This study forms part of a larger SANPAD project focusing on a comprehensive community-based HIV stigma reduction and wellness enhancement intervention, responding to the continuous burden of HIV stigma on both national and international levels and the paucity of research in sustainable HIV stigma reduction interventions. HIV stigma is considered all over the world as a complex, far-reaching and powerful phenomenon that continues to affect people living with HIV (PLWH) and also people living close to them (PLC). The impact of stigma has far reaching effects on aspects like the wellness of PLWH and PLC, but also on the health behaviour of PLWH. There is paucity in research on the lasting effect of HIV stigma reduction interventions, intervention within a community context, as well as in urban and rural settings. The research objectives of this study were to test the change-over-time in HIV stigma experiences of PLWH and stigmatization by PLC with regard to the psychosocial well-being of PLWH and PLC, and with regard to health behaviour of PLWH in both urban and rural settings, following a comprehensive community-based HIV stigma reduction intervention. A quantitative experimental single system research design with a pre-test and repetitive post-tests were conducted by means of purposive voluntary sampling for PLWH and snowball sampling for PLC. The intervention was based on three tenets, namely a) the sharing of information on HIV stigma and coping with it, b) the equalisation of relationships between PLWH and PLC through increased interaction and contact, and c) empowerment of both PLWH and PLC towards leadership in HIV stigma reduction through practical knowledge and experiences of planning and implementing HIV stigma reduction projects in their own communities. Several valid and reliable scales and instruments were used to measure effect. The initial analysis indicated no statistically significant difference between stigma experiences of PLWH and stigmatisation by PLC from urban and rural settings, or between psychosocial well-being of PLWH and PLC or health behaviour of PLWH from the two different settings. The urban-rural data was therefore pooled for the further analysis. The similarity of data could possibly be ascribed to the fact that most of the participants were Setswana-speaking and living in the North West Province. Stigma experiences as well as stigmatisation could be decreased and the decrease could be sustained over a year through the comprehensive community-based HIV stigma reduction intervention. The findings also showed that changes-over-time in psychosocial well-being following the intervention were better sustained by the PLC than the PLWH. Results furthermore indicated that HIV stigma reduction positively influenced the health behaviour of the PLWH. Recommendations for further HIV stigma reduction and wellness enhancement include the continued application of this comprehensive community-based HIV stigma reduction and wellness enhancement intervention, with its supporting tenets, content and methodology. This intervention should, however, be expanded into urban and rural communities, and to different cultures as well. It would be meaningful to build HIV stigma reduction community-based networks. More effort could be made to specifically include a workshop for PLWH on psychosocial well-being as well. HIV stigma interventions should be an indisputable part of health behaviour change workshops for PLWH. / PhD (Nursing), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study forms part of a larger SANPAD project focusing on a comprehensive community-based HIV stigma reduction and wellness enhancement intervention, responding to the continuous burden of HIV stigma on both national and international levels and the paucity of research in sustainable HIV stigma reduction interventions. HIV stigma is considered all over the world as a complex, far-reaching and powerful phenomenon that continues to affect people living with HIV (PLWH) and also people living close to them (PLC). The impact of stigma has far reaching effects on aspects like the wellness of PLWH and PLC, but also on the health behaviour of PLWH. There is paucity in research on the lasting effect of HIV stigma reduction interventions, intervention within a community context, as well as in urban and rural settings. The research objectives of this study were to test the change-over-time in HIV stigma experiences of PLWH and stigmatization by PLC with regard to the