A Lama Negra de Peruíbe é utilizada em tratamentos terapêuticos, tais como, psoríase, dermatites periféricas, acne e seborreia, além de utilizações em mialgias, artrites e processos reumáticos não articulares. Assim como a demais argilas medicinais ela pode não estar isenta de possíveis efeitos danosos à saúde, sendo os principais, a ocorrência de minerais perigosos ao sistema respiratório e possíveis efeitos devido à presença de elementos tóxicos. Uma vez utilizado com finalidade terapêutica, um material deve ser completamente caracterizado e, desta forma, amostras da lama negra de Peruíbe foram analisadas para determinar suas propriedades físicas e químicas: teor de umidade, matéria orgânica e perda ao fogo; pH, granulometria, capacidade de troca catiônica e grau de inchamento; composição elementar determinada por Análise por Ativação Neutrônica, Absorção Atômica com Forno de Grafite e fluorescência de raios X e composição mineralógica determinada por difração de raios X. Outra ferramenta bastante utilizada para avaliar o comportamento de elementos traço em diversas matrizes ambientais é a extração sequencial. Sendo assim, foi feito um processo de extração sequencial para fracionar a lama em formas geoquímicas específicas e verificar como e em que quantidade os elementos estão contidos nela. Considerando os diversos procedimentos de extração seqüencial, foi utilizado o método BCR-701 (Community Bureau of Reference) por ser o mais reprodutivo entre eles bem como uma extração simples com suor artificial a fim de se avaliar quais elementos estão potencialmente disponíveis para absorção pela pelo do paciente durante um tratamento tópico. Os resultados indicaram que a lama é constituída basicamente por um material silto-argiloso, rico em matéria orgânica e com boa capacidade de troca catiônica. Não foram observadas variações significativas na composição mineralógica e elementar das formas in natura e maturada da lama. As análises por extração sequencial e extração simples indicaram que os elementos que estão eventualmente disponíveis em maior quantidade para serem absorvidos pela pele durante o tratamento são Ca, Mg, Mn e Na. / The Peruíbe Black mud is used in therapeutic treatments such as psoriasis, peripheral dermatitis, acne and seborrhoea, as well as in the treatment of myalgia, arthritis, rheumatism and non-articular processes. Likewise other medicinal clays, it may not be free from possible adverse health effects due to possible hazardous minerals leading to respiratory system occurrences and other effects, caused by the presence of toxic elements. Once used for therapeutic purposes, any given material should be fully characterized and thus samples of Peruíbe black mud were analyzed to determine physical and chemical properties: moisture content, organic matter and loss on ignition; pH, particle size, cation exchange capacity and swelling index. The elemental composition was determined by Neutron Activation Analysis, Atomic Absorption Graphite Furnace and X-ray fluorescence; the mineralogical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction. Another tool widely used to evaluate the behavior of trace elements, in various environmental matrices, is the sequential extraction. Thus, a sequential extraction procedure was applied to fractionate the mud in specific geochemical forms and verify how and how much of the elements may be contained in it. Considering the several sequential extraction procedures, BCR-701 method (Community Bureau of Reference) was used since it is considered the most reproducible among them. A simple extraction with an artificial sweat was, also, applied in order to verify which components are potentially available for absorption by the patient skin during the topical treatment. The results indicated that the mud is basically composed by a silty-clay material, rich in organic matter and with good cation exchange capacity. There were no significant variations in mineralogy and elemental composition of both, in natura and mature mud forms. The analysis by sequential extraction and by simple extraction indicated that the elements possibly available in larger quantities to be absorbed by the skin during treatment are Ca, Mg, Mn and Na.

