This thesis aimed to, first, examine the effects of the addition of whey protein or casein protein to common carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) solutions on post-exercise rehydration; second, examine the effects of various contents of whey protein in CE solutions on post-exercise rehydration; and third, investigate the mechanisms on the increased fluid retention after the ingestion of CE plus whey protein solutions. / The first study (Chapter 4) of this thesis examined the effects of CE solution added with a certain amount of whey or casein protein on post-exercise rehydration. Ten young healthy males (mean ± SEM, age: 20.7 ± 0.4 years; body weight (BW): 65.4 ± 2.0 kg; maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ₘₐₓ): 60.7 ± 1.9 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) were recruited in this study. Three main experimental trials were conducted in a randomized single-blinded crossover design and separated by at least 7 days between any two of them. In each main trial, subjects ran for 60 min at 65% VO₂ₘₐₓ on a treadmill in a warm and humid environment (24 °C, 60% relative humidity (RH)), which was followed by a 4-hour recovery period. During recovery, the subjects were provided with either a common CE solution, or a CE with whey protein (CW) solution, or a CE with casein protein (CC) solution. The three solutions were matched for energy and electrolyte content and were provided in six equivalent volumes at 30 min intervals with a total volume equivalent to 150% of their BW loss. The nude BW, urine samples, and capillary blood samples were collected before and after exercise and at the end of each hour during recovery. After exercise, the subjects lost approximately 2.3% of their pre-exercise BW in all trials. Total urine volume after recovery was higher in the CE and CC trials than in the CW trial (CE vs. CW vs. CC: 1184 ± 120 mL vs. 1005 ± 68 mL vs. 1256 ± 130 mL, p < 0.05), which induced greater fluid retention in CW trial compared with both CE and CC trials (CE vs. CW vs. CC: 46.9 ± 5.2% vs. 54.9 ± 2.9% vs. 45.8 ± 5.5%, p < 0.05). By the end of recovery, the urine specific gravity (USG) was lower in the CE trial than in both CW and CC trials (CE vs. CW vs. CC: 1.002 ± 0.001 g·mL⁻¹ vs. 1.004 ± 0.001 g·mL⁻¹ vs. 1.004 ± 0.000 g·mL⁻¹, p < 0.05). In addition, the urine osmolality was lower in the CE trial than in both CW and CC trials after recovery (CE vs. CW vs. CC: 111 ± 18 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 181 ± 14 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 195 ± 23 mmol·kg⁻¹, p < 0.05). However, no difference was found in the changes of plasma volume among trials throughout recovery. These results suggested that during a 4-hour recovery after 60 min run which induced about 2% BW loss, the CE plus whey protein solution was more effective in fluid retention compared with the isocaloric CE or CE plus casein protein solution. / The second study (Chapter 5) was conducted to examine the effects of various contents of whey protein in CE solutions on post-exercise rehydration; meanwhile, the mechanisms on the greater fluid retention after the ingestion of CE plus whey protein solutions were investigated as well. Ten young healthy males (mean ± SEM, age: 22.0 ± 0.7 years; BW: 64.5 ± 1.9 kg; VO₂ₘₐₓ: 59.8 ± 1.9 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) finished five main experimental trials in a randomized single-blinded crossover manner and separated by at least 7 days. After a 60-min run at 65% VO₂ₘₐₓ on a treadmill in each main trial, a 4-hour recovery period was carried out. During recovery, five solutions of 1) a CE solution with high CHO content (CE-H); 2) a CE solution with low CHO content (CE-L); 3) a CE solution with high content of whey protein (CW-H); 4) a CE solution with medium content of whey protein (CW-M); and 5) a CE solution with low content of whey protein (CW-L) were consumed by the subjects randomly. The electrolyte content was matched, whereas CE-H, CW-H, CW-M, and CW-L solutions were matched for energy density, CE-L and CW-H solutions were matched for CHO content. The total volume consumed by subjects was 150% of the BW loss, and the solutions were provided in six equal volumes at 30 min intervals during recovery. The nude BW, urine samples, and capillary and venous blood samples were obtained before and after exercise and at the end of each hour during recovery. The results showed that the subjects lost about 2.2% of BW