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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
461

Διάδοση υπερήχων σε σπογγώδες οστούν in vitro. Eπίδραση των μεταβολών της μικροδομής στην σκέδαση των υπερήχων σ’ ένα πειραματικό μοντέλο οστεοπόρωσης

Αποστολόπουλος, Κωνσταντίνος 25 May 2009 (has links)
Η διατριβή αναφέρεται στην μελέτη της σκέδασης κατά την διάδοση των υπερήχων μέσα σε σπογγώδες βόειο οστούν, και την μοντελοποίηση της έτσι ώστε να μας επιτρέπει να εκτιμήσουμε το πάχος των δοκίδων του σπογγώδους οστού. Αναπτύσσεται ένα πειραματικό μοντέλο οστεοπόρωσης, και μελετάται η επίδραση των μεταβολών της μικροδομής στην σκέδαση των υπερήχων. Oι υπέρηχοι αποτελούν μία διαφορετική μέθοδο εκτίμησης της ποιότητας του οστού δίνοντας πληροφορίες για την δομή του, επιπρόσθετα με την πυκνότητα. Η διάγνωση της οστεοπόρωσης στηρίζεται μέχρι σήμερα κυρίως στην εκτίμηση της πυκνότητας του οστού, με μετρήσεις της εξασθένισης και της ταχύτητας του υπερήχου. Μια άλλη προσέγγιση της εκτίμησης της ποιότητας του οστού γίνεται με την μελέτη της σκέδασης, η οποία μπορεί να δώσει πληροφορία για την ποιότητα και την αρχιτεκτονική δομή του σπογγώδους οστού. Η σκέδαση που υφίσταται ο υπέρηχος κατά την διάδοσή του στo σπογγώδες οστούν άρχισε να μελετάται το 2000 και έχει προσεγγισθεί με δύο μοντέλα. Το πρώτο θεωρεί διακριτές ανομοιογένειες του μέσου, και χρησιμοποιεί τις αναλυτικές λύσεις του Faran2 της διαφορικής διατομής σκέδασης από σφαιρικό η κυλινδρικό ελαστικό στερεό σώμα, γιά να περιγράψει την αλληλεπίδραση του υπέρηχου με το οστούν. To δεύτερο μοντέλο θεωρεί την διάδοση των υπερήχων σε τυχαία ανομοιογενές συνεχές μέσο και βασίζεται στην απόδειξη του Chernov, ότι η σκέδαση είναι ανάλογη του γινομένου της μέσης διακύμανσης της συμπιεστότητας και της συνάρτησης αυτοσυσχέτισης του μέσου. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή για την μοντελοποίηση της σκέδασης κατά την διάδοση των υπερήχων στο βόειο σπογγώδες οστούν, χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένας συνδυασμός των δύο προσεγγίσεων. Οι σπουδαιότερες παραδοχές του μοντέλου είναι οι κάτωθι : • Υποθέτουμε ασθενή σκέδαση. • Υποθέτουμε ότι το δείγμα είναι στατιστικά ομογενές και ισότροπο. • Αγνοούνται τα φαινόμενα πολλαπλής σκέδασης, και • Δεν λαμβάνεται υπ’ όψιν η μετατροπή των διαμήκων κυμάτων σε διατμητικά. Οι παραδοχές του μοντέλου ικανοποιούνται από τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα. Για την περιγραφή της μικροδομής του σπογγώδους οστού, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δύο συναρτήσεις αυτοσυσχέτισης: μία τροποποιημένη Gaussian συνάρτηση πυκνού πληθυσμού για να ερμηνεύσει τις αρνητικές τιμές αυτοσυσχέτισης που παρατηρούνται μεταξύ δύο σημείων μέσα και έξω από μία ανομοιογένεια και αφορούν την πυκνότητα και την συμπιεστότητα, καθώς και το μεγάλο ποσοστό δοκίδων στην μονάδα του όγκου, και η συνάρτηση κατανομής μικρής συγκέντρωσης σφαιρών, για να εξηγήσει την ύπαρξη μεγάλων στο πλάτος δοκίδων με ελλειπτική ή σφαιρική τραχεία μορφή που συνεισφέρουν ένα ποσοστό στη σκέδαση. Για τα περισσότερα όμως δείγματα κανένα από τα δύο μοντέλα δεν ήταν επαρκές για να προσεγγίσει επ’ ακριβώς την συμπεριφορά του σπογγώδους οστού. Γι’ αυτόν τον λόγο προτάθηκε ένας συνδυασμός των δύο μοντέλων για να περιγράψει τα πειραματικά δεδομένα. Το αντίστροφο πρόβλημα της εκτίμησης του πάχους των δοκίδων του οστού αντιμετωπίσθηκε στην παρούσα διατριβή. Λόγω του εύρους της διακύμανσης του πάχους των δοκίδων στο βόειο σπογγώδες οστό, έγιναν διαγράμματα κατανομής του πάχους για κάθε δοκίμιο οστού και προσδιορίσθηκε το κυρίαρχο αντί για το μέσο πάχος