Nesse trabalho, catalisadores baseados em carvão de PET (poli (tereftalato de etileno)) e lama vermelha foram sintetizados a partir dos resíduos de PET em pó, gerado na reciclagem de garrafas PET, e lama vermelha (LV), importante resíduo da produção de alumínio pelo processo Bayer. Esses resíduos foram mecanicamente misturados na mesma quantidade de massa, submetidos pirólise (300°C) em forno tubular sob atmosfera inerte (N2) e ativadas em forno tubular em diferentes tempos (2 e 5 h) e temperaturas (800 e 900oC), usando ativação física de CO2. Os materiais foram caracterizados utilizando diferentes técnicas físico-químicas e avaliados quanto a capacidade de remoção de azul de metileno e paracetamol via processo Fenton heterogêneo empregando-se H2O2 como oxidante. Análise Termogravimétrica (TG) indicou maior perda de massa, cerca de 40%, para o material sem ativação (PET-LV), 6% para os ativados a 800°C (PET-LV 800/2h e PET-LV 800/5h) e 1% para o ativado a 900°C (PET-LV 900/5h). A maior perda para o PET-LV está relacionada com a decomposição de material carbonáceo proveniente do PET e as perdas de 6% podem estar relacionada a decomposição de carbonatos de ferro, formados durante a ativação física com CO2. Os difratogramas de raios X (DRX) mostraram que os materiais são formados por uma mistura complexa de fases cristalinas, como gibbsita (Al(OH)3), hematita (-Fe2O3), magnetita (Fe3O4) e/ou maghemita (γ-Fe2O3) e Siderita (FeCO3). A ativação do compósito PET/LV com CO2 em diferentes tempos e temperaturas, alterou a área específica e a reatividade dos materiais. Os materiais apresentaram áreas de 84, 114, 78 e 8 m2g-1 para PET-LV, PET-LV 800/2h, PET-LV 900/5h e PET-LV 900/5h, respectivamente. A Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) mostrou que houve alteração na morfologia dos materiais após ativação física com CO2 em diferentes condições. O PET-LV apresentou forma irregular e superfície rugosa, os materiais PET-LV 800/2h e PET-LV 800/5h apresentaram formas irregulares e aspecto esponjoso e o PET-LV 900/5h apresentou morfologia de um aglomerado de partículas de diferentes formas e tamanhos. As análises das características magnéticas indicam que todos os materiais apresentam fases de ferro magnéticas, possivelmente magnetita e/ou maghemita. A espectroscopia Mössbauer indicou a presença de Fe3+ no PET-LV, além de Fe3+ e Fe2+ para os materiais PET-LV 800/2h e PET-LV 800/5h, sendo Fe2+ espécies mais ativas no processo de oxidação. O espectro Mössbauer para o PET-LV 900/5h sugere um aumento no tamanho dos cristalitos das fases de ferro presentes. As análises de pH confirmaram que o processo de síntese dos catalisadores foi capaz de diminuir a basicidade da lama vermelha e o teste de estabilidade revelou que a atividade do material PET-LV 800/5h diminui gradualmente até o quarto ciclo de uso, sendo necessário a reativação do material. Os testes catalíticos para remoção de paracetamol mostraram que os catalisadores PET-LV e PET-LV 900/5h apresentaram remoção de paracetamol semelhante (cerca de 18%, apor 30 min de reação), e os materiais PET-LV 800/2h e PET-LV 800/5h removeram maior quantidade de paracetamol (26 e 40%, respectivamente), possivelmente pela presença de Fe2+. O PET-LV 800/2h foi ainda submetido a teste de adsorção no qual foram removidos 16% da solução de paracetamol, assim, confirmamos a contribuição dos mecanismos combinados de adsorção e oxidação via processo Fenton heterogêneo. Pode-se concluir então, que a utilização dos resíduos de PET e lama vermelha para a produção de catalisadores pode ser uma alternativa promissora do ponto de vista ambiental, uma vez que utiliza resíduos sólidos gerados em grande quantidade na indústria como precursores da produção de catalisadores que podem ser empregados no tratamento de efluentes líquidos. / In this work were studied catalysts based on PET (poly (ethylene terephthalate)) powder, generated through the recycling of bottles, and red mud (RM), an important residue of aluminum production by the Bayer