psychosocial well-being of PLWH and PLC, and with regard to health behaviour of PLWH in both urban and rural settings, following a comprehensive community-based HIV stigma reduction intervention. A quantitative experimental single system research design with a pre-test and repetitive post-tests were conducted by means of purposive voluntary sampling for PLWH and snowball sampling for PLC. The intervention was based on three tenets, namely a) the sharing of information on HIV stigma and coping with it, b) the equalisation of relationships between PLWH and PLC through increased interaction and contact, and c) empowerment of both PLWH and PLC towards leadership in HIV stigma reduction through practical knowledge and experiences of planning and implementing HIV stigma reduction projects in their own communities. Several valid and reliable scales and instruments were used to measure effect. The initial analysis indicated no statistically significant difference between stigma experiences of PLWH and stigmatisation by PLC from urban and rural settings, or between psychosocial well-being of PLWH and PLC or health behaviour of PLWH from the two different settings. The urban-rural data was therefore pooled for the further analysis. The similarity of data could possibly be ascribed to the fact that most of the participants were Setswana-speaking and living in the North West Province. Stigma experiences as well as stigmatisation could be decreased and the decrease could be sustained over a year through the comprehensive community-based HIV stigma reduction intervention. The findings also showed that changes-over-time in psychosocial well-being following the intervention were better sustained by the PLC than the PLWH. Results furthermore indicated that HIV stigma reduction positively influenced the health behaviour of the PLWH. Recommendations for further HIV stigma reduction and wellness enhancement include the continued application of this comprehensive community-based HIV stigma reduction and wellness enhancement intervention, with its supporting tenets, content and methodology. This intervention should, however, be expanded into urban and rural communities, and to different cultures as well. It would be meaningful to build HIV stigma reduction community-based networks. More effort could be made to specifically include a workshop for PLWH on psychosocial well-being as well. HIV stigma interventions should be an indisputable part of health behaviour change workshops for PLWH. / PhD (Nursing), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

La mia dissertazione, intitolata “Stigmatizzazione e devianza: il caso degli immigrati di seconda generazione nelle scuole dell’Emilia-Romagna”, si concentra sulle connessioni esistenti tra i giovani di seconda generazione, l’istruzione, i sentimenti di stigmatizzazione e autostima e la devianza. La ricerca è costituita da una indagine di self-report eseguita su di un campione di quasi 5000 studenti iscritti al terzo anno di 28 scuole secondarie di primo grado nella regione Emilia-Romagna (gli studenti variavano dallo status di “completamente italiani” a quello di “completamente stranieri”, con molte sfumature nel mezzo). Ai rispondenti è stato somministrato un questionario all’interno della classe nel quale erano presenti domande riguardo a fattori socio-anagrafici, alle loro condizioni socio-economiche, ai loro orientamenti valoriali e ai loro comportamenti devianti. Sui dati sono state condotte varie elaborazioni, tra cui regressioni multiple e path analysis, e in seguito si è costruito un modello interpretativo basato sui dati trovati. I risultati hanno suggerito che – sia per gli studenti italiani che per quelli stranieri – i comportamenti devianti auto-confessati sembrano essere fortemente collegati al conflitto generazionale, alla percezione dello stigma e a legami familiari deboli. Inoltre la ricerca ha raggiunto la conclusione che, sebbene non esista prova di un maggior coinvolgimento in attività devianti da parte dei giovani di seconda generazione, tuttavia i sentimenti di inadeguatezza causati soprattutto dalle esperienze scolastiche (misurate attraverso i più bassi livelli di successo scolastico e la maggiore esposizione alle punizioni) sono connessi più fortemente alla confessione di comportamenti devianti rispetto a quanto avvenga per gli italiani. Inoltre, il sentimento di stigmatizzazione così come il coinvolgimento in attività devianti, cresce proporzionalmente alla durata della permanenza in Italia, un