We present a continuous high-resolution precisely dated multiproxy record of hydroclimate variability at Anjohibe in northwestern Madagascar using speleothem AB13. The record spanned ~4,484 to ~2,863 years BP and showed general agreement with previously published speleothem records from the same approximate location. However, a speleothem record from Rodrigues Island, located ~1,600 km to the east of Madagascar, did not align, suggesting that paleoclimate records from Rodrigues Island may not serve as accurate proxies for northwestern Madagascar, as has been previously suggested. Stalagmite AB13 also provides a detailed record of rainfall variability during the 4.2 ka event, the abrupt climate disturbance associated with the collapse of several early human civilizations. Between ~3,900 – 4,300 years BP, Anjohibe experienced two periods of moderate drying. The most significant climate perturbation in the record was a drought that lasted ~300 years with peak dryness at ~3,000 years BP. This extended drought may have contributed to the reduction of the local perennial wetland environments and thus may have implications for the extirpation of Malagasy pygmy hippopotamuses in this part of the dry deciduous forest.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:15:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Martins.pdf: 12919368 bytes, checksum: dc12ff2b7d2dc395f9a2d8deb33ad004 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This text deals with the importance of a karst spring. The Cachoeira do Córrego do Couto is one of the attractions of the Parque Estadual e Turístico do Alto Ribeira - PETAR, Iporanga - SP. The site is a resurgence of existing karst aquifer in a range between depressed carbonate rock saws higher impervious surfaces. The aquifer is composed of autologous and allogeneic systems water recharge, characterized for this reason as a mixed karst. As the object of study is a component of a landscape that remains dynamic relationships with society and also presents aspects of natural and human history, it is believed that the best approach for implementation of this work is the concept of geosystem. The concept is quite geosystem employed in studies of objects that have a natural origin, but are influenced by human activities. The results of the surveys carried out are a zoning map of the karst. In this map, the features are at the same time, resulting from and interact in the morphogenetic process responsible for landscape planning in the context of PETAR aims to provide recreation visitors for their aesthetic attributes / Este trabalho trata sobre a importância de uma fonte cárstica, a Cachoeira do Córrego do Couto que é um dos atrativos turísticos do Parque Estadual e Turístico do Alto Ribeira PETAR, Iporanga SP. O local é a ressurgência de um aquífero cárstico existente em uma faixa de rocha carbonática deprimida entre serras de superfícies impermeáveis mais elevadas. O aquífero mencionado é composto por sistemas de recarga alogênicos e autogênicos, caracterizando-se por este motivo como um carste misto. Como o objeto de estudo é um componente de uma paisagem que mantém relações históricas e bastante dinâmicas com a sociedade guardando aspectos da história natural e até mesmo humana regional, julgou-se que a melhor forma de abordagem para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho seria o conceito de Geossistema. O conceito de Geossistema é bastante empregado em estudos de objetos que tenham origem natural, mas que sejam influenciados pelas atividades humanas. O resultado dos levantamentos levados a efeito é um mapa de zoneamento do carste estudado no qual as feições são, ao mesmo tempo, resultantes do e interagem no processo morfogenético responsável pelo ordenamento da paisagem que no contexto do PETAR tem a finalidade de proporcionar a recreação dos visitantes por seus atributos estéticos