process. These residues were mechanically mixed at the same weight proportion followed by a controlled thermal treatment in tubular furnace at 300°C for 1 h under N2 and then activated using CO2 physical activation at different times (2 and 5 h) and temperatures (800 and 900°C). The materials were characterized using different physicochemical techniques and evaluated for paracetamol removal from water by Fenton heterogeneous-type process using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) indicated highest loss of weight, about 40% for the material non-activated (PET-LV), 6% for the activate at 800°C (PET-LV 800/2h and PET-LV 800/5h) and 1% for activated at 900°C (PET-LV 900/5h). In the case of PET-LV, the highest loss weight is related to decomposition of carbonaceous materials from PET, and the weight loss of 6% is possibly to the decomposition of iron carbonates, formed during CO2 physical activation. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the catalyst are formed by a complex mixture of crystalline phases, such as gibbsite (Al(OH)3), hematite (-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4) and/or maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and Siderite (FeCO3). The CO2 activation at different times (2 and 5 h) and temperatures (800 and 900°C) of the PET/LV composites affected the surface areas and reactivity of the materials. The catalyst exhibit surface areas of 84, 114, 78 and 8 m2g-1 for PET-LV, PET-LV 800/2h, PET-LV 900/5h and PET-LV 900/5h, respectively. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated that the materials morphology changed after the thermal treatment in different conditions CO2 activation. The Catalyst PET-LV presented irregular shape and rough surface with cavities whereas the PET-LV 800/2h and PET-LV 800/5h exhibit appearance of spongy-like along with cavities and the PET-LV 900/5h showed agglomerates of different shapes and sizes. The analysis of the magnetic properties indicates that all the catalysts present magnetic iron phases, possibly magnetite and/or maghemite. The Mössbauer Spectroscopy revealed the presence of Fe3+ in PET-LV catalyst. Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the PET-LV 800/2h and PET-LV 800/5h catalyst. The Mössbauer spectrum for PET-LV 900/5h catalyst suggests the increase in the size of the iron oxide crystallites. The pH analysis confirmed that synthesis process of catalyst was able to decrease the basicity of the red mud (possibly NaOH) and the stability test revealed that activity of PET-LV 800/5h catalyst gradually decreased until fourth cycle, leading to negligible catalytic activity. Catalytic tests for paracetamol removal showed PET-LV and PET-LV 900/5h catalyst presented similar drug removal (about 18%, after 30 min of reaction). The catalyst activated at 800°C (PET-LV 800/2h and PET-LV 800/5h) removed a higher amount of paracetamol (26 and 40%, respectively), possibly due to the presence of Fe2+. The adsorption test with PET-LV 800/2h presented 16% of paracetamol remove, thus confirming the contribution of the combined adsorption and oxidation process through Fenton-like heterogeneous process. It can be concluded that use of PET powder and red mud residues for catalyst production can be considered an environmental and promising alternative, since it uses solid residues generate in large amount in the industry as precursors for the catalyst production that can be applied for wastewater treatment.