeks of intermittent hypoxia. This result goes against the clinical observations (aggravation of the cognitive decline of AD patients with a SAS), but is correlated in our model to a significant decrease of aggregated Tau protein in the hippocampi of our mice. We discuss here these results and their contribution to human pathology.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Duy H. Hua / Four research projects were carried out and they are described in this dissertation. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) plays a pivotal and central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and protein kinase C (PKC) controls the function of other proteins via phosphorylation and involves in tumor promotion. In pursuit of identifying novel GSK3β and/or PKC inhibitors, substituted quinoline molecules were designed and synthesized based on the structure-activity-relationship studies. Synthesized molecules were evaluated for their neural protective activities and selected molecules were further tested for inhibitory activities on GSK3β and PKC enzymes. Among these compounds, compound 2 was found to have better GSK3β enzyme inhibitory and MC65 cell protection activities at low nanomolar concentrations and poor PKC inhibitory activity whereas compound 3 shows better PKC inhibitory activity. This demonstrates the potential for uses of quinoline scaffold in designing novel compounds for AD and cancer. Pharmacokinetics and distribution profiles of two anti-Alzheimer molecules, CP2 and TP70, discovered in our laboratory were assessed using HPLC/MS. Plasma samples of mice and rats fed with TP70 via different routes over various times were analyzed to quantify the amounts of TP70 in plasma of both species. Distribution profiles of TP70 in various tissues of mice were studied and results show that TP70 penetrated the blood brain barrier and accumulated in the brain tissue in significant amounts. Similarly, the amount of CP2 in plasma of mice was analyzed. The HPLC analysis revealed that both compounds have good PK profiles and bioavailability, which would make them suitable candidates for further in vivo efficacy studies. Nanodelivery of specific dsRNA for suppressing the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) genes was studied using modified chitosan or modified polyvinylpyrrolidinone (PVP) as nanocarriers. Computational simulation studies of dsRNA with these polymers revealed that nanoparticles can be formed between dsRNA and modified chitosan and PVP polymers. Nanocarriers of hydroxylated PVP (HO-PVP) and chitosan conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were synthesized, and analyzed using IR spectroscopy. Particle sizes and morphology were evaluated using AFM and encapsulation was studied using UV spectroscopy. However, the formation of stable nanoparticles with dsRNA could not be achieved with either of the polymers, and further efforts are ongoing to discover a better nanocarrier for nanodelivery of siRNA by using chitosan-galactose nanocarrier. In our efforts to discover a novel class of tripeptidyl anti-norovirus compounds that can strongly inhibit NV3CLpro, a set of tripeptidyl molecules were synthesized by modifying the P1 - P3 of the substrate peptide including a warhead. It was found that the replacement of P1 glutamine surrogate with triazole functionality does not improve the inhibitory activities of the compounds. In addition, the synthesis of a known dipeptidyl compound (GC376) was carried out for evaluating its efficacy on feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats.

abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify the needs of older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) admitted to a rehabilitation setting where they are expected to physically and mentally function to their optimal level of health. To date, no studies have identified the needs and concerns of ADRD patients in rehabilitation settings. The Needs-Driven Dementia-Compromised Behavior (NDB) Model, the researcher's clinical experience, and the state of the current scientific literature will help guide the study. An exploratory qualitative research approach was employed to gather data and discover new information about the ADRD patient's needs and related behavioral outcomes. The qualitative findings on the discrepancies and similarities in perceptions of ADRD patient needs were obtained by examining formal and informal caregivers' perceptions. The researcher recruited registered nurses and certified nurse assistants (RNs and CNAs, formal) and family/friends (informal) who have provided care to patients in inpatient rehabilitation facilities to participate in focus groups and individualized focused interviews. The data were collated and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The overarching theme that developed as a result of this approach revealed discordant perceptions and expectations of ADRD patients' needs between the formal and informal caregivers with six subthemes: communication and information, family involvement, rehabilitation nurse philosophy, nursing care, belonging, and patient outcomes. The researcher provided recommendations to help support these needs. These findings will help guide the development of nurse-lead interventions for ADRD patients in a rehabilitation setting. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Nursing and Healthcare Innovation 2014

abstract: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 genotype is the most prevalent known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this paper, we examined the longitudinal effect of APOE e4 on hippocampal morphometry in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Generally, atrophy of hippocampus has more chance occurs in AD patients who carrying the APOE e4 allele than those who are APOE e4 noncarriers. Also, brain structure and function depend on APOE genotype not just for Alzheimer's disease patients but also in health elderly individuals, so APOE genotyping is considered critical in clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease. We used a large sample of elderly participants, with the help of a new automated surface registration system based on surface conformal parameterization with holomorphic 1-forms and surface fluid registration. In this system, we automatically segmented and constructed hippocampal surfaces from MR images at many different time points, such as 6 months, 1- and 2-year follow up. Between the two different hippocampal surfaces, we did the high-order correspondences, using a novel inverse consistent surface fluid registration method. At each time point, using Hotelling's T^2 test, we found significant morphological deformation in APOE e4 carriers relative to noncarriers in the entire cohort as well as in the non-demented (pooled MCI and control) subjects, affecting the left hippocampus more than the right, and this effect was more pronounced in e4 homozygotes than heterozygotes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2015