Title: Chosen Parameters of Condition Profile of Female Football Players. Objectives: The main objective of the thesis was to determine the levels of speed and agility abilities of elite football players in the summer preparatory period. The objective was to compare variability of the chosen group, and to find and determine the relation between speed and agility abilities. With the help of the gained results it can be confirmed what levels of speed and agility abilities the players gain, if there is a higher scope in the variety of speed and agility parameters of elite female football players, if there is a positive dependence between the chosen pairs of tests, and if the time in the test 505 Agility is dependent on the turning direction. Methods: The participants of the study were 20 female players of the First Female League(n=20; age 22,9±4,4 years; height 167,3±6,1 cm; weight 61,2±5,1 kg)). One test battery consisting of six individual tests was chosen for the study: tests measuring locomotive speed for short distance and acceleration (5m and 10m sprint), a test measuring absolute locomotive speed (20m flying sprint), and tests eliciting speed and agility (K-test, 505 Agility Test with right direction turning, 505 Agility Test with left direction turning). Results: The results have shown that...

This article focuses on the distribution of backpack pressure on human body. We have noticed two interesting situations: whether the length of different backpack shoulder straps will change the pressure distribution of the backpack on the human body and whether different positions of the backpack load will change the pressure distribution of the backpack on the human body. To find the answer, we designed a backpack pressure detection system to collect data and use engineering software to analyse the data.We got the range that best fits the human body and the healthiest backpack: when the distance from the top of the backpack to the shoulder is about 1/5 of the length of the shoulder and the weight of the backpack is at the bottom of the backpack. At this time, the force of the three parts of the human body (shoulders, back) is the most uniform and relatively minimal. If the user wants to minimize the pressure on the shoulder, the shoulder strap of the backpack should be as short as possible. If the user only wants the pressure on the back to be minimal, the weight in the backpack is closer to the back, which is better for the back.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'efficacité des algorithmes distribués de partage des ressources et des algorithmes de découvert de chemin en ligne. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous analysons un jeu dans lequel les utilisateurs paient pour utiliser une ressource partagée. La ressource allouée à un utilisateur est directement proportionnel à son paiement. Chaque utilisateur veut minimiser son paiement en assurant une certaine qualité de service. Ce problème est modélisé comme un jeu non-coopératif de partage des ressources. A cause du manque des expressions analytiques de la discipline de file d'attente sous-jacente, nous pouvons résoudre le jeu que sous certaines hypothèses. Pour le cas général, nous développons une approximation basée sur un résultat fort trafic et nous validons la précision de l'approximation numériquement.Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions l'efficacité des jeux de balance de charge, c'est à dire, nous comparons la perte de performance de routage non coopératif décentralisé avec un routage centralisé. Nous montrons que le PoA est une mesure très pessimiste car il est atteint que dans des cas pathologiques. Dans la plupart des scénarios, les implémentations distribués de balance de charge effectuent presque aussi bien que la mise en œuvre centralisée optimale.Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous analysons problème de découverte chemin optimal dans les graphes complets. En ce problème, les valeurs des arêtes sont inconnues, mais peuvent être interrogés. Pour une fonction donnée qui est appliquée à des chemins, l'objectif est de trouver un meilleur chemin de valeur à partir d'une source vers une destination donnée interrogation le plus petit nombre de bords. Nous vous proposons le rapport de requête en tant que mesure de l'efficacité des algorithmes qui permettent de résoudre ce problème. Nous prouvons une limite inférieure pour ne importe quel algorithme qui résout ce problème et nous avons proposé un algorithme avec un rapport de requête strictement inférieure à 2. / This thesis deals with the efficiency of distributed resource sharing algorithms and of online path discovery algorithms. In the first part of the thesis, we analyse a game in which users pay for using a shared resource. The allocated resource to a user is directly proportional to its payment. Each user wants to minimize its payment while ensuring a certain quality of service. This problem is modelled as a non-cooperative resource-sharing game. Due to lack of analytical expressions for the underlying queuing discipline, we are able to give the solution of the game only under some assumptions. For the general case, we develop an approximation based on a heavy-traffic result and we validate the accuracy of the approximation numerically. In the second part, we study the efficiency of load balancing games, i.e., we compare the loss in performance of noncooperative decentralized routing with a centralized routing. We show that the PoA is very pessimistic measure since it is achieved in only pathological cases. In most scenarios, distributed implementations of load-balancing perform nearly as well as the optimal centralized implementation. In the last part of the thesis, we analyse the optimal path discovery problem in complete graphs. In this problem, the values of the edges are unknown but can be queried. For a given function that is applied to paths, the goal is to find a best value path from a source to a given destination querying the least number of edges. We propose the query ratio as efficiency measure of algorithms that solve this problem. We prove a lower-bound for any algorithm that solves this problem and we proposed an algorithm with query ratio strictly less than 2.