fenomeno la cui spiegazione potrebbe trovarsi nella crescente frustrazione rispetto alle sempre maggiori aspettative di integrazione tipiche della seconda generazione di migranti. / My dissertation, titled “Stigmatisation and Deviance: The Case of the Second Generation Immigrants in the Schools of Emilia-Romagna”, focuses on the connections existing between second generation children, schooling, feelings of stigmatization and self-esteem, and deviance. The study is constituted by a self-report survey of a sample of almost 5,000 students enrolled in the eighth grade of 28 junior high schools in the region Emilia-Romagna (the students ranged from the status of “completely” Italian to “completely” foreign, with many nuances in between). Respondents were administered a questionnaire in the classroom, and asked to answer questions focusing on socio-biographical factors, socio-economic conditions, value-orientation, and self-reported deviant behaviour. Regression and path analysis were conducted on the data, and an interpretative model was developed based on the findings. The study results offered no evidence of a higher frequency or seriousness of self-reported deviance among young “second-generation” immigrants compared to Italians. The findings suggested that – both for Italian and immigrant respondents – self-reported deviant behaviour appears to be strongly related to generational conflict, the perception of stigma, and weak family bonds. Moreover, the study reached the conclusion that even if there was no evidence of a higher involvement with deviance among second-generation children, however feelings of inadequacy caused especially by school experiences (as measured by lower levels of achievement and higher exposition to school punishments) were more strongly linked to confessions of deviant behaviours than for Italians. Furthermore, the feeling of stigma as well as the involvement in deviance grew together with the length of stay in Italy, a phenomenon that could be explained by the increasing frustration with the rising expectations of integration, which are typical of second-generation migrants compared to their first-generation elders.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att belysa fenomenet ”mucksjuka” som kan drabba en intagen på fängelset när denne närmar sig frigivning, samt att svara på varför intagna på anstalter drabbas av detta fenomen. Den intagne har en tendens att hamna i ett depressivt, stressigt, oroligt och otåligt tillstånd. Till min hjälp har jag använt mig av olika teorier om institutioner, stress, stigmatisering och disciplinering, och hur livet i ett fängelse i Sverige kan se ut. Jag har även genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer av intagna och personal på olika anstalter. Resultatet visar att de intagna drabbas av detta fenomen av olika anledningar. Det finns de som är stressade och otåliga för att de vill tillbaka till den kriminella livstilen som kanske ledde till att de hamnade i fängelset i början, medan det finns de som vill ändra sin livsstil och är oroliga för att de inte vet hur de ska lyckas med det. Inte sällan drabbar mucksjuka personer som har suttit en lång tid i fängelset och är institutionaliserade. De som har mycket att ordna inför frigivningen kan vara mer oroliga inför framtiden än andra, och på lång sikt utveckla ett närmast negativt stresstillstånd, medan de som vet och har ordnat inför framtiden kan vara mer otåliga och stressade.

It is argued in this thesis that the stigmatization of menstruation and the atypical product features of the menstrual cup constitute a unique marketing challenge for vendors of the menstrual cup. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate these issues and the ways in which Scandinavian vendors approach them. Further, the possible effects of this approach on the rate of adoption of the menstrual cup are analyzed. In order to do so, interviews with four Scandinavian vendors of the menstrual cup were conducted. The main findings are that the stigmatization of menstruation is the most influential factor in the marketing of the menstrual cup as it hinders the spreading of knowledge about menstruation and the menstrual cup. It is found that the vendors take an educational approach in order to spread information, which in turn enables learning. Information is spread primarily through word-of-mouth.

Thesis (M.A. (Health Social Science))--Mahidol University, 2007. / LICL has E-Thesis 0024 ; please contact computer services.