δοκίδων, που έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί σε άλλες εργασίες. Η σύγκριση των πειραματικών μετρήσεων της διαφορικής διατομής σκέδασης 1800 με την θεωρητική πρόβλεψη, έδειξε ότι περισσότερες της μίας κυρίαρχες διαστάσεις δοκίδων συνεισφέρουν στην σκέδαση σε κάθε δοκίμιο. Σημαντική γραμμική συσχέτιση (R2=0.8558) βρέθηκε μεταξύ εκτιμώμενου και μετρηθέντος πάχους δοκίδων. Η εξασθένιση των υπερήχων κατά την διέλευσή τους μέσα από βιολογικούς ιστούς, έχει δύο συνιστώσες: την απορρόφηση και τη σκέδαση. Η προβλεπόμενη από την συνάρτηση αυτοσυσχέτισης του πυκνού πληθυσμού εξασθένιση λόγω σκέδασης, παρουσιάζει μία ευρεία γραμμική περιοχή από 0.3 έως 0.9 MHz για συνεχή κατανομή σκεδαστών (100 έως 600 μm), που επαληθεύεται από τα πειραματικά δεδομένα, υποδεικνύοντας ότι η εξασθένιση που υφίσταται ο υπέρηχος κατά την διάδοσή του στο σπογγώδες οστούν, οφείλεται σε μεγαλύτερο βαθμό στην σκέδαση απ’ ότι στην απορρόφηση. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της διατριβής αναπτύσσεται ένα πειραματικό μοντέλο προσομοίωσης της οστεοπόρωσης. Η οστεοπόρωση είναι μία σοβαρή νόσος των οστών, που χαρακτηρίζεται από χαμηλή οστική μάζα και πυκνότητα, μεταβολή της μικροδομής του οστού με μείωση του πάχους των δοκίδων και αυξημένο κίνδυνο κατάγματος. Στόχος είναι η εκτίμηση της επίδρασης των μεταβολών της μικροδομής, και της πυκνότητας του σπογγώδους οστού στις ιδιότητες των υπερήχων κατά την διάδοση τους μέσω του οστού, για την κατασκευή “εργαλείων” διάγνωσης της οστεοπόρωσης. H προσομοίωση της οστεοπόρωσης επιτυγχάνεται με σταδιακή αφαίρεση των ανόργανων συστατικών (απασβεστοποίηση) με εμβάπτιση σε υδροχλωρικό οξύ. Η ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία και η ιστολογική χρώση δείχνουν ότι, σε κάθε στάδιο απασβεστοποίησης, οι δοκίδες του οστού αποτελούνται από ένα πυρήνα άθικτο και ένα εξωτερικό στρώμα πλήρως απασβεστοποιημένο, το πάχος του οποίου εξαρτάται από τον χρόνο εμβάπτισης. Mε την διαδικασία αυτή επιτυγχάνεται η σταδιακή μείωση του πάχους των δοκίδων και επομένως η μείωση της πυκνότητας. Το μοντέλο ασθενούς σκέδασης με συνδυασμό δύο συναρτήσεων αυτό-συσχέτισης (του πυκνού πληθυσμού και της σφαιρικής κατανομής) που αναπτύχθηκε στο πρώτο τμήμα της διατριβής, χρησιμοποιήθηκε γιά την εκτίμηση του πάχους των δοκίδων στα διαδοχικά στάδια απασβεστοποίησης. Η ακρίβεια της εκτίμησης βρέθηκε ότι αυξάνεται με το πάχος των δοκίδων. / Ultrasound is currently being assessed as an alternative method of evaluating bone quality, and provides information about structure in addition to density. Ultrasound velocity and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) determination has been explorer as an alternative method for estimating bone density and osteopososis. An other approach is the ultrasound scattering which inform us for the quality and architecture of the bone. Two different approaches have been proposed to model backscattering from cancellous bone. A first approach with discrete homogeneites use the analytical model of Faran which provides an exact solution of the backscatter cross section by a spherical or a cylindrical solid elastic object, to describe the interaction of trabecular bone with the ultrasonic wave. The second approach is based on Cernov’s proof that scattering is proportional to the product of the mean compressibility fluctuation and the autocorrelation function integrated over volume. A combination of the two autocorrelation functions was required to closely approximate the backscatter from bovine cancellous bone. The main limitations of the model are the following : • Weak scattering • The assumption of statistical homogeneity over one sample • First order multiple scattering • They do not account for shear waves in the scatterers The main limitations are satisfied from the experimental data Two simple scattering autocorrelation functions have been utilized to describe the microscopic structure of the random inhomogeneous medium: A modified Gaussian model has been considered to account for a large volume fraction of scatterers in the medium, the fluctuation in density and compressibility about the mean value, and the spherical distribution model because a number of larger plate-like scatterers with ellipsoid or roughly spherical shape may contribute to a portion of the scattering. The frequency dependence of the backscatter coefficient from bovine trabecular bone could not be discribed accurately either by scattering from a collection of randomly distributed identical scatterers or by a continuous model with a single dominant correlation length. This could be due to the tremendous variation in microarchitecture encountered in bovine trabecular bone. A combination of models was required to approximate the experimental data. The inverse problem to estimate the trabecular thickness of bone tissues has been addressed in this thesis. The estimates of correlation lengths from the combination of the two models were compared to trabecular thickness. Mean values of trabecular thickness display very large variation at both intraspecimen and interspecimen levels and cannot be used as estimates of the correlation length α. A significant contribution of this work is that interpretation of the correlation length was the dominant trabecular thickness, obtained from distribution graphs for each specimen. Significant linear correlation was found between predicted correlation length and measured trabecular thickness (R2=0.8558). In this study, it was found that the total attenuation by tissues is largely due to scattering processes than the attenuation due to absorption and the frequency dependence of attenuation due to scattering is linear for a densely populated distribution of scatterers from 100 to 600 μm, which have been measured in bovine cancellous bone, and in the range of frequencies 0.3-0.9 MHz. In the second part of this study a new experimental model was developed in order to simulate osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced mass and density, change of bone 3D structure and increased fragility with a more pronounced effect on cancellous bone. Our purpose is the study of the ultrasonic frequency-depedent backscatter in dense bovine trabecular bone and the determination of a weak scattering model for the trabecular thickness which is relative to osteoporosis. The simulation of osteoporosis was developed in order to evaluate the effects of change of mineral content and microstructure on ultrasonic properties of cancellous bone with immersion in hydrocloric acid. Timed immersion in hydrochloric acid was used to selectively alter the mineral content. Scanning electron microscopy and histological staining of the acid-treated trabecular demonstrated a heterogeneous structure consisting of a mineralized core and a demineralized layer. Τhe accuracy of estimation was found to increase with trabcular thickness. A two-component model of weak scattering utilizing a combination of two autocorrelation functions (a densely populated model and a spherical distribution) to evaluate the trabecular thickness in various stages of decalcification. Τhe accuracy of estimation was found to increase with trabcular thickness.
462