The response of a karst aquifer to storm events is often faster and more severe than that of a non-karst aquifer. This distinction is often problematic for planners and municipalities, because karst flooding does not typically occur along perennial water courses; thus, traditional flood management strategies are usually ineffective. The City of Bowling Green (CoBG), Kentucky is a representative example of an area plagued by karst flooding. The CoBG, is an urban karst area (UKA), that uses Class V Injection Wells to lessen the severity of flooding. The overall effectiveness, siting, and flooding impact of Injection Wells in UKA’s is lacking; their influence on groundwater is evident from decades of recurring problems in the form of flooding and groundwater contamination. This research examined Class V Injection Wells in the CoBG to determine how Injection Well siting, design, and performance influence urban karst hydrology. The study used high-resolution monitoring, as well as hydrologic modeling, to evaluate Injection Well and spring responses during storm and baseflow conditions. In evaluating the properties of the karst aquifer and the influences from the surrounding environment, a relationship was established between precipitation events, the drainage capacity of the Injection Wells, and the underlying karst system. Ultimately, the results from this research could be used to make sound data-driven policy recommendations and to inform stormwater management in UKAs.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O trabalho que constituiu esta DissertaÃÃo de Mestrado foi focado no estudo estrutural e espeleolÃgico de rochas carbonÃticas (calcÃrios) da FormaÃÃo JandaÃra, na Bacia Potiguar. Foram realizados mapeamento em Ãrea prÃ-definida com o intuito de localizar e identificar cavidades naturais e estruturas tectÃnicas, por fim, feita a espeleometria das cavernas descobertas. O levantamento se concentrou nas proximidades do municÃpio de Felipe Guerra em uma Ãrea de 22,4 kmÂ, composta por quatro lajedos. Os estudos tiveram inÃcio com a escolha da Ãrea, onde foi realizada a prospecÃÃo espeleolÃgica ao longo de seÃÃes espaÃadas em mÃdia de 100 m, seguindo as linhas sÃsmicas da PetrobrÃs. Nesta fase identificou-se 12 cavernas com desenvolvimento linear variado. Em uma segunda etapa foi realizado o levantamento estatÃstico na superfÃcie dos lajedos, com o auxÃlio de GPS geodÃsico, trena e bÃssola, dos parÃmetros: tamanho, largura, profundidade e atitude das fraturas. Na terceira e ultima etapa de campo foram realizadas a espeleometria de 10 das 12 cavidades identificadas. Com as trÃs etapas de campo finalizadas os dados obtidos foram interpretados e cruzados, gerando um produto final com resultados que mostraram que as estruturas (fraturas e juntas) presentes na superfÃcie dos lajedos possuem direÃÃes preferÃncias N â S, NE â SW e NW â SE, as quais coincidem com as estruturas regionais e influenciam na formaÃÃo da maioria das cavernas estudadas. A Dolina dos Ossos a maior e mais representativa das 12 cavidades revela o forte controle tectÃnico impresso nas rochas carbonÃticas da FormaÃÃo JandaÃra. A impressÃo revelada atravÃs das estruturas nas rochas carbonÃticas da FormaÃÃo JandaÃra nos mostra o forte controle tectÃnico atuante em Ãpocas pretÃritas e atuais intensificadas pela aÃÃo da Ãgua atravÃs das fraturas promovendo a dissoluÃÃo do carste. / The work was this dissertation was focused on the structural study of cave exploration and carbonate rocks (limestone) from Jandaira Formation in Potiguar Basin. Mapping were performed on pre-defined area in order to locate and identify natural cavities and tectonic structures, finally, made espeleometria cave discoveries. The study focused near the town of Felipe Guerra in an area of 22.4 km2, composed of four flagstones. The studies began with the choice of the area where the exploration was performed Speleological along sections spaced on average 100 m, following the seismic lines of PetrobrÃs. At this stage it was identified 12 caves with linear development varied. In a second step we performed the statistical survey on the surface of flagstones with the aid of GPS geodetic, measuring tape and compass of the parameters: size, width, depth and attitude of fractures and joints. In the third and last stage of the field were carried out espeleometria 10 of 12 cavities identified. With three stages of the field completed the data were interpreted and cross, creating a final product with results that showed that the structures (fractures and joints) on the surface of the flagstones have preferences directions N - S, NE - SW and NW - SE , which coincide with the regional structures and influencing the formation of most caves studied. The Dolina dos Ossos the largest and most representative of the 12 cavities shows the strong tectonic control printed in carbonate rocks of JandaÃra Formation. The printout revealed by structures in carbonate rocks of JandaÃra Formation shows the strong tectonic control active in times past and current intensified by the action of water through fractures promoting the dissolution of karst.

