Einleitung: Neuroendokrine Tumoren (NET) des gastroenteropankreatischen Systems entstammen den Zellen des diffusen neuroendokrinen Systems und sind seltene Tumoren mit einer steigenden Inzidenz. Die Beurteilung der Dignität von NET, allein mit Hilfe histologischer Kriterien, ist problematisch. Die WHO-Klassifikation von 2000 unterscheidet nicht nur histomorphologisch in gut und wenig differenziert, beurteilt werden auch Tumorgröße, Angioinvasion, Invasion der Musculuaris propria, hormonales Tumorsyndrom, Proliferationsindex (Ki67) sowie vorhandene Metastasen. Die neue WHO-Klassifikation von 2010 nutzt ein standardisiertes Grading-System, in dem nach Proliferationsindex in G1 (Ki67≤2%) niedriggradig maligne, G2 (3-20%) intermediärgradig maligne und G3 (>20%) hochgradig maligne, neuroendokrine Neoplasien (NEN) eingeteilt wird. Das Tumormikroenvironment gastroenteropankreatischer NET, im Hinblick auf die Tumor-Klassifikationen von 2000 und 2010, ist bisher nicht untersucht. Methoden: In meiner Arbeit wurden Paraffinblöcke von 55 Patienten immunhistochemisch untersucht: 32 Dünndarm-, 13 kolorektale und 10 Pankreas-NET. Als Tumormarker wurden Chromogranin, CD56, und S100 beurteilt. Marker für das Tumorstroma waren α-SMA und Desmin, Endothelzellmarker waren CD34 und vWF, und Immunzellmarker waren CD3 für T-Lymphozyten, CD20 für B-Lymphozyten und CD68 für Makrophagen. Kim1p galt als Marker für fibrohistiozytäre Zellen, der CC-Chemokinrezeptor-2 (CCR2) wurde exemplarisch für die Zytokinrezeptoren gefärbt. Die Auswertung erfolgte computergestützt. Die Immunzellen wurden quantitativ ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: In meiner Arbeit konnte ich zeigen, dass NET mit zunehmender Malignität weniger Stromazellen aufweisen. Auch die o.g. Tumormarker nahmen, wenn vorhanden, ab. Fibrohistiozytäre Zellen, die dendritische Zellen beinhalten, stellten die häufigsten Immunzellen dar, gefolgt von CD3+ T-Zellen. Im Vergleich der Organlokalisationen waren CD68+ Makrophagen in kolorektalen NET signifikant häufiger als in Dünndarm-NET. Nach der WHO-Klassifikation (2000) waren in den NET der WHO-Gruppe 2 und 3 signifikant mehr Kim1p+ Zellen als in der WHO-Gruppe 1 nachweisbar. CD3+ T-Zellen waren signifikant häufiger in NET der WHO-Gruppe 3 im Vergleich zur WHO-Gruppe 2. CD68+ Makrophagen waren in der WHO-Gruppe 3 im Vergleich zu den WHO-Gruppen 1 und 2 signifikant häufiger vorhanden. Die dargestellten Unterschiede zeigten sich auch für die neue Klassifikation (2010), allerdings mit vermindertem Signifikanzniveau. In NET der WHO-Gruppe 3 traten die Immunzellen in engen Kontakt zu den Tumorzellen, bei geringerem Tumorstroma. Zusammenfassung: Es bestehen deutliche Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung des Tumormikroenvironments der NET, abhängig von der Malignität. Meine Ergebnisse weisen auf einen möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl an Immunzellen und der Differenzierung hin. Ob dies relevant für eine maligne Transformation ist, bleibt zu klären.