after exercise. By the end of the recovery, the total urine volume was smaller in the CW-M trial than in the CE-H trial (CE-H vs. CW-M: 1295 ± 103 mL vs. 1049 ± 130 mL, p < 0.05), whereas the CW-H trial was smaller than the CE-H, CE-L, and CW-L trials (CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-H: 1295 ± 1033 mL vs. 1284 ± 90 mL vs. 1141 ± 58 mL vs. 891 ± 73 mL, p < 0.01). The less urine production in the CW-M and CW-H trials resulted in a greater fluid retention compared with CE-H, CE-L, and CW-L trials (CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 38.4 ± 5.2% vs. 36.1 ± 4.3% vs. 43.0 ± 3.8% vs. 51.0 ± 5.7% vs. 55.4 ± 3.8%, p < 0.05). The CE-H and CE-L trials showed lower USG and urine osmolality compared with the CW-L, CW-M, and CW-H trials at the end of recovery (p < 0.05). In addition, the plasma osmolality of the CE-L trial was lower than that of the CW-L, CW-M, and CW-H trials at the 1st hour of recovery (CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 274 ± 4 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 291 ± 4 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 301 ± 6 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 293 ± 6 mmol·kg⁻¹, p < 0.05). The plasma volume was lower in the CE-L trial than that in the CW-H trial at the 2nd and 3rd hour, and the CE-L trial reached the lowest plasma volume than the other four trials by the end of recovery (p < 0.05). The aldosterone concentration was lower in both CE-H and CE-L trials compared with the CW-M and CW-H trials after recovery (CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 228 ± 100 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 211 ± 51 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 336 ± 85 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 333 ± 70 pg·mL⁻¹, p < 0.05). The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration was also found to be lower in the CE-L trial than in the CW-H trial at the 1st and 2nd hour of recovery (p < 0.05). However, no difference was found in plasma albumin concentrations among trials throughout recovery. The results indicated that the CE solutions with higher whey protein content retained more fluid compared with CE solutions with lower whey protein content or CE solution alone. The greater fluid retention was partly caused by the elevated aldosterone concentrations in the situations of current study. / In summary, the experimental results of this thesis found that the consumption of common CE solution plus whey protein can retain more fluid in body than isocaloric CE or CE plus casein protein solution during post-exercise recovery. CE solutions with relative higher whey protein content were more effective in fluid retention than CE solutions with lower whey protein content. Furthermore, the additive effects on fluid retention caused by whey protein supplementation were induced by the increased concentrations of plasma aldosterone. The elevated plasma osmolality and ADH concentrations maybe also played a role in the greater fluid retention. However, further studies are needed to clarify this issue. The current findings provided more evidences in this research topic and suggested some recommendations to athletes and sports enthusiasts to reach rehydration rapidly and effectively after exercise. / 本論文的研究目的包括：首先，研究在普通的碳水化合物-電解質（CE）飲料中添加乳清蛋白或酪蛋白對運動後復水的影響；其次，研究CE飲料中添加不同劑量的乳清蛋白對運動後復水的影響；再次，闡述飲用CE加乳清蛋白飲料後更能有效的將水分保留在人體內的機制。 / 實驗一（第四章）研究了在CE飲料中加入一定劑量的乳清蛋白或酪蛋白對運動後復水的影響。十位年輕、健康男性受試者（平均值 ± 標準誤，年齡: 20.7 ± 0.4 歲；體重: 65.4 ± 2.0 千克；最大攝氧量: 60.7 ± 1.9 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹）自願參加本項測試。按照隨機單肓交叉設計，他們完成了三次主測試，期中任何兩次測試時間都相隔七天以上。在每一次主測試中，受試者首先在跑臺上以65%最大攝氧量的運動強度完成了60分鐘的跑步運動（運動環境控制在24攝氏度，60%相對濕度），隨後開始4小時的運動後恢復階段。在恢復過程中，受試者會分別飲用三種不同飲料中的一種。三種飲料包括：（1）普通CE飲料（CE組）；（2）普通CE飲料中添加乳清蛋白（CW 組）；（3）普通CE飲料中添加酪蛋白（CC 組）。三種飲料含有相同的能量密度及電解質濃度。受試者在每次主測試中飲用的總飲料體積為1.5倍的體重減少量，這些飲料分為6等份并每隔30分鐘由受試者飲用一份。運動前、後及在恢復階段每隔一小時收集受試者的體重（裸重）、尿液樣本、及血液樣本（指尖取血）。在三次主測試中，受試者在運動結束後減少的體重量約為運動前體重的2.3%。在4小時的恢復階段中，CE組和CC組受試者排出的尿液總體積大於CW組（CE vs. CW vs. CC: 1184 ± 120 mL vs. 1005 ± 68 mL vs. 1256 ± 130 mL, p < 0.05）。所以，恢復結束後，CW組的水分保持比例高於CE組及CC組（CE vs. CW vs. CC:46.9 ± 5.2% vs. 54.9 ± 2.9% vs. 45.8 ± 5.5%, p < 0.05）。在恢復結束時，CE組的尿比重低於CW組及CC組（CE vs. CW vs. CC: 1.002 ± 0.001 g·mL⁻¹ vs. 1.004 ± 0.001g·mL⁻¹ vs. 1.004 ± 0.000 g·mL⁻¹, p < 0.05）。另外，在恢復結束後，CE組尿滲透壓水平低於CW組及CC組（CE vs. CW vs. CC: 111 ± 18 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 181 ± 14mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 195 ± 23 mmol·kg⁻¹, p < 0.05）。