nÃo hà / In CearÃ, plus the famous Grotto of Ubajara, there are many other caves in this way, it is essential to know the current situation to achieve this speleologically protect it. Speleology, which is the study of caves has revealed to mankind the great importance of these environments. In addition to having served as a shelter for man in prehistoric times, the caves are as natural and cultural storehouses of valuable scientific records, paleontological, archaeological, among others. The cave environments also stand out due to its beautiful scenery of rock formations, ornamented by speleothems (stalactites, stalagmites, etc.) and their subterranean ecosystems, peculiar and fragile, with endemic and rare species, like the troglodyte. Natural underground cavities, popularly known like caves, grottos, caves, burrows, limpets, pits or holes, are considered by the Federal Constitution as "property of the Union" in the country and there is a specific, relevant to the protection of the Brazilian speleologically legislation. Cavers in Brazil estimated that only about 5% of the existing caverns have been identified. In CearÃ, many of the known caves are not officially registered in the National Speleological entries. For this reason, this dissertation aims to present the current landscape of speleologically in CearÃ. For this are worked in research knowledge and concepts related to caving, as its importance, use, weaknesses and impacts; relevant legislation for the protection, licensing and environmental conservation speleologically; and the current survey information on the known caves in the territory of CearÃ, with recommendations for their use and conservation. It is intended this way, based on this overview, base public policies on environmental protection and management of natural underground cavities and areas of potential occurrence. / No CearÃ, alÃm da famosa Gruta de Ubajara, existem muitas outras cavernas, desta forma, à essencial conhecer o panorama atual deste patrimÃnio espeleolÃgico para conseguir protegÃ-lo. A espeleologia, que à o estudo das cavernas, tem revelado para a humanidade a grande importÃncia desses ambientes. AlÃm de ter servido de abrigo para o homem na prÃ-histÃria, as cavernas sÃo como celeiros naturais e culturais de valiosos registros cientÃficos, paleontolÃgicos, arqueolÃgicos, dentre outros. Os ambientes cavernÃcolas tambÃm se destacam devido aos seus belos cenÃrios de formaÃÃes rochosas, ornamentados por espeleotemas (estalactites, estalagmites, etc.) e seus ecossistemas subterrÃneos, peculiares e frÃgeis, com espÃcies endÃmicas e raras, como os troglÃbios. As cavidades naturais subterrÃneas, conhecidas popularmente como cavernas, grutas, furnas, tocas, lapas, abismos ou buracos, sÃo consideradas pela ConstituiÃÃo Federal como âbens da UniÃoâ e existe no paÃs uma legislaÃÃo especÃfica, pertinente à proteÃÃo do patrimÃnio espeleolÃgico brasileiro. EspeleÃlogos estimam que no Brasil, apenas cerca de 5% das cavernas existentes tenham sido identificadas. No CearÃ, muitas das cavernas conhecidas nÃo estÃo oficialmente registradas nos cadastros espeleolÃgicos nacionais. Por essa razÃo, esta dissertaÃÃo tem como objetivo principal apresentar o panorama atual do patrimÃnio espeleolÃgico no Estado do CearÃ. Para isso sÃo trabalhados na pesquisa os conhecimentos e conceitos relativos à espeleologia, como a sua importÃncia, utilizaÃÃo, as fragilidades e os impactos; a legislaÃÃo pertinente à proteÃÃo, ao licenciamento e à conservaÃÃo ambiental do patrimÃnio espeleolÃgico; e o atual levantamento de informaÃÃes sobre as cavernas conhecidas no territÃrio cearense, com recomendaÃÃes de uso e conservaÃÃo. Pretende-se desta forma, com base neste panorama, fundamentar polÃticas pÃblicas de proteÃÃo e gestÃo ambiental das cavidades naturais subterrÃneas e suas Ãreas de potencial ocorrÃncia.