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-07-16T16:46:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoObtencaoBiocombustiveis.pdf: 2521294 bytes, checksum: 33f5275fcbb1a00d8bc6b74d9c5debe3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-10T13:40:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoObtencaoBiocombustiveis.pdf: 2521294 bytes, checksum: 33f5275fcbb1a00d8bc6b74d9c5debe3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-10T13:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudoObtencaoBiocombustiveis.pdf: 2521294 bytes, checksum: 33f5275fcbb1a00d8bc6b74d9c5debe3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Neste trabalho foi estudado o processo de destilação do produto líquido orgânico, obtido no craqueamento catalítico do óleo de palma (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) bruto em escala piloto, empregando os catalisadores carbonato de sódio (Na2CO3) e a lama vermelha, variando o percentual de catalisador em 10% m/m e 15% m/m em relação à matéria prima utilizada, sendo fixada uma temperatura operacional de 450ºC, visando obter frações de biocombustíveis (bio-gasolina, bio-querosene e bio-óleo) semelhantes aos combustíveis derivados do petróleo. Os catalisadores foram submetidos a um pré-tratamento de desidratação durante 2 horas em uma estufa à 300ºC, posteriormente foram realizadas as análises de DRX, IR e TG. Quanto à matéria prima, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, visando à caracterização do óleo de palma. Os produtos líquidos orgânicos (PLOs) obtidos foram submetidos a operações unitárias de separação, decantação e filtração simples em escala de bancada, para posteriormente serem realizadas análises físico-químicas e composicionais. Os PLOs foram destilados em uma coluna Vigreux de seis (06) estágios, e as frações condensadas foram coletadas de acordo com as faixas de destilação da gasolina (60ºC - 190ºC), querosene (190ºC - 235ºC) e diesel (235°C - 370ºC), para posteriormente serem caracterizadas. Verificou-se uma melhor eficiência para o catalisador carbonato de sódio a 15% m/m quanto a redução do índice de acidez, cerca de 1,7 mgKOH/g, assim como uma conversão mássica de 97% do óleo em PLO, notou-se também que, ao aumentar a quantidade de catalisador, isto favoreceu a obtenção de um produto final com uma melhor qualidade. A lama vermelha por outro lado, apresentou rendimentos de até 64% m/m e produtos com baixa acidez cerca de 62,90 mgKOH/g, comparando este resultado com dados encontrados na literatura. A partir dos resultados finais, verificou-se a eficiência dos catalisadores, no qual o catalisador carbonato de sódio forneceu produtos com baixa acidez e com boas características para uso como combustível. / In this paper the crude distillation process of the liquid organic product obtained in the catalytic cracking of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) was studied in pilot scale , using the sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and red mud catalysts by varying the percentage of catalyst in 10% m/m and 15% m/m for the raw material used , an operating temperature of 450ºC in order to obtain fractions of biofuels (bio-gasoline, bio-kerosene and bio-oil) similar to fuels derived from being fixed oil. The catalysts were subjected to a dehydration pre-treatment for 2 hours in an oven at 300°C, subsequently the XRD, IR and TG were performed. Regarding raw materials, physical and chemical analysis, aiming to characterize palm oil were performed. The organic liquid products (PLOs) were subjected to unit operations of separation, decanting and simple filtration bench scale should then be performed physical-chemical and compositional analyzes. The temples were distilled in a Vigreux column six (06) stages, and the condensed fractions were collected according to the ranges of the distillation of gasoline (60ºC - 190ºC) , kerosene (190ºC - 235ºC ) and diesel (235°C - 370°C), later to be characterized. There was a better catalyst efficiency for sodium carbonate 15% w/w as reducing the acid value about 1.7 mgKOH/g , and a conversion of 97% by weight of the oil in PLO was noted also, by increasing the amount of catalyst that favors the obtaining of an end product with better quality. The red mud on the other hand, showed yields of up to 64% m/m products with a low acidity of about 62.90 mgKOH/g, comparing this result with literature data. Based on the final results verified the efficiency of catalysts, the catalyst which sodium carbonate gave products with low acidity and good characteristics for use as fuel.