Θεωρητική και πειραματική μελέτη της απεικόνισης με μη-γραμμική αλληλεπίδραση ύλης και υπερήχων / Theoretical and experimental study of the imaging with non-linear interaction of matter and ultrasound

Ουζούνογλου, Αναστασία 29 June 2007 (has links)
H Διπλωματική Εργασία αυτή επικεντρώνεται στο θέμα της Υπερηχητικής Απεικόνισης του ανθρώπινού σώματος με την παρατήρηση της δεύτερης αρμονικής που πηγάζει από την μη-γραμμική αλληλεπίδραση των υπερήχων με τους ιστούς που φωτίζονται από ένα παλμικό σήμα με φέρουσα συχνότητα εκπομπής f0. Η επεξεργασία των σημάτων λήψης στην ζώνη γύρω από την συχνότητα 2f0 και η απεικόνισή τους με συμβατικό τρόπο (b-mode) επιτρέπει την επίτευξη καλλίτερης χωρητικής διακριτικής ικανότητας. Η μελέτη ακολουθεί δύο παράλληλες μεθόδους: α) την κυματική ανάλυση του φαινομένου σκέδασης από μια μη γραμμική σφαίρα των υπερηχητικών κυμάτων και β) την εκτέλεση πειραματικών μετρήσεων με χρήση συστήματος υπερηχογράφου που έχει "ανοικτή" αρχιτεκτονική. Τόσο τα θεωρητικά όσο και τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν την χρησιμότητα της μεθόδου σαν μια εναλλακτική ιατρική απεικονιστική τεχνική. / The present Diploma Thesis is focused on the study of using 2nd harmonic ultrasound imaging of tissues as an alternate imaging technology in biomedical engineering.The principle of using of 2nd harmonic imaging is based on the illumination of a tissue medium with a frequency of f0 and then receive and prosess the signals with the same transducer at 2fo frequency. In order to derive specific conclusions this imaging problem is treated both theoreticaly and experimentally in the framework of the present Diploma Thesis.
463

Advanced Devices for Photoacoustic Imaging to Improve Cancer and Cerebrovascular Medicine

Montilla, Leonardo Gabriel January 2013 (has links)
Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that photoacoustic imaging (PAI) provides important diagnostic information for breast cancer staging. Despite these promising studies, PAI remains an unfeasible option for clinics due to the cost to implement, the required large modification in user conduct and the inflexibility of the hardware to accommodate other applications for the incremental enhancement in diagnostic information. The research described in this dissertation addresses these issues by designing attachments to clinical ultrasound probes and incorporating custom detectors into commercial ultrasound scanners. The ultimate benefit of these handheld devices is to expand the capability of current ultrasound systems and facilitate the translation of PAI to enhance cancer diagnostics and neurosurgical outcomes. Photoacoustic enabling devices (PEDs) were designed as attachments to two clinical ultrasound probes optimized for breast cancer diagnostics. PAI uses pulsed laser excitation to create transient heating (<1°C) and thermoelastic expansion that is detected as an ultrasonic emission. These ultrasonic emissions are remotely sensed to construct noninvasive images with optical contrast at depths much greater than other optical modalities. The PEDs are feasible in terms of cost, user familiarity and flexibility for various applications. Another possible application for PAI is in assisting neurosurgeons treating aneurysms. Aneurysms are often treated by placing a clip to prevent blood flow into the aneurysm. However, this procedure has risks associated with damaging nearby vessels. One of the developed PEDs demonstrated the feasibility to three-dimensionally image tiny microvasculature (<0.3mm) beyond large blood occlusions (>2.4mm) in a phantom model. The capability to use this during surgery would suggest decreasing the risks associated with these treatments. However, clinical ultrasound arrays are not clinically feasible for microsurgical applications due to their bulky size and linear scanning requirements for 3D. Therefore, capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (CMUT) two-dimensional arrays compatible with standard ultrasound scanners were used to generate real-time 3D photoacoustic images. Future probes, designed incorporating CMUT arrays, would be relatively simple to fabricate and a convenient upgrade to existing clinical ultrasound equipment. Eventually, a handheld tool with the ability to visualize, in real-time 3D, the desired microvasculature, would assist surgical procedures. The potential implications of PAI devices compatible with standard ultrasound equipment would be a streamlined cost efficient solution for translating photoacoustics into clinical practice. The practitioner could then explore the benefits of the enhanced contrast adjunctive to current ultrasound applications. Clinical availability of PAI could enhance breast cancer diagnostics and cerebrovascular surgical outcomes.
464