但是，在恢復階段，血漿容量的變化在三組中沒有顯著差異。本實驗的結果表明，完成60分鐘跑步後，受試者丟失掉約2%的體重，在之後4小時恢復階段中，飲用添加乳清蛋白的CE飲料比有相同能量密度的普通CE飲料或添加酪蛋白的CE飲料更能有效的將水分保留在體內。 / 實驗二（第五章）研究了在普通CE飲料中添加不同劑量的乳清蛋白對運動後復水的影響；同時，也研究了飲用CE加乳清蛋白飲料後更能有效的將水分保留在人體內的機制。十位年輕、健康男性受試者（平均值 ± 標準誤，年齡: 22.0 ± 0.7 歲；體重: 64.5 ± 1.9 千克；最大攝氧量: 59.8 ± 1.9 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹）自願參加本項測試。按照隨機單肓交叉設計，他們完成了五次主測試，任何兩次測試的時間都相隔七天以上。在每一次主測試中，受試者首先在跑臺上以65%最大攝氧量的運動強度完成了60 分鐘的跑步運動，隨後開始4 小時的運動後恢復階段。在恢復過程中，受試者會飲用五種不同飲料中的一種。五種飲料包括：（1）普通CE飲料，含有較高的CHO濃度（CE-H組）；（2）普通CE飲料，含有較低的CHO濃度（CE-L組）；（3）普通CE飲料添加較高劑量的乳清蛋白（CW-H組）；（4）普通CE飲料添加中等劑量的乳清蛋白（CW-M組）；（5）普通CE飲料添加較低劑量的乳清蛋白（CW-L組）。五種飲料含有相同濃度的電解質，其中，CE-H，CW-H，CW-M，及CW-L組有相同的能量密度，CE-L 及CW-H 組有相同的CHO含量。在每次主測試的恢復階段，受試者飲用的飲料總體積為1.5倍的體重減少量，這些飲料分為6等份并每隔30分鐘由受試者飲用一份。運動前、後及在恢復階段每隔一小時收集受試者的體重（裸重）、尿液樣本、及血液樣本（指尖取血及靜脈取血）。運動結束後，受試者的體重減少量約為運動前體重的2.2%，五組測試中沒有顯著差異。在4小時的恢復階段後，CW-M 組受試者的尿液總體積小於CE-H組（CE-H vs. CW-M:1295 ± 103 mL vs. 1049 ± 130 mL, p < 0.05）；同時，CW-H組的尿量低於CE-H，CE-L，及CW-L組（CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-H: 1295 ± 103 mL vs. 1284 ± 90mL vs. 1141 ± 58 mL vs. 891 ± 73 mL, p < 0.01）。相對於CE-H，CE-L，及CW-L組，較少的尿液排出量使CW-M及CW-H組能將更多的水分保留在體內（CE-H vs.CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 38.4 ± 5.2% vs. 36.1 ± 4.3% vs. 43.0 ± 3.8% vs.51.0 ± 5.7% vs. 55.4 ± 3.8%, p < 0.05）。在恢復結束後，CE-H及CE-L組的尿比重水平及尿滲透壓水平低於CW-L，CW-M，及CW-H組（p < 0.05）。另外，在恢復階段的第1小時，CE-L組的血漿滲透壓水平低於CW-L，CW-M，及CW-H組（CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 274 ± 4 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 291 ± 4 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 301 ± 6 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 293 ± 6 mmol·kg⁻¹, p < 0.05）。在恢復階段的第2及3小時，CE-L組的血漿容量低於CW-H組；在恢復結束時，CE-L組的血漿容量低於其它四組（p <0.05）。對于兩種體液平衡調節激素，在恢復結束時，CE-H及CE-L組的醛固酮水平低於CW-M及CW-H組（CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 228 ± 100 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 211 ± 51 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 336 ± 85 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 333 ± 70 pg·mL⁻¹, p < 0.05）。在恢復階段的第1及2小時，CE-L組的抗利尿激素水平低於CW-H組（p < 0.05）。然而，五組測試中，血漿白蛋白水平在恢復階段沒有顯著差異。本實驗的研究結果表明，普通CE飲料中加入較高劑量的乳清蛋白比較低劑量的乳清蛋白更能有效的將水分保留在人體內。這種較高水平的水分保留能力與醛固酮激素水平的升高有關。 / 綜上所述，本論文的研究結果發現，在運動後的恢復階段飲用添加乳清蛋白的CE飲料比有相同能量密度的普通CE飲料或添加酪蛋白的CE飲料更能有效的將水分保留在人體內。並且，在CE飲料中加入較高劑量的乳清蛋白比較低劑量的乳清蛋白對人體內水分的保留更加有效。另外，這種較高水平的水分保留能力是由醛固酮激素水平的升高引起的。同時，較高的血漿滲透壓及抗利尿激素水平可能對這種高效的水分保留能力也有一定的促進作用，但需要更多的研究來闡述這一觀點。本論文的研究結果為運動後復水的相關研究提供了更多的理論證據，並且對運動員及運動愛好者在運動結束後如何進行快速有效的復水提出了指導及建議。 / Li, Liang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-149). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 01, November, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-10-05T18:46:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Aline Pereira Ribeiro.pdf: 903124 bytes, checksum: 38852b2b9d89e490eebf4bcec98d0f57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-05T18:46:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Aline Pereira Ribeiro.pdf: 903124 bytes, checksum: 38852b2b9d89e490eebf4bcec98d0f57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-02 / A investigação científica na área de Tecnologia de Sementes é baseada em técnicas que visem à redução de custos e de tempo, à padronização, ao aperfeiçoamento e ao estabelecimento dos métodos de análise, para a obtenção de resultados que caracterizem a qualidade das sementes. Nessa pesquisa foi avaliada a viabilidade das sementes de aveia preta (Avena strigosa S.) por meio das características do exsudato, utilizando os métodos individual e massal. O objetivo foi de verificar qual o tempo de hidratação (30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos) e o tipo de preparo (semente inteira ou cortada) possibilitam estimar a viabilidade das sementes de aveia preta, por meio das determinações do pH, da condutividade elétrica e da variação da cor do exsudato durante a hidratação das sementes; paralelamente foram avaliados o teor de água, a germinação e a emergência da plântula. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente aleatorizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2 (tempos de hidratação em água e tipos de preparo), com quatro repetições; a análise da variância (ANOVA) foi calculada e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. Não é possível estimar a viabilidade das sementes de aveia preta por meio das avaliações do pH, da variação da cor, utilizando a fenolftaleína, e da condutividade elétrica do exsudato dessas sementes, durante a hidratação. / Scientific research in the field of Seed Technology is based on techniques that aim to reduce costs and time, standardize, improve and establish methods of analysis, to obtain results that characterize seed quality. In this research the viability of black oat seeds (Avena strigosa S.) was evaluated through the exudate characteristics, using the individual and mass methods. The objective of this study was to verify the hydration time (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes) and the type of preparation (whole or cut seed) that make it possible to estimate the viability of black oat seeds by means of pH determinations, electrical conductivity and color variation of the exudate during the hydration of the seeds; water content, germination and seedling emergence were evaluated. The experimental design was the completely randomized, in a 4 × 2 factorial design (water hydration times and preparation types), with four replications; the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was calculated and the means were compared by the Tukey test, at a 5% probability level. It is not possible to estimate the viability of black oat seeds through pH, color variation using phenolphthalein and the electrical conductivity of the exudate of these seeds during hydration.

Ce travail s’intéresse à la formulation et à la caractérisation de mortiers cimentaires imprimables en 3D. Il a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet MATRICE cofinancé par le fonds Feder et la région Hauts de France. Un cahier des charges pour un matériau cimentaire imprimable est tout d’abord défini sur la base de trois critères : l’extrudabilité, la constructibilité et la conservation des résistances mécaniques sur matériau imprimé. Deux mortiers imprimables sont formulés en utilisant des essais simples à l’échelle du laboratoire. Le premier mortier, à prise lente, est composé d’un liant à base de ciment Portland (OPC). Le second mortier, à prise accélérée, est composé d’un liant mixte (93 % d’OPC et 7 % de ciment sulfoalumineux (CSA)). Des impressions à l’échelle réelle sont ensuite réalisées dans le cadre du projet MATRICE et permettent de valider leur imprimabilité selon l’application de chacun. Le comportement chimique de mélanges de ciment Portland et de ciment sulfoalumineux est ensuite étudié expérimentalement. Les chaleurs d’hydratation mesurées par calorimétrie isotherme augmentent avec le dosage en CSA (de 2 % jusqu’à 10 %) et sont plus élevées que celles des pâtes de ciment contenant 100 % d’OPC et 100 % de CSA. La comparaison des hydrates identifiés dans le mélange à 7 % de CSA à ceux présents dans les deux pâtes de ciment pures montre que la présence de gypse et de chaux provenant du ciment Portland entraîne une hydratation plus rapide de la ye’elimite provenant du CSA et une formation d’ettringite à très court terme. Par contre, la nature des hydrates du ciment Portland n’est pas affectée. Le comportement rhéologique, notamment, la thixotropie, de pâtes constituées de mélanges de ciment Portland et sulfoalumineux (jusqu’à 10 %) est ensuite étudié en fonction de différents paramètres de formulation pendant la première heure. L’augmentation du dosage en CSA (0 % à 10 %) entraîne une augmentation quasi linéaire du coefficient de structuration (Athix) de ces mélanges. Pour les mélanges à 7 % de CSA et 100 % d’OPC, l’influence du rapport E/C et du dosage en superplastifiant sur la thixotropie est ensuite étudiée. L’augmentation du rapport E/C entraîne une diminution quasi linéaire de Athix pour chacune des pâtes de ciment. En revanche, le superplastifiant présente une faible influence comparativement au rapport E/C. / The interest of this study is the formulation and characterization of 3D printing cementitious mortars. This research work has been carried out in the frame of the MATRICE Project, co-funded by the region “Hauts de France” and the European Union with the European Regional Development Fund. Specifications for a cementitious printable material are first set based on three criteria: extrudability, buildability and conserving the compressive strength of the printed material. Two printable mortars are formulated using simple tests on a laboratory scale. The first, with slow setting, is composed of a Portland-based binder (OPC). The second, with accelerated setting, is composed of a mixed binder (93% OPC and 7% sulfoaluminous cement (CSA)). Real scale prints are then realized in the frame of the