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In der E-Commerce-Forschung wird aus Sicht von Wertschöpfung und Marketing das Konzept virtueller Gemeinschaften ausgiebig erforscht. Solche Gemeinschaften sollten Wissen zu Verfügung stellen, Kundenkontakte vereinfachen oder zusammen eine Wertschöpfung erbringen, an der nach [1] der Anbieter der virtuellen Plattform Profite erwirtschaftet. E-Government zielt auf die elektronische Abbildung von Vorgängen der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Nach der Speyer Definition [2] besteht E-Government aus Informationsdiensten, Partizipation der Bürger und elektronischer Abwicklung der Transaktionen innerhalb der Verwaltung und zwischen Verwaltung und den anderen Sektoren. Auffällig ist die Beschränkung von E-Government auf die Umsetzung existierender Verwaltungsvorgänge. Dies beschränkt die Wertschöpfung im EGovernment auf Effizienzgewinne, schließt die Profite durch virtuelle Gemeinschaften in einer Bürgergesellschaft jedoch weitgehend aus.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Net energy exporting countries (NEECs) and net energy importing countries (NEICs) depend on each other for mutual gains. However, NEICs pursue strategic policies to reduce consumption of energy from conventional sources and increase that of renewable energy in order to attain energy security and macro environmental and carbon accountability. On the other hand, NEECs such as Nigeria depend heavily on oil and gas exports to NEICs to generate revenue. As a result of this inter-dependent relationship, this PhD project adopts a dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework to underpin the study. Accordingly, the study approach is founded on the ideas of pluralism as a social reality and adopted pragmatism as the research approach. Consistent with these approaches, the study was undertaken by analysing both secondary and primary data, including macro-economic statistics of annual time-series dataset (1980-2014) and semi-structured interviews respectively. The quantitative part of the project used Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach. This method was used to investigate and analyse the effect of renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions reduction on Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. The qualitative part involved interviews with twenty senior government officials in Nigeria from six selected Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), representatives of civil society groups and academicians, to support the quantitative results and answer certain research questions. The short-run quantitative results and qualitative findings show that renewable energy consumption in developed NEICs affects Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. However, the reverse holds true for emerging NEICs. Both the quantitative results and the qualitative findings show that carbon emissions reduction in developed NEICs affects Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. Also, the quantitative results show that renewable energy consumption in developed and emerging NEICs does not affect Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. However, the qualitative findings only support the quantitative results for emerging NEICs but do not support those of developed NEICs. Similarly, the qualitative findings indicate that other external and internal factors such as discovery of shale oil and gas; improvement in energy efficient technologies; the use of long-term contract in other NEECs; stringent nature of the Nigerian Content Law and lack of passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill amongst others currently contribute in affecting Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. Moreover, the qualitative findings show that global energy transition has an impact on the Nigeria’s oil and gas revenue, savings made to the Nigerian Sovereign Wealth Fund, budget financing and will continue to affect Nigerian revenue and budget if the economy remains undiversified. Finally, the qualitative findings indicate that global energy transition has negatively affected Foreign Direct Investment flow into Nigerian petroleum industry and discoveries of new oil and gas reserves. These findings have several implications. Firstly, Nigerian oil and gas exports are affected by the carbon emissions control regime, which makes future oil and gas revenues uncertain; thereby putting pressure on budget financing and socio-economic growth and development. On this note, there is the need for Nigeria to take cautionary position in the global climate change debate in order not to adversely affect the country’s economic interest. Secondly, the consumption of energy from renewable sources in both developed and emerging NEICs is an opportunity for Nigeria to export not only its conventional energy but also renewable energy if commercially harnessed. This suggests that Nigerian should also invest heavily in renewable energy production. Thirdly, the major findings of this study provide evidence in support of the relevance of dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework within the context of energy transition in NEICs on one hand, and Nigerian oil and gas exports to these countries on the other. This implies the need for Nigeria to focus on developing internal market trajectories to increase domestic utilisation of its conventional energy rather than being dependent on external markets for the sale of the nation’s energy resources.