Die Speläologie ist eine interdisziplinäre Wissenschaft, welche sich mit Fragestellungen rund um Höhlen beschäftigt. Weltweit zieht die Erforschung unterirdischer Hohlräume Menschen in ihren Bann und bringt aufschlussreiche, geologische Erkenntnisse oder beeindruckende, biologische Funde ans Tageslicht. Die zahlreichen Informationen werden in regionalen Katastern zusammengetragen. Das Wissen für kommende Generationen somit erhalten und für Auswertungen bereitgestellt. Auch in Sachsen betreiben zahlreiche Forscher unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen die Speläologie als Hobby und Berufung. Über die Jahre sind dadurch umfangreiche Sammlungen und Archive entstanden, welche jedoch hauptsächlich in Papierform vorliegen und zum Teil redundante Informationen beinhalten. Ziel der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit ist es, die Grundlage für den Aufbau eines webbasierten, sächsischen Höhlenkatasters zu schaffen. Zentral und in digitalisierter Form sollen darin alle verfügbaren Höhleninformationen abgelegt werden. Die Sicherung und Auswertbarkeit des Datenbestandes werden dadurch entscheidend verbessert. Im Zuge der Anforderungsanalyse werden die vorhandenen Datenbestände ausgewertet, eine Auswahl an Höhlenverzeichnissen anderer Regionen untersucht und die Spezifikationen eines speläologischen Informationssystems (SIS) erhoben. In der Konzeption wird daraus ein umfassendes Datenmodell entwickelt, welches als ein zentraler Bestandteil der Arbeit gilt. Zudem wird ausführlich auf die serviceorientierte Architektur (SOA) der geplanten Web-Anwendung eingegangen und ein Benutzermanagement entwickelt. Es entsteht ein explorativer Prototyp des Systems, der bereits verschiedene Schlüsselfunktionen implementiert und so als Ausgangspunkt für die anschließende Realisierung dient. / Speleology is an interdisciplinary science dealing with all questions around caves. Worldwide, the exploration of subterranean cavities bring enlightening, geological or impressive, biological discoveries to light. Those numerous information is collected in regional cave registers, which save that knowledge for future generations and provide data for analysis. Also in Saxony there are many enthusiastic hobby scientists from different disciplines of speleology. Over the years they established huge collections and archives, mostly in paper form and sometimes containing redundant data. The goal of this thesis is to build a development basis of a web based cave register for Saxony, providing a central and digital database that stores all information about caves. This is a crucial improvement of safety and interpretability. As part of requirement analysis the existing data sets were evaluated, a selection of cave registers concerning other regions were studied and the specifications of a speleological information system (SIS) were collected. The database scheme, which is one of the most important components, was developed during design. Moreover, this chapter focuses on service oriented architecture (SOA), as well as user management of this web application. At the end, there is an explorative prototype that already implements the key features and serves as a starting point for the first public version of the system.

As cavernas são ambientes frágeis nos quais a escala de tempo excede em muito a nossa existência e preservam significativos vestígios da história da Terra e da nossa história. A importância cultural, ambiental e científica das cavernas as tornam espaços singulares para a educação ambiental, pesquisa e recreação. Porém o aumento do uso público sem planejamento tem causado impactos negativos à este ambiente único, que, quando destruído, perde-se para sempre. Nesta perspectiva, baseado na pesquisa em projeto de arquitetura e tendo como estudo de caso da Caverna do Diabo, este estudo propõe uma metodologia para avaliação, planejamento e projeto para atuação da arquitetura no uso público de cavernas segundo as boas práticas atuais de conservação e de vivência do espaço. Apresenta uma proposta metodológica de planejamento baseada na análise espacial de mapas de potencialidades e de restrições para a definição dos usos e do zoneamento ambiental com propósitos de conservação. No último capítulo é apresentado um projeto para a Caverna do Diabo com a aplicação da estratégia proposta e um sistema construtivo modular baseado no uso de peças produzidas com compósito polimérico reforçado com fibra de vidro. Nas cavernas o tempo geológico, diferente do humano, e a ausência de luz, dominam o ambiente. Se a arquitetura é tempo e luz, resta à esta o percurso. Organizar o espaço, condução sutil, à fim de despertar as sensações do lugar. O desenho, então, é determinístico o risco no chão. O caminhar, observar, estar, sentir. / The caves are fragile environments in which the time scale exceeds largely our existence and preserve significant traces of Earth\'s history and our own history. The cultural, environmental and scientific importance of caves make them unique spaces for environmental education, research and recreation. However, increased public use without planning has caused negative impacts to this unique environment, which when destroyed its lost forever. In this perspective, based on research in architectural design and having Caverna do Diabo as a case study, this research proposes an evaluation methodology, a planning and an architecture project action to the public use of caves under the current good conservation practices and environment experience. This research proposes a methodological planning based on spatial analysis maps of potentiality and restrictions to the definition of access and environmental zoning for purposes of conservation. In the last chapter is presented a project to the Caverna do Diabo with the implementation of the proposed strategy and a modular construction system based on the use of manufactured parts with polymeric composite reinforced with glass fiber. In the caves, geological time, different of humans, and the absence of light, dominate the environment. If architecture is time and light, remains to this the route. The purpose of the research is to organize the space, subtle leading, in order to awaken the place sensations. The drawing is then deterministic, the mark on the ground. Walk, observe, be, feel.