project MATRICE allowing the validation of the printability of each mortar upon its application. The chemical behavior of Portland cement and sulfoaluminate cement mixes is then studied experimentally. The heats of hydration measured by isothermal calorimetry increase with the CSA dosage (2% to 10%) and are higher than those of cement pastes containing 100% OPC and 100% CSA. The comparison of the hydrates identified in the mix mad of 7% CSA to those present in the two other cement pastes of each cement alone shows that the presence of gypsum and lime from the Portland cement lead to a faster hydration of the ye’elimite from CSA and to an early formation of ettringite. However, the nature of hydrates is not affected. The rheological behavior, in particular the thixotropy, of the cement pastes made of Portland cement and sulfoaluminate cement (up to 10%) is then studied in function of different formulation parameters during the first hour. The increase in CSA dosage (0% to 10%) leads to an almost linear increase of the structuration coefficient (Athix) of theses mixes. For mixes with 7% CSA and 100% OPC, the influence of the W/C ratio and superplasticizer on the thixotropy is then studied. The increase in W/C ratio leads to an almost linear decrease of the Athix for each of cement paste. However, the superplasticizer present a low influence compared to the W/C ratio.

La gomme d’Acacia est l’une des plus anciennes gommes naturelles dans le monde et la plus connue. Elle est définie comme l’exsudat gommeux produit par les arbres d’Acacia senegal et Acacia seyal. Les gommes d’Acacia sont composées d’arabinogalactanes protéines (AGPs), faiblement chargés, hyperbranchés avec une forte proportion de sucres (90%) et d’environ 1-3% de protéines et de minéraux. Malgré ses nombreuses applications industrielles, les connaissances sur ses propriétés volumétriques (hydrostatiques et hydrodynamiques) restent à améliorer. Ces propriétés peuvent être liées à la flexibilité et l’hydratation des molécules qui déterminent les propriétés fonctionnelles importantes comme les propriétés interfaciales. L'objectif de cette thèse est l’étude des propriétés volumétriques d’AGPs de la gomme d’Acacia. L’étude a été faite sur les principales variétés des gommes d’Acacia, A. senegal et A. seyal, ainsi que des fractions macromoléculaires d’A. senegal, obtenues par la chromatographie d'interaction hydrophobe et d'échange ionique. Les principaux résultats ont montré que les AGPs de gomme d’Acacia ont une structure semi flexible. De plus, des différences dans la flexibilité et l’hydratation entre les fractions d’AGPs ont été montré. Ces différences ont été expliquées par leurs différences en composition, polarité, masse molaire, forme et conformation. De plus, un comportement intermédiaire entre des protéines et des polysaccharides linéaires ont été montré. Finalement, un effet des agrégats d’AGPs sur les propriétés volumétriques a été mis en avance. / Acacia gum is the oldest and most widely known and used gum, it is a dried gummy exudate from the leaves and branches of the Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal trees. Acacia gums are weakly charged, amphiphilic hyperbranched arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). They are composed of about 90% polysaccharides and from 1-3% of proteins and minerals. In spite of the widely spread of industrial usage of A. gums, their volumetric properties (hydrostatic and hydrodynamic) have not been well studied. These properties have been linked to important properties such as flexibility and hydration of the molecule, which are related to important functional properties of A. gums (e. g. interfacial properties). The main objective of this PhD thesis was to study the volumetric properties of AGPs from Acacia gums exudates. For this effect, the main commercial species, A. senegal and A. seyal, and the macromolecular fractions of the former, obtained via hydrophobic interaction and ionic exchange chromatographies were studied. The main results showed that AGPs from Acacia gums have a semi-flexible structure. However, differences in their flexibility and hydration were seen among AGP fractions. These differences were explained based on their composition, polarity, molar mass, shape and conformation. Furthermore, an intermediate behavior between proteins and linear polysaccharides was evidenced. In addition, an effect of the presence of AGP based aggregates on the volumetric properties was seen.