FERNANDES, Woquito Lima. Estudo exploratório acerca da implementação de uma rede virtual de aprendizagem colaborativa envolvendo as escolas agrotécnicas Federais. 2007.89f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação na Formação de EAD) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação na Formação de EAD, Salvador- BA, 2007. / Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-29T14:53:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_ WLFERNANDES.pdf: 2162024 bytes, checksum: a4e8cf42a4b01b1a18e616254de567d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-02T16:54:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_ WLFERNANDES.pdf: 2162024 bytes, checksum: a4e8cf42a4b01b1a18e616254de567d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-02T16:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_ WLFERNANDES.pdf: 2162024 bytes, checksum: a4e8cf42a4b01b1a18e616254de567d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The New Technologies of Information and Communication have played a basic role in the search of a more and more democratic education. In this perspective, this work consists on an exploratory study for implementation of a virtual net of collaborative learning proposal between the Federal Agrotécnicas Schools (Agrorede), thus, subsidizing the accomplishment of activities on-line among them and extending its educational horizons through virtual out of time spaces. In this direction, the inquiry preliminarily searched to outline the current scene of the federal agrotécnicas schools together with its education coordinators, in the intention of setting its possibilities and limits referring to virtual net implantation. After that, in order to allow the realization of the virtual net idea there was created a functional model of the above-mentioned net, AVA Moodle, which was submitted to the appreciation of responsible professionals from the computer science area of the federal agrotécnicas schools of the whole country. Finally, the conclusions that emerged from the reports indicated the existence of a positive expectation for such a proposal of a community of learning implantation through a virtual net, besides positive positionings regarding the use of computer science as mean of improvement to the quality of the education offered for the net schools. / As Novas Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação têm desempenhado um papel fundamental na busca de uma educação cada vez mais democrática. Neste intuito, este trabalho consiste num estudo exploratório para implementação de uma proposta de uma rede virtual de aprendizagem colaborativa entre as Escolas Agrotécnicas Federais (Agrorede), subsidiando assim a realização de atividades online umas com as outras e ampliando seus horizontes educacionais por meio de espaços virtuais atemporais. Nesta direção, a investigação buscou preliminarmente delinear o cenário atual das escolas agrotécnicas federais junto aos seus coordenadores de ensino, no intuito de explicitar suas possibilidades e limites no que se refere à implantação da rede virtual. Em seguida, a fim de permitir a concretização da idéia de rede virtual, foi montado um modelo funcional da referida rede, AVA Moodle, que foi submetido à apreciação dos profissionais responsáveis pela área de informática das escolas agrotécnicas federais de todo o país. Por fim, as conclusões que emergiram dos relatos indicaram a existência de uma expectativa positiva para uma tal proposta de implantação de uma comunidade de aprendizagem por meio de uma rede virtual, além de posicionamentos positivos com relação ao uso da informática como fator de melhoria da qualidade da educação oferecida pelas escolas da rede.

Le premier chapitre présente la finance islamique, ses principes, ses produits, ses institutions. Le deuxième chapitre, présente une comparaison entre les deux systèmes bancaires, islamique et conventionnel à partir d'une étude de ratios bancaires et une analyse en composantes principales. Le troisième chapitre a pour but de clarifier les différents facteurs attirant les clients vers les banques islamiques et montre que ceux-ci ne se limitent pas aux critères religieux pour faire leur choix. Le quatrième chapitre analyse les marges d'intermédiation des banques islamiques et conventionnelles, en utilisant une approche dynamique du panel (Arellano-Bond, 1991). Il conclut que les banques islamiques se caractérisent par des marges plus élevées. Le cinquième chapitre examine, pour les deux systèmes bancaires, l'impact de la pression réglementaire. Il apparait que les banques islamiques et conventionnelles opérant dans la région MENA se caractérisent par des niveaux de capital déjà bien au-dessus du minimum réglementaire, et que la pression réglementaire n’a donc pas d’impact sur les banques islamiques. Cette inefficacité de la réglementation prudentielle peut être expliquée par l’inadaptation de cette réglementation à la nature du risque de ces banques. Enfin, le sixième et dernier chapitre, étudie la relation entre le capital et le risque de défaillance. Il en ressort que, dans la zone MENA, la probabilité de défaillance serait plus élevée pour les banques islamiques. / The first chapter presents Islamic finance, its principles, its products, its institutions. The second chapter presents a comparison between the two banking systems, Islamic and conventional through a study of banking ratios and principal component analysis. The third chapter aims to clarify the factors attracting customers towards Islamic banks and shows that they are not confined to religious criteria for their choice. The fourth chapter analyzes the intermediation margins of Islamic and conventional banks, using a dynamic approach of the panel (Arellano-Bond 1991). It concludes that Islamic banks are characterized by higher margins. The fifth chapter examines, for the two banking systems, the impact of regulatory pressure. It appears that Islamic and conventional banks operating in MENA are characterized by high capital levels which already well above the regulatory minimum, and therefore regulatory pressure has no impact on Islamic banks. This inefficiency of prudential regulation can be explained by the inadequacy of the regulations to the nature of the risk of these banks. The sixth and final chapter examines the relationship between capital and the risk of failure. It shows that, in MENA, the probability of failure is higher for Islamic banks.