As cavernas são ambientes frágeis nos quais a escala de tempo excede em muito a nossa existência e preservam significativos vestígios da história da Terra e da nossa história. A importância cultural, ambiental e científica das cavernas as tornam espaços singulares para a educação ambiental, pesquisa e recreação. Porém o aumento do uso público sem planejamento tem causado impactos negativos à este ambiente único, que, quando destruído, perde-se para sempre. Nesta perspectiva, baseado na pesquisa em projeto de arquitetura e tendo como estudo de caso da Caverna do Diabo, este estudo propõe uma metodologia para avaliação, planejamento e projeto para atuação da arquitetura no uso público de cavernas segundo as boas práticas atuais de conservação e de vivência do espaço. Apresenta uma proposta metodológica de planejamento baseada na análise espacial de mapas de potencialidades e de restrições para a definição dos usos e do zoneamento ambiental com propósitos de conservação. No último capítulo é apresentado um projeto para a Caverna do Diabo com a aplicação da estratégia proposta e um sistema construtivo modular baseado no uso de peças produzidas com compósito polimérico reforçado com fibra de vidro. Nas cavernas o tempo geológico, diferente do humano, e a ausência de luz, dominam o ambiente. Se a arquitetura é tempo e luz, resta à esta o percurso. Organizar o espaço, condução sutil, à fim de despertar as sensações do lugar. O desenho, então, é determinístico o risco no chão. O caminhar, observar, estar, sentir. / The caves are fragile environments in which the time scale exceeds largely our existence and preserve significant traces of Earth\'s history and our own history. The cultural, environmental and scientific importance of caves make them unique spaces for environmental education, research and recreation. However, increased public use without planning has caused negative impacts to this unique environment, which when destroyed its lost forever. In this perspective, based on research in architectural design and having Caverna do Diabo as a case study, this research proposes an evaluation methodology, a planning and an architecture project action to the public use of caves under the current good conservation practices and environment experience. This research proposes a methodological planning based on spatial analysis maps of potentiality and restrictions to the definition of access and environmental zoning for purposes of conservation. In the last chapter is presented a project to the Caverna do Diabo with the implementation of the proposed strategy and a modular construction system based on the use of manufactured parts with polymeric composite reinforced with glass fiber. In the caves, geological time, different of humans, and the absence of light, dominate the environment. If architecture is time and light, remains to this the route. The purpose of the research is to organize the space, subtle leading, in order to awaken the place sensations. The drawing is then deterministic, the mark on the ground. Walk, observe, be, feel.