No processo de beneficiamento da vermiculita é gerado um resíduo fino para o qual atualmente ainda não foi desenvolvida uma aplicação que possibilite a utilização em larga escala. Uma alternativa que vem sendo estudada é a associação com cimento Portland em composições de argamassas e concretos, em função da composição química do resíduo: elevada quantidade de alumínio, silício e magnésio, que podem apresentar interações com o ligante. No entanto, em função da elevada área superficial específica, em comparação ao cimento, sua utilização nas composições pode afetar a demanda de água de amassamento e limitar a sua aplicação. Para tanto, uma alternativa é a calcinação deste resíduo fino, assim como é realizado para outras argilas (caulim, por exemplo), para que a área superficial específica (ASE) seja menor e eventualmente ative propriedades pozolânicas na respectiva argila. Deste modo, neste trabalho foram avaliadas as diversas características de pastas cimentícias após adição de resíduo fino de vermiculita: reação química, formação dos produtos hidratados, propriedades reológicas, tanto após a mistura como ao longo da hidratação. Foi verificado que de forma geral a reação química não é afetada após a adição de vermiculita, embora a formação de aluminatos seja intensificada na composição com maior quantidade de resíduo in natura. Com relação ao seu comportamento no estado fresco, foi observado que a maior ASE do resíduo impacta fortemente as propriedades reológicas das pastas, embora que com um teor de 5% as mudanças sejam menores. Utilizando-se dessas mesmas composições para a avaliação do desempenho no estado endurecido de argamassas, foi verificado que não há efeito sobre essas propriedades até 5% de substituição, independentemente do tratamento térmico empregado. Assim, considerando aspectos econômicos de transporte assim como os custos decorrentes da calcinação, pode-se recomendar a adição de 5% de vermiculita in natura sem comprometer o desempenho dos produtos, embora não se possa precisar com os dados obtidos a sua durabilidade ao longo do uso. / In the process to obtaining vermiculite a fine residue is generated, which does not yet have a large-scale application. An alternative that has been studied is the association with Portland cement in mortar and concrete formulations, as a function of the chemical composition of the residue: high amount of aluminium, silicon and magnesium which may have interactions with the binder. However, the residue has a high specific surface area, in comparison to cement, a fact that can increase the water-demand to mix and limit its application. For this, an alternative is the calcination of this fine residue, as it is done for other clays (kaolin, for example), so that the specific surface area (SSA) is smaller and eventually activates pozzolanic properties in the respective clay. Thus, in this work the various characteristics of cement pastes after addition of vermiculite fine residue were evaluated: chemical reaction, formation of the hydrated products, rheological properties, both after mixing and along the hydration. It was verified that in general the chemical reaction is not affected after the addition of vermiculite, although the formation of aluminates is intensified in the composition with greater amount of in nature residue. Regarding its behaviour in the fresh state, it was observed that the higher SSA of the residue strongly impacts the rheological properties of the pastes, although with a 5% content the changes are minimal. Using these same compositions to evaluate the performance in the hardened state of mortars, it was verified that there is no effect on these properties up to 5% of substitution, regardless of the thermal treatment used. Thus, considering the economic aspects of transport as well as the costs of calcination, it is possible to recommend the addition of 5% of vermiculite in nature without compromising the performance of the products, although it is not possible to determine the its durability during the use.

A sobrecarga hídrica (SH) é um achado comum em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP) e a inadequação do estado nutricional aumenta a morbimortalidade nesta população. A bioimpedância elétrica é um método rápido e não-invasivo para estimar os compartimentos corporais, incluindo a distribuição dos fluídos corporais nos espaços intra e extracelulares. O principal objetivo foi avaliar se a SH interfere em estado nutricional, composição corporal, gasto energético de repouso e um biomarcador de risco cardiovascular, em pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica tratados por DP. Caracterizou-se como um estudo observacional transversal, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. Foram avaliados dados de composição corporal e estado hídrico por Bioimpedância Elétrica de Frequência Simples (BIA) e Bioimpedância Elétrica Multifrequência de Espectroscopia (BIS), a concentração sérica do peptídeo natriurético atrial (Nt pro - BNP) como biomarcador de risco cardiovascular, dados antropométricos, de consumo alimentar, gasto energético de repouso (GER), exames bioquímicos e dados clínicos de rotina dos pacientes. Trinta pacientes foram incluídos e classificados em normohidratados (NH) ou hiperhidratados (HH), pelo valor de sobrecarga hídrica de 1,1 L. Para análise estatística, o nível de significância foi pré-fixado em ?= 0,05. Os pacientes HH, em comparação aos NH, apresentaram além de maior sobrecarga hídrica (3,54 L ± 1,7 X 0,14 ± 0,6), maiores valores em água corporal total (ACT - 34,98 L ± 4,74 X 30,43 L ± 5,45), água extracelular (AEC - 17,91 L ± 2,87 X 13,84 L ± 2,30) e menores valores de ângulo de fase (4,02° ± 0,81 X 5,51° ± 0,77) na avalição por BIS; o Nt Pró - BNP mostrou-se maior nos HH (7686 pg/ml ± 8872 X 1334 pg/ml ± 1034). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para dados antropométricos, nos demais exames bioquímicos, em aferições da força de preensão palmar, nas pontuações do MIS (Malnutrition Inflammation Score), nos dados de ingestão alimentar, e nem no GER. O grupo com sobrecarga hídrica mostrou, de fato, uma maior concentração de água em compartimento extracelular, possivelmente gerando aumento em Nt pro - BNP e menor ângulo de fase. Quando avaliado o grupo como um todo, os métodos (BIA e BIS) mediram os resultados igualmente somente no que se refere à resistência (p = 0,71). Sendo a ACT, água intracelular (AIC), AEC, massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa celular corporal (MCC) e ângulo de fase maiores na medições da BIA e somente massa gorda maior nas medições da BIS; correlações mostraram que os dados de massa livre de gordura e massa celular corporal foram os que mais se distanciaram, com coeficientes mais fracos, enquanto que as demais variáveis apresentaram forte correlação. Para o diagnóstico nutricional em vigência de sobrecarga líquida, deve-se considerar um conjunto de variáveis interpretadas de maneira complementar, possibilitando um diagnóstico nutricional mais detalhado. O uso rotineiro da BIS pode ajudar a refinar a avaliação do estado de hidratação e composição corporal destes pacientes em DP. / The fluid overload (FO) is a common finding in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the inadequacy of the nutritional status increases the morbidity and mortality in this population. The bioelectrical impedance is a quick and non-invasive method to estimate body compartments, including the distribution of body fluids in intra- and extracellular spaces. The main objective was to assess whether the FO affects body cell mass, nutritional status, resting energy expenditure and a biomarker of cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease treated by PD. It is characterized as a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the Hospital of FMRP-USP. We evaluated data of body composition and water status by Simple Frequency Electric Bioimpedance (BIA) and Electric Multifrequency Spectroscopy Bioimpedance (BIS), the serum concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (NT pro - BNP) as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, anthropometric data, food intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), biochemical and clinical data from routine patient. Thirty patients were included and classified into normal hydration (NH) or hyper hydrated (HH) by fluid overload value of 1.1 L. For statistical analysis, the level of significance was pre-set at ? = 0.05. HH patients, compared to NH, presented in addition to increased fluid overload (3.54 L ± 1.7 X 0.14 ± 0.6), higher values in total body water (TBW - 34.98 L ± 4.74 ± 5.45 x 30.43 L), extracellular water (ECW - L 17.91 ± 2.87 X 13.84 ± 2.30 L) and smaller phase angle values (± 4.02 ° 0.81 X 5.51 ± 0.77 °) in a BIS appraisal; the Nt Pro - BNP was higher in HH (7686 pg / ml ± 8872 X 1334 pg / ml ± 1034). There was no significant difference between groups for anthropometric data, in other biochemical tests on measurements of grip strength, in scores of MIS (Malnutrition Inflammation Score), the food intake data, and not the REE. The group with fluid overload shows, in fact, a higher concentration of water in the extracellular compartment, possibly generating an increase in NT pro - BNP and lower phase angle. When evaluated the group as a whole, the methods (BIA and BIS) measure only the results also as regards the resistance (p = 0.71). And TBW, intracellular water, ECW, fat-free mass, body cell mass and larger phase angle measurements in the BIA and only greater fat mass in measurements of BIS; correlations show that free mass data of fat and body cell mass are the ones who are more distanced, with weaker coefficients, while the other variables are strongly correlated. For the nutritional diagnosis of fluid overload force, should be considered a set of variables interpreted in a complementary manner, enabling a more detailed nutritional diagnosis. The routine use of BIS can help refine the assessment of hydration status and body composition of these patients on PD.

Die Materialeigenschaften und Dauerhaftigkeit von zementgebundenen Baustoffen hängen von den Hydratationsbedingungen und dem Wiederstand gegen chemische Angriffe während bzw. nach der Fertigstellung eines Bauwerkes ab. In dieser Arbeit wurden experimentelle Aufbauten entwickelt, um in diesen Zeiträumen von zementgebundenen Baustoffen die Änderungen des Phasenbestandes hochaufgelöst zu untersuchen. Sie basieren auf Röntgenbeugungsexperimente unter der Nutzung intensiver Synchrotronstrahlung. Dieses ermöglicht einen detaillierten Einblick in die Dynamik der Hydratationsprozesse im Frühstadium und die Änderung des Phasenbestandes durch alltägliche Lösungen. / The material properties and life time of cementitious materials depends on both hydration conditions and resistance against chemical attacks during and after the construction of buildings respectively. In this study, experimental setups were developed to investigate the changes of the phase composition with a high resolution during this different time periods of cementitious materials life. They based on X-Ray diffraction methods using intensive synchrotron radiation. This provides a detail view into the dynamics of the hydration processes at early ages and the change of the phase composition due to interaction with common solution.