A lama vermelha é o resíduo gerado pela Indústria do Alumínio. Assim como outros resíduos industriais apresenta características complexas com inúmeras dificuldades de manipulação, além de ser um material perigoso pela sua baixa granulometria e alcalinidade. É um resíduo com potencial poluidor alto, agravado pela forma de disposição vulnerável geralmente adotada, sendo esta a disposição do resíduo em lagoas projetadas para esta finalidade. O estudo e desenvolvimento de alternativas sustentáveis para a utilização da lama vermelha devidamente tratada como matérias-primas de outros processos são tendências importantes e necessárias no contexto mundial de preservação do meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o comportamento da lama vermelha sob a influência de diferentes temperaturas de tratamento térmico. Baseados nos efeitos de redução de área e transformações de fases, característicos dos processos térmicos, adotou-se um foco de análise voltado para a redução pH e dos íons livres. A identificação dos pHs adequados de análise da concentração de íons solúveis foi feita com base nas curvas de mobilidade eletroforética e condutividade. Os resultados obtidos para as amostras calcinadas mostraram queda do pH inicial das dispersões e da concentração dos íons solubilizados. Esse efeito pode ser atribuído a redução de área e a incorporação de íons à estrutura, o que assegura ao resíduo menor reatividade. / Red mud is the waste generated by Aluminium Industry, like other industrial wastes, has complex features with several difficulties in handling, as well as being a hazardous material because of its low particle size, alkalinity and high amount generated. It is a waste with high pollution potential, compounded by the vulnerability of the disposition generally adopted, usually in lagoons designed for this purpose. The study and development of sustainable alternatives for the use of properly treated red mud, as raw material of other processes, are important tendencies and necessaries in the global context of environmental preservation. However, this work deals the thermal treatment as method to modify the characteristics of the waste, suggesting the reduction of alkalinity with the lower leaching of alkaline ions. This approach can be a discarding alternative most reliable and safe for the environment. The objective of this study is understand the red muds behavior using thermal treatment. Based on the reduction effects of the area and phase transformations characteristic of thermal process, the analysis was taken observing the reduction of free ions and pH. Identification of correct pH of analyse of soluble ions concentration was based at mobility electrophoretic and conductivity graphics. The results of calcined samples showed reduction of initial pH and the concentration of soluble ions. This effect could be assigned to the area reduction and ions incorporation at structure, which ensures the residue lower reactivity.

Ce mémoire porte sur la résilience du religieux à l'intérieur des institutions politiques tibétaines. Il suit le parcours politique des Tibétains à partir de la fin des années 1940 jusqu'au début des années 2000 en remettant en question la théorie de la sécularisation, puisque le religieux n'a jamais cessé d'être omniprésent dans l'arène publique, notamment dans l'expression du nationalisme tibétain. Il y est question du système traditionnel de l'union du politique et du religieux (chos srid gnyis 'brel), symbolisée par le Dalaï-Lama, le rôle des oracles d'État ainsi que de l'expérience politique de la diaspora tibétaine en Inde. Nous analysons les réformes démocratiques du gouvernement tibétain en exil sous l'angle de la continuité avec le régime précédent, tout en faisant la lumière sur les ruptures face au passé politique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Institutions politiques, Sécularisation, Bouddhisme, Nationalisme, Tibet, Tibétains, Dalaï-Lama, Exil, Diaspora.

The attacks of September 11, 2001 have done more to focus attention on the conjunction of religion and conflict than any other event in recent history. Although much international research has focused since then on the role of Islam, religiously inspired violence is also found in countries as diverse as Thailand, Burma, or Sri Lanka, where Buddhism plays a central role. This paper addresses how these realities are reflected in two Swedish high school textbooks on religion. The thesis calls into question the manner in which Buddhism is presented in schoolbooks as the most probable candidate to be a conflict-free religion. Using Fairclough’s discourse analysis theoretical framework and Hellspong’s structural analysis, the thesis critically examines the relationship between text, the discourse practice in which text is produced and the wider social practices. The study concludes that schoolbooks are committed to presenting Buddhism as virtually conflict-free by means of rhetorical procedures which focus mainly on what is assumed to be “the most important” message of Tibetan Buddhism and its portal figure, Dalai lama – namely peace. At the same time, the author suggests that there is a strong intertextuality between the texts of the schoolbooks and the romanticised views of Dalai lama existent in three contemporary Hollywood films. The limits of the paper are finally addressed and various paths to future research are suggested, in an effort to improve schoolbooks, since pedagogical texts structure the students’ way of thinking about Buddhism in particular, and religion in general.