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6263.pdf: 2838494 bytes, checksum: 852261a244b09c47cc828522a799cc8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-26 / Petri Net (PN) is a graphical mathematical tool used to create models that provide a formal specification of systems, creating the possibility of running behavior analysis and property verification. PN models can be used to model several system types, for example, Manufacturing Systems. In general, using PN to model systems with too many characteristics cause the so-called state-space explosion problem, in other words, a great element profusion in the model. In order to mitigate the referred problem researchers developed reduction rules to synthetize models. Reduced models maintain original system properties and can be easily analyzed and simulated. A method to automate reduction rules application is proposed on the present research. A Genetic Algorithm heuristic is responsible for applying six reductions rules on Place-Transition Petri Nets given as input. The proposed algorithm, presented as a Matlab toolbox, may contribute when simulating and running property verification methodologies on Petri Net models. / Rede de Petri (RP) é uma ferramenta de modelagem com rigor matemático usada para especificar e formalizar sistemas e suas características. Modelos de RP podem ser avaliados quanto à seu comportamento dinâmico e suas propriedades estruturais. Diversos tipos de modelos podem ser especificados usando RP s, por exemplo, modelos de Sistemas de Manufatura. De maneira geral, modelos de sistemas complexos sofrem do problema da grande profusão de elementos. Esse problema é um limitante para diversas metodologias de verificação de propriedades e simulação de comportamento dinâmico dos modelos. Frequentemente metodologias baseadas em regras de redução são propostas para superar o problema da grande profusão de elementos. O presente trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta para automatizar a aplicação de regras de redução em modelos de RP. Um conjunto de regras foi selecionado para montar uma base de regras de redução e uma heurística baseada em algoritmos genéticos foi criada para aplicar reduções em modelos de RP Lugar-Transição. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a ferramenta proposta, apresentada como uma toolbox do Matlab, pode ser utilizada para auxiliar no processo de análise, simulação e verificação de propriedades de sistemas modelados por meio de RP s.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-02-18T20:05:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2146607 bytes, checksum: 4f5684910bc3557cc0d3851f352e26c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-18T20:05:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2146607 bytes, checksum: 4f5684910bc3557cc0d3851f352e26c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the context of the new economy, fostered mainly by information and communication technologies and economic liberalization and deregulation, the relations between organizations and consumers are changed. Consumption is regarded as something "eminently social, correlative and active", contributing to the practice of citizenship and ratifying an "Age of Rights'. The disregard and disrespect faced by consumers in the relationship marketing have led them to adopt a behavior based on affirmative practices, in environments such as social networking sites. In this sense, this study aims at analyzing the net-activist practices of consumers of companies Tim, Oi, Claro and Vivo - that offer fixed-line, mobile and internet services - in their respective Facebook pages, understood as a legitimate customer service, in the social context of mediatization. With quantitative and qualitative nature and under an exploratory approach, the analysis of the object is constituted as a case study of comparative type, based on the intensive indirect observation by the bias of non-participant observation. The investigation identified, initially, that phone companies are the ones that receive more complaints which consumers turn to their institutional pages as an alternative way to achieve their claim. This way, the companies consolidate one legitimating space of customer service. However, social networking platforms used as SAC 2.0 are not regulated by the State and, therefore, the promptness of the customer service is drifting by the phone companies. / Na conjuntura da nova economia, propiciada, sobretudo, pelas tecnologias da informação e comunicação e liberalização e desregulamentação econômica, as relações entre as organizações e os consumidores são alteradas. O consumo é considerado como algo “eminentemente social, correlativo e ativo”, concorrendo para a prática do exercício da cidadania e ratificando uma “Era dos Direitos”. O descaso e o desrespeito enfrentado pelos consumidores nas relações