Vocal fold hydration is important for efficient oscillation during voice production. Dehydration of the vocal fold surface is believed to produce adverse effects on the voice. Specifically, low environmental humidity, mouth breathing, and certain medical conditions may contribute to laryngeal and vocal fold dehydration. This dehydration effect may be quantified using the observed pressure and flow at the onset of phonation, operationally defined as phonation threshold pressure (PTP) and phonation threshold flow (PTF), respectively. Previous research has documented that nebulized isotonic saline (0.9% Na+Cl-) can reduce PTP. Additionally, the topical application of liquid saline increases vocal fold hydration in excised larynx studies. However, no studies have examined the prevention of vocal fold dehydration using aerosolized saline in an excised larynx mechanical model. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine the preventive effects of aerosolized isotonic saline in a physiologically realistic excised larynx model. Using a prospective, mixed experimental design with a control group, five bench-mounted, excised porcine larynges received 4-min doses of aerosolized saline delivered supraglottally for a total of 24 min. Subsequently, larynges received 1-min doses of desiccated air (<1% relative humidity) delivered supraglottally. A control group of five porcine larynges received only desiccated air. Phonation was attempted following each dose of aerosolized saline or desiccated air. The desiccation doses were repeated for both groups until the larynges were no longer able to phonate. The PTP and PTF were measured at baseline and following each dose of aerosolized saline or desiccated air. Analysis of the results indicated that aerosolized saline significantly delayed the adverse effects of vocal fold dehydration based on the total number of desiccation doses required to cease phonation for experimental versus control groups (p = .002). Trends demonstrated that PTP decreased after aerosolized saline and increased during desiccation trials. The PTF trends were similar during desiccation. The results from this study indicate that aerosolized saline may be used prophylactically to prevent vocal fold dehydration. These findings offer important advances in vocal fold hydration theory and dehydration prevention in a physiologically realistic excised mechanical model.

Abstract not available

<p>Crystallographic and spectroscopic studies have been performed of structures, coordination and chemical bonding for series of trivalent metal ions solvated by two oxygen-coordinating solvents, water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The hydrated scandium(III) and lanthanoid(III) ions, La to Lu, are surrounded by tricapped trigonal prisms of aqua ligands in the isomorphous series of trifluoromethanesulfonates, [M(H₂O)_n](CF₃SO₃)₃. For the smallest ions, M = Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc, the hydration numbers decrease, <i>n</i> = 8.96(5), 8.8(1), 8.7(1), 8.5(1), 8.0(1), respectively, with decreasing size of the ion. The crystal structures at ambient temperature indicate randomly distributed vacancies of the capping oxygen atoms, and ²H solid-state NMR of the diamagnetic [M(H₂O)_n](CF₃SO₃)₃, M = Sc, Lu, Y and La compounds revealed increasing mobility of the water ligands in the coordination sphere with increasing temperature, also for the fully nonahydrated La^III and Y^III ions. The stretching force constants of the Ln-O bonds, evaluated from vibrational spectroscopy, increased from 0.81 to 1.16 N cm^-1 for the Ln-6O trigonal prism in a smooth correlation with the bond distances from La to Lu. For the capping Ln-3O bonds the increase from 0.49 to 0.65 N cm^-1 reflects the increased ligand-ligand repulsion with decreasing ion size. This is also the reason for the water deficiency of the Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and Sc salts, and for [Sc(H₂O)_8.0](CF₃SO₃)₃ the repulsion induced a phase transition at about 185 K that, by low temperature crystallography, was found to distort the coordination of water molecules toward a monocapped trigonal prism around the scandium(III) ion.</p><p>All crystal structures of the octakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)lanthanoid(III) iodides comprise discrete [Ln(dmso)₈]³⁺ complexes surrounded by iodide ions. The lanthanum(III) and praseodymium(III) compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group <i>Pbca</i> with more efficient packing than for the heavier and smaller ions in the lanthanoid series, which crystallize in the monoclinic space group <i>P2</i>₁/<i>n</i>. The group 13 metal ions, aluminium(III), gallium(III), indium(III), thallium(III), and also scandium(III) of group 3, form crystalline hexakis(dimethyl sulfoxide) solvates in the space group <i>R</i> 3, with octahedral MO₆ coordination entities, which are increasingly compressed along one threefold axis for increasing ionic size. EXAFS measurements on the solvated ions display similar M-O bond distances in dimethyl sulfoxide solution as in the solid solvates. For all the solid dimethyl sulfoxide solvates the strength and nature of the metal-oxygen bond has been evaluated by normal coordinate analysis of vibrational spectra, and correlated with the S-O stretching vibrational mode.</p><p>Distortions from regular octahedral six coordination are discussed for the hydrated isoelectronic soft mercury(II) and thallium(III) ions in the solid bisaquamercury(II) and trisaquatallium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonates, in terms of pseudo Jahn-Teller effects (PJTE). Mercury(II), generally more strongly influenced by PJTE distortions, displays a 2 + 4 Hg-O coordination forming chains that are held together in sheets by hydrogen bonds and in layers by van der Waals interactions, which explain the fragile structure of the crystals.</p>