Development of a Housing over an Ultrasound Probe used to Monitor Coagulation during Prostate Cancer Treatment

Alam, Adeel 20 November 2013 (has links)
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death by cancer for men. Focal therapy is being tested to target only the dominant cancer lesion in the prostate. However, due to the need to ensure that the laser is targeting only the cancer, a real-time treatment monitoring system is required. A combined optical-ultrasound monitoring system is in development at Princess Margaret Hospital based on different optical properties for coagulated versus normal tissue. In this project, we developed a light delivery and collection device that is compatible for use with an existing trans-rectal ultrasound-imaging probe. Computer-aided design software was used to visualize the prototype in relation to the trans-rectal ultrasound probe. This thesis describes the critical tasks necessary to assemble the final prototype, including listing of specifications, selection of device material based on safety and mechanical properties, method of prototype fabrication, positioning and fixation of optical fibers and testing.
465

Development of a Housing over an Ultrasound Probe used to Monitor Coagulation during Prostate Cancer Treatment

Alam, Adeel 20 November 2013 (has links)
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death by cancer for men. Focal therapy is being tested to target only the dominant cancer lesion in the prostate. However, due to the need to ensure that the laser is targeting only the cancer, a real-time treatment monitoring system is required. A combined optical-ultrasound monitoring system is in development at Princess Margaret Hospital based on different optical properties for coagulated versus normal tissue. In this project, we developed a light delivery and collection device that is compatible for use with an existing trans-rectal ultrasound-imaging probe. Computer-aided design software was used to visualize the prototype in relation to the trans-rectal ultrasound probe. This thesis describes the critical tasks necessary to assemble the final prototype, including listing of specifications, selection of device material based on safety and mechanical properties, method of prototype fabrication, positioning and fixation of optical fibers and testing.
466

High Frequency Shear Wave Imaging: A Feasibility Study In Tissue Mimicking Gelatin Phantoms

Maeva, Anna 18 March 2014 (has links)
Shear wave (SW) imaging is an ultrasound elastogrpahy technique for estimating the elastic properties of biological tissues. Increasing the frequency would improve both the confinement of the radiation force generating the shear wave, and the imaging spatial resolution. The objectives of the study were to realize a simple high frequency (HF) system for the generation and detection of SW propagation and to implement this system to develop and characterize tissue-mimicking gelatin phantoms (TMGP) for HF SWI with elastic properties in the range of those encountered in biological tissue. A 5 MHz and 10 MHz focused transducer were used to induced SW’s in TMGP ranging from 4% to 12% gelatin with 3% silica for scattering and a 25 MHz single-element focused transducer recorded pulse-echo signals in order to capture the SW. The shear wave speeds in the TMGP were found to range linearly from 1.59-4.59 m/s in the 4% to 12% gelatin samples.
467

High Frequency Shear Wave Imaging: A Feasibility Study In Tissue Mimicking Gelatin Phantoms

Maeva, Anna 18 March 2014 (has links)
Shear wave (SW) imaging is an ultrasound elastogrpahy technique for estimating the elastic properties of biological tissues. Increasing the frequency would improve both the confinement of the radiation force generating the shear wave, and the imaging spatial resolution. The objectives of the study were to realize a simple high frequency (HF) system for the generation and detection of SW propagation and to implement this system to develop and characterize tissue-mimicking gelatin phantoms (TMGP) for HF SWI with elastic properties in the range of those encountered in biological tissue. A 5 MHz and 10 MHz focused transducer were used to induced SW’s in TMGP ranging from 4% to 12% gelatin with 3% silica for scattering and a 25 MHz single-element focused transducer recorded pulse-echo signals in order to capture the SW. The shear wave speeds in the TMGP were found to range linearly from 1.59-4.59 m/s in the 4% to 12% gelatin samples.
468