Load models play an essential role in many studies, including calculating voltage drops and technical losses in distribution systems, for distributed generator (DG) integration planning, and in tariff analysis and design models. The Herman-Beta transform used in the low voltage network modelling studies in South Africa is based on loads modelled as Beta probability density functions. Recently, the transform was extended to make it useful also for probabilistic load flow modelling in medium voltage (MV) networks with non-unity power factor loads and DGs. The electricity supply industry in South Africa has transformed and saw an increased penetration of Independent Power Producers as a result of the government encouraged the renewable independent power procurement programme (REIPPP). There has also been a steady decrease in the costs of procuring power from renewable energy sources, mainly from photovoltaic (PV) systems. South Africa also saw significant tariff increases in the recent past. These have resulted in both new load patterns and uncertainties in the power systems inputs required for network planning and tariff development. Other factors affecting loads and renewable energy output include weather, location and economic factors. Load models are essential for technical and tariff studies. Long term and short term planning models in both technical and tariff modelling require information about the usage behaviour of customers. Planning cannot be separated from the financial impact and tariffs in general. The literature review indicated that planning has the objective of designing a network for optimal usage, thus minimising the costs and deferring investment where possible. Load patterns have been recognised to represent the usage behaviours of customers better and these behaviours influence the planning parameters. There have been studies by numerous researchers to extract parameters from the load profiles for load flow modelling and simulation purposes. The same challenge exists for South Africa, where there has been progress made on the development of LV models, and the same is not replicated in the MV network space. The derivation of load models primarily involves the classification of loads, identifying and estimating the parameters of loads, and assigning load profiles to different loads for studies. Customer measurements are an essential input in load model development and load estimation. Identification of parameters is one of the areas where research is ongoing since there is no global consensus on which attributes best describe customer load profiles. In this study, a proposition on how the parameters for technical and tariff analysis models should be defined was made. The use of 24-hour load profiles to classify calendar days into typical days was also suggested. The availability of measurements data made it possible to develop load models for MV and conduct a study on actual customer data. The customers' measurements data, made it possible to identify the parameters and develop load models that could be used for technical and tariff analysis and conduct a pilot study to evaluate the load models. This study proposes a load model that can be used to model typical days and to model customer loads. The load models proposed here uses the k-means clustering algorithm as the basis for classification. The load models enable the classification of loads and assignment of load profiles accordingly. The results of this study indicated that load parameter models could be extracted from the customer measurements, for technical and tariff studies in distribution networks. It has also been possible to identify and determine the parameters from the load profiles and proposed a process for developing a load model for technical, economic and tariff analysis. The results also indicate that of the five identified parameters, the most significant parameters that affected the clustering results were the load factor, average power and the normalised peak usage parameter when the results of each of the factors were compared on an individual basis. The study also revealed improvements to the clustering results when all the parameters identified in this study were combined and a PCAbased clustering algorithm was used. Finally, the results indicate that the loads in the different economic activitybased classifications do not necessarily have similar shapes although they belong to the same cluster. The modelling process developed in this study may be implemented by utilities for determining load parameter models for MV feeders when measurements are available. The process may also be used to guide future data collection.

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Distribution load flow and state estimation are two important functions in distribution energy management systems (DEMS) and advanced distribution automation (ADA) systems. Distribution load flow analysis is a tool which helps to analyze the status of a power distribution system under steady-state operating conditions. In this research, an effective and comprehensive load flow algorithm is developed to extensively incorporate the distribution system components. Distribution system state estimation is a mathematical procedure which aims to estimate the operating states of a power distribution system by utilizing the information collected from available measurement devices in real-time. An efficient and computationally effective state estimation algorithm adapting the weighted-least-squares (WLS) method has been developed in this research. Both the developed algorithms are tested on different I testeeders and the results obtained are justified.

Modern soldiers are burdened by an increase in body-borne load due to technological advancements related to their armour and equipment. Despite the potential increase in safety from carrying more protective equipment, a heavier load on the soldier might decrease field performance both cognitively and physically. Additionally, an increasing load on military personnel concurrently increases their risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Therefore, there is a necessity for research on the soldier's biomechanical outcomes under different loading conditions. When it comes to biomechanics research, marker-based technology is widely accepted as the gold standard in terms of motion capture. However, recent advancements in markerless motion capture could allow the quick collection of data in various training environments, while avoiding marker errors. In this research project, the Theia3D markerless motion capture system was compared to the marker-based gold standard for application on participants across varying body-borne load conditions. The aim was to estimate lower body joint kinematics, gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis muscle activation patterns, and lower body joint reaction forces from the two motion capture systems. Data were collected on 16 participants for three repetitions of both walking and running under four body-borne load conditions by both motion capture systems simultaneously. Electromyography (EMG) data of lower limb muscles were collected on the right leg and force plates measured ground reaction forces. A complete musculoskeletal analysis was completed in OpenSim using the Rajagopal full-body model and standard workflow: model scaling, inverse kinematics, residual reduction, static optimization, and joint reaction analysis. Estimations of joint kinematics and joint reaction forces were compared between the two systems using Pearson's correlation coefficient, root-mean-square errors, and Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Very strong correlations (r = 0.960 ± 0.038) and acceptable differences (RMSE = 7.8° ± 2.6°) were observed between the kinematics of the marker-based and markerless systems, with some angle biases due to joint centre differences between systems causing an offset. Because the marker-based motion capture system lost line of sight with markers more frequently in the heavier body-borne load conditions, differences generally increased with heavier body-borne loads. Timing of muscle activations of the gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis as estimated from both systems agreed with the ones measured by the EMG sensors. Joint reaction force results also showed a very strong correlation between the systems but the markerless model seemed to overestimate joint reaction forces when compared to results from the marker-based model. Overall, this research highlighted the potential of markerless motion capture to track participants across all body-borne load conditions. However, more work is necessary on the determination of angle bias between the two systems to improve the use of markerless data with OpenSim models.