MONTEIRO,Felipe Antônio Dantas. A espeleologia e as cavernas no Ceará:conhecimentos, proteção ambiental e panorama atual. 145 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará,Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-03-30T18:19:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fadmonteiro.pdf: 10571982 bytes, checksum: 063c6a803d9d192bf03713d9e6f8fd56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo(guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-03-30T18:23:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fadmonteiro.pdf: 10571982 bytes, checksum: 063c6a803d9d192bf03713d9e6f8fd56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T18:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fadmonteiro.pdf: 10571982 bytes, checksum: 063c6a803d9d192bf03713d9e6f8fd56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In Ceará, plus the famous Grotto of Ubajara, there are many other caves in this way, it is essential to know the current situation to achieve this speleologically protect it. Speleology, which is the study of caves has revealed to mankind the great importance of these environments. In addition to having served as a shelter for man in prehistoric times, the caves are as natural and cultural storehouses of valuable scientific records, paleontological, archaeological, among others. The cave environments also stand out due to its beautiful scenery of rock formations, ornamented by speleothems (stalactites, stalagmites, etc.) and their subterranean ecosystems, peculiar and fragile, with endemic and rare species, like the troglodyte. Natural underground cavities, popularly known like caves, grottos, caves, burrows, limpets, pits or holes, are considered by the Federal Constitution as "property of the Union" in the country and there is a specific, relevant to the protection of the Brazilian speleologically legislation. Cavers in Brazil estimated that only about 5% of the existing caverns have been identified. In Ceará, many of the known caves are not officially registered in the National Speleological entries. For this reason, this dissertation aims to present the current landscape of speleologically in Ceará. For this are worked in research knowledge and concepts related to caving, as its importance, use, weaknesses and impacts; relevant legislation for the protection, licensing and environmental conservation speleologically; and the current survey information on the known caves in the territory of Ceará, with recommendations for their use and conservation. It is intended this way, based on this overview, base public policies on environmental protection and management of natural underground cavities and areas of potential occurrence. / No Ceará, além da famosa Gruta de Ubajara, existem muitas outras cavernas, desta forma, é essencial conhecer o panorama atual deste patrimônio espeleológico para conseguir protegê-lo. A espeleologia, que é o estudo das cavernas, tem revelado para a humanidade a grande importância desses ambientes. Além de ter servido de abrigo para o homem na pré-história, as cavernas são como celeiros naturais e culturais de valiosos registros científicos, paleontológicos, arqueológicos, dentre outros. Os ambientes cavernícolas também se destacam devido aos seus belos cenários de formações rochosas, ornamentados por espeleotemas (estalactites, estalagmites, etc.) e seus ecossistemas subterrâneos, peculiares e frágeis, com espécies endêmicas e raras, como os troglóbios. As cavidades naturais subterrâneas, conhecidas popularmente como cavernas, grutas, furnas, tocas, lapas, abismos ou buracos, são consideradas pela Constituição Federal como “bens da União” e existe no país uma legislação específica, pertinente à proteção do patrimônio espeleológico brasileiro. Espeleólogos estimam que no Brasil, apenas cerca de 5% das cavernas existentes tenham sido identificadas. No Ceará, muitas das cavernas conhecidas não estão oficialmente registradas nos cadastros espeleológicos nacionais. Por essa razão, esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal apresentar o panorama atual do patrimônio espeleológico no Estado do Ceará. Para isso são trabalhados na pesquisa os conhecimentos e conceitos relativos à espeleologia, como a sua importância, utilização, as fragilidades e os impactos; a legislação pertinente à proteção, ao licenciamento e à conservação ambiental do patrimônio espeleológico; e o atual levantamento de informações sobre as cavernas conhecidas no território cearense, com recomendações de uso e conservação. Pretende-se desta forma, com base neste panorama, fundamentar políticas públicas de proteção e gestão ambiental das cavidades naturais subterrâneas e suas áreas de potencial ocorrência.

Natural caves represent one of the most difficult environments to map with modern 3D technologies. In this study I tested two relatively new methods for 3D mapping in Tipton-Haynes Cave near Johnson City, Tennessee: Structure from Motion Photogrammetry and Computer Vision using Tango, an RGB-D (Red Green Blue and Depth) technology. Many different aspects of these two methods were analyzed with respect to the needs of average cave explorers. Major considerations were cost, time, accuracy, durability, simplicity, lighting setup, and drift. The 3D maps were compared to a conventional cave map drafted with measurements from a modern digital survey instrument called the DistoX2, a clinometer, and a measuring tape. Both 3D mapping methods worked, but photogrammetry proved to be too time consuming and laborious for capturing more than a few meters of passage. RGB-D was faster, more accurate, and showed promise for the future of low-cost 3D cave mapping.