Lazerio spinduliuotės ir ultragarso kombinuotas poveikis plienui / The combined influence of laser radiation and ultrasound on steel

Valys, Saulius 12 June 2006 (has links)
Recently among different ways of processing of materials the combined processing is applied. Applying different complex methods of processing of a surface of materials, it is possible to reduce a roughness of a processable surface, to increase thickness of a layer of the processed surface, to increase stability to wear process and microhardness. The further prospects in processing metals are opened with use of laser radiation and ultrasonic fluctuations. It is possible to notice, that complex ways of processing of metals are still not so widely investigated. This work is intended for research of a structure of steel in the field of influence of the combined laser radiation and ultrasonic fluctuations. It is established, that applying ultrasonic fluctuations at technologies of laser processing metals, it is possible to reach more uniform distribution of impurity in a surface of metal, to level a relief of the processed surface.
469

Scattering of High-frequency Ultrasound by Individual Bound Microbubbles

Sprague, Michael 15 February 2010 (has links)
Targeted imaging with microbubbles may resolve the molecular expression within the abnormal blood vessels of tumours. Optimal imaging requires understanding the interaction between targeted microbubbles and high-frequency ultrasound. Therefore, the subharmonic signal, and backscattering cross-section of individual bound microbubbles were examined with coaligned 30 MHz pulses and optical images. The peak subharmonic signal was generated for 1.6 µm diameter microbubbles for 20% and 11% bandwidth pulses and 1.8 µm for 45% bandwidth pulses at 200 kPa, consistent with estimations of the resonant size of microbubble's at 15 MHz. In order to measure the scattering cross-section, a new method was proposed to measure the receive transfer function of a transducer. Measurements of the backscattering cross-section scaled with the square of the radius, with signi cant size-independent variability. The results of this thesis will help optimise the parameters for targeted imaging, as well as further our understanding of the behaviour of microbubbles.
470

Localization of Human Pelvis Anatomical Coordinate System Using Ultrasound Registration to Statistical Shape Model

GHANAVATI, SAHAR 24 August 2010 (has links)
Total Hip Replacement (THR) has become a common surgical procedure in recent years, due to the increase in the aging population with hip osteoarthritis. Identifying the proper orientation of the pelvis is a critical step in accurate placement of the femur prosthesis in the acetabulum in THR. The general approach to localize the orientation of the pelvic anatomical coordinate system (PaCS) is to use intra-operative X-ray fluoroscopy in a specialized interventional radiology facility to guide the procedure. Employing intra-operative ultrasound (US) imaging fused with pre-operative CT scan or fluoroscopy imaging was proposed to eliminate the ionizing radiation of intra-operative X-ray to the patient and the need for radiology facilities in the OR. However, the use of pre-operative imaging exposes patients to accumulative ionizing radiation which is desirable to be eliminated. In this thesis, I propose to replace pre-operative imaging with a statistical shape model (SSM) of the pelvis which is constructed from CT images of patients. An automatic deformable registration of a pelvis anatomical shape model to a sparse set of 2D ultrasound images of the pelvis is presented in order to localize the PaCS. In this registration technique, a set of 2D slices are extracted from the pelvic shape model, based on the approximate location and orientation of a corresponding 2D ultrasound image. The comparison of the shape model slices and ultrasound images is made possible by using an ultrasound simulation technique and a correlation-based similarity metric. During the registration, an instance of the shape model is generated that best matches the ultrasound data. I demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed approach in localizing the PaCS on four patient phantoms and on data from two male human cadavers. None of the test data sets were included in the SSM generation. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-08-23 17:57:24.708

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