mercadológicas os têm levado a adotar um comportamento baseado em práticas afirmativas, em ambientes como os sites de redes sociais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar as práticas net-ativistas dos consumidores das empresas Tim, Oi, Claro e Vivo – que oferecem serviços de telefonia fixa, móvel e internet - nas suas respectivas páginas no Facebook, compreendidas como legítimo serviço de atendimento ao consumidor, no contexto social da midiatização. De natureza quantitativa e qualitativa e sob a abordagem exploratória, a análise do objeto se constitui na forma de estudo de caso do tipo comparativo, tendo por base a observação indireta intensiva pelo viés da observação não-participante. A investigação identificou, inicialmente, que as operadoras de telefonia são as empresas que recebem mais reclamações cujos consumidores recorrem às suas páginas institucionais como uma forma alternativa de concretizar a sua reivindicação. Deste modo, consolidam um espaço de legitimação do serviço de atendimento ao cliente. Todavia, as plataformas de redes sociais utilizadas como SAC 2.0 não são reguladas pelo Estado e, portanto, a presteza do atendimento fica à deriva das operadoras.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:50:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 673867 bytes, checksum: 57199b386c14697803d98e5ba63fc8fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-02-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study had the aim to develop an automatic and controlled system of regionalized supplementary irrigation demand for the main irrigated crop in the State of Minas Gerais, providing this information three times a week by the world wide web (Internet). The so-called IRG–NET system uses data collected by automatic weather stations belonging to the System of Meteorology and Water Supply of Minas Gerais (SIMGE) for the assessment of water loss in crop evapotranspiration, and also the water supply by rainfall. A geographic information system was used to spatialize and create thematic maps about crop evapotranspiration and daily rainfall in the State. A computer program was also developed to calculate the soil water balance and to determine the irrigation water depth for any place within the state. The performance of the developed system was evaluated by an assessment of the accumulated supplemental irrigation demand for Minas Gerais during the year of 1999, in two planting dates, for dry bean crops. The water demand was calculated by the system and by a climatic method for the recommendation of irrigation proposed by CAMARGO xvi(1971). The total volume of water used for bean irrigation within all potential irrigated area of Minas Gerais was estimated in two planting dates. The estimated reference crop evapotranspiration for Viçosa, Minas Gerais, was also compared for the year of 1999, calculated by the soil water balance class A pan and the Penman Montheith method. It was concluded that the accumulated supplemental irrigation demand for beginning on 1 st May and on 15 th September were higher than the estimates calculated by the climatic model suggested by CAMARGO (1971). The total water volume for the irrigation of bean crop in the State of Minas Gerais was 611,720,830 m 3 for the planting period of 1 st May, while 686,660,480 m 3 were used during the cultivation period of 15 th September. The evaporation class A pan method underestimated evapotranspiration by 7.6%. the reference crop / Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um sistema automático e monitorado de regionalização da demanda de irrigação suplementar das principais culturas irrigadas no Estado de Minas Gerais, disponibilizando tais informações via rede mundial de computadores (Internet), com três atualizações semanais. O sistema denominado IRG–NET utiliza dados de estações climáticas automáticas do Sistema de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos de Minas Gerais (SIMGE), para estimativa da perda de água pela cultura por evapotranspiração, bem como a reposição da água no solo pela precipitação. Foi utilizado um sistema de informações geográficas para espacializar e gerar mapas temáticos de evapotranspiração de referência e de precipitação diária do estado. Também, foi desenvolvido um programa computacional para calcular o balanço hídrico e determinar a lâmina de irrigação para qualquer localidade de Minas. O sistema desenvolvido teve o seu desempenho avaliado por meio da estimativa da demanda de irrigação suplementar acumulada para Minas Gerais no ano de 1999, xivem duas épocas de plantio, para a cultura do feijoeiro. Foi calculada a demanda pelo sistema e por meio de um método climatológico de recomendação de irrigação proposto por CAMARGO (1971). Foi estimado o volume total de água utilizada na irrigação do feijoeiro em todos os municípios de Minas Gerais, nas duas épocas de plantio. Também, foi comparada a estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência para Viçosa, MG, no ano de 1999, calculada pelo método do Tanque Classe A e pelo método de Penman Monteith, sendo este considerado padrão e utilizado no sistema. Concluiu-se que as estimativas da demanda de irrigação suplementar acumulada, calculada pelo sistema para os ciclos iniciados em 1 o de maio e em 15 de setembro, foram mais elevadas do que as estimativas calculadas pelo modelo climatológico proposto por CAMARGO (1971). O volume total de água para irrigação da cultura do feijoeiro em Minas Gerais no plantio de 1 o de maio de 1999 foi de 611.720.830 m 3 e, no plantio de 15 de setembro, de 686.660.480 m 3 . O método do Tanque Classe A subestimou a evapotranspiração de referência em 7,6%.