Bakgrund: Ungefär 37 miljoner människor lever med HIV idag. HIV förknippas ofta med starka känslor och påverkar den drabbade personens liv negativt på många sätt. Att vårda en person med HIV är påfrestande för sjuksköterskan och det finns en kunskapsbrist som försvårar arbetet. Den personcentrerade vården är viktig i sjuksköterskans arbete och innebär att alla personer ska vårdas med samma förutsättningar. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av att vårda personer med HIV. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med tolv kvalitativa artiklar. En induktiv ansats tillämpades. Dataanalysen utgick från Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier och nio subkategorier hittades. Huvudkategorierna var: “Utmaningar i omvårdnadsarbetet”, “Utmaningar i bemötandet” och “Utmaningar i sin egen utsatthet”. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskan upplevde rädsla relaterat till HIV, vilket ofta berodde på okunskap. Sjuksköterskan upplevde också diskriminering på grund av sitt arbete med HIV, då det fanns en stigmatisering gentemot HIV i samhället. Arbetet med HIV innebar både psykisk och fysisk stress för sjuksköterskan. Slutsatser: För att överkomma de hinder som uppstår i vårdandet av personer med HIV krävs det mer kunskap. Det är av vikt att sjuksköterskan redan under utbildning får adekvat kunskap om HIV. / Title: Nurses experience of caring for people with HIV. Background: About 37 million people live with HIV today. HIV is often associated with strong emotions and have a negative affect at the person’s life. Caring for a person with HIV is hard on the nurse and there’s a lack of knowledge that complicates the work. The person-centered care is important in the nurse's work and means that they should care for all persons in the same way. Aim: Describe the nurses’ experience of caring for people with HIV. Method: Literature review with twelve qualitative articles. An inductive approach was applied. The data analysis was based on Fribergs five step model. Results: Three main categories and nine subcategories were found. The main categories were: "Challenges in nursing", "Challenges in the personal treatment "and "Challenges in their own vulnerability". The result shows that the nurse experiences fear related to HIV, which is often due to lack of knowledge. The nurse also experiences discrimination because of her/his work with HIV, as there’s a stigma against HIV in society. The work of HIV involves both mental and physical stress for the nurse. Conclusions: In order to overcome the obstacles that arise in the care of people with HIV, more knowledge is needed. It is important that the nurse receives adequate knowledge of HIV during education.

abstract: This thesis investigates how homeless men and women who use one of only six human services campuses (hscs) in the nation negotiate the stigmatization they may feel as homeless people living in Phoenix, Arizona. An hsc centralizes services to one area of the city to decrease the run around of scattered-site service delivery. It also creates a legitimized space for the homeless in the city. A place for the homeless can be a rarity in cities like Phoenix that have a history of implementing revanchist policies and neo-liberal land use planning, most notably found in its downtown revitalization efforts. During Phoenix's development as a major metropolitan area, the homeless population emerged and lived a life on the margins until the 2005 creation of the Human Services Campus. This research unearths the experiences of homeless men and women who use the HSC today. I used qualitative methods, including document review, 14 in-depth interviews with homeless men and women, 7 interviews with service providers, informal conversations with additional homeless clients, and 14 months of field observations at the HSC to collect the data presented in this thesis. The results of this research illustrate reasons why the homeless clients interviewed were sensitive to the stigmatization of their social status, and how they managed their stigmatization through relationships with homeless peers and staff on the HSC. The presence of an action plan to exit homelessness was critical to the nature of these relationships for clients, because it influenced how clients perceived their own stigmatization as a homeless person. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Sociology 2011

This thesis argues that colonization plays a major role in corruption in developing countries. There are different types of corruption: bribery, fraud, and institutional corruption. They occur often, and in some instances, these habits were developed as a result of the colonizers influencing the behaviors of their colonies. Although colonial times seem far back, the characteristics and influences have been deeply engrained in the countries that have long since gained their independence from their colonizers. In the following thesis, I will argue the correlation that colonization and corruption have, while also addressing particular countries in the argument maintaining that there is a link that exists. This case aims to foster an understanding that although there are many causes of corruption, colonization serves as a basis for state development, which in turn affects the presence of corruption. This thesis will reflect research made by scholars regarding corruption and colonization, as well as the theory and hypotheses that support each issue.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The aim of this study is to investigate the perceived stigmatization of and discrimination against people who are HIV positive or people who are living with AIDS. One questionnaire was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection was conducted for a period of three weeks in the Eastern Cape province at the Zwartwater area in Lady Frere and at the Queenstown (Frontier) Hospital. A sample of 170 (of the 900) females was interviewed, of which 100 were sequentially sampled from the community and 70 were sequentially sampled whilst they were queuing at the Queenstown (Frontier) Hospital for care. Households from the rural area were selected by visiting every fourth house on the route linking the houses in this area. At the hospital, selection started at the back of the queue and every sixth person was selected and interviewed. Scores were calculated for knowledge and attitudes towards people who are HIV positive and towards people who have AIDS. It was found that knowledge and attitude scores did not differ between the various age groups tested. It was furthermore found that an increased knowledge score improved attitudes towards people who are HIV-positive or have AIDS.