The negotiation between the government of PRC and the government of Tibet in exile is a kind of ¡§Do more with less¡¨ and ¡§Asymmetric Power Structure¡¨. The government of Tibet in exile is in Dharamsala, northern India could not have long-term fight with PRC without its own land, forces and economic power. Although the ¡§total structure power¡¨ of the government of Tibet in exile is less than PRC, it uses the title of Dalai Lama who is the winner of Nobel Peace Prize to strengthen its power and internationalize the problem of Tibet successfully. Therefore, whole world take care of the problem of Tibet and give PRC the pressure of negotiating. In fact, the PRC¡¦s government could solve the problem of Tibet with the strong hand because of its greater aggregate national strength. However, in order to change PRC¡¦s international country image and lower the cost of governing Tibet, it begins to connect with the government of Tibet in exile and tries to solve the problem of Tibet by negotiating since 1979. On one hand PRC¡¦s government insists on tough attitude, on the other hand both sides have different opinions on ¡§Tibet Independence¡¨ and ¡§Tibet Autonomy¡¨, so the negotiation reaches a deadlock after negotiating 20 years. In chapter 1, besides describing my research motive, goals, limits, methods and etc, I also introduce the general concepts and some articles of negotiation. I discuss the PRC¡¦s strategy and style of debating in chapter 2. I introduce the background of Tibet¡¦s history, culture, religion, status, geography and the negotiation since 1950 in chapter 3. Chapter 4 and 5, I explain the deadlock between the government of PRC and the government of Tibet in exile and analysis strategies and attitudes of both sides. Chapter 6, I conclude the whole thesis and give some suggestions either on the negotiation between the government of PRC and the government of Tibet in exile or the negotiation between the government of PRC and the government of Republic of China (ROC).

<p>The attacks of September 11, 2001 have done more to focus attention on the conjunction of religion and conflict than any other event in recent history. Although much international research has focused since then on the role of Islam, religiously inspired violence is also found in countries as diverse as Thailand, Burma, or Sri Lanka, where Buddhism plays a central role. This paper addresses how these realities are reflected in two Swedish high school textbooks on religion. The thesis calls into question the manner in which Buddhism is presented in schoolbooks as the most probable candidate to be a conflict-free religion.</p><p>Using Fairclough’s discourse analysis theoretical framework and Hellspong’s structural analysis, the thesis critically examines the relationship between text, the discourse practice in which text is produced and the wider social practices. The study concludes that schoolbooks are committed to presenting Buddhism as virtually conflict-free by means of rhetorical procedures which focus mainly on what is assumed to be “the most important” message of Tibetan Buddhism and its portal figure, Dalai lama – namely peace. At the same time, the author suggests that there is a strong intertextuality between the texts of the schoolbooks and the romanticised views of Dalai lama existent in three contemporary Hollywood films.</p><p>The limits of the paper are finally addressed and various paths to future research are suggested, in an effort to improve schoolbooks, since pedagogical texts structure the students’ way of thinking about Buddhism in particular, and religion in general.</p>

During the past few years a development of breeding llamas and alpacas took place in Czech Republic. Increasing interest in those animals entails the need to determine how they respond to the conditions of our country. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the growth ability of crias, some of the physical dimensions (withers height) and bodyweight of adult llamas. The same indicators are to be evaluated for alpacas as well. The results are to be compared with the standard for llamas and alpacas. A total of 104 animals were measured and weighted, namely 44 llamas and 60 alpacas, and 280 pairs of weight and height data were obtained. Weighing and measuring of adult llamas and alpacas took place once a year around the end of August for two years (2009 and 2010). Young llamas were weighed and measured at approximately monthly intervals according to the possibilities of their breeders. Young alpacas were weighed at approximately weekly intervals. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part evaluates llamas. It was discovered that the average birth weight of llamas in the Czech Republic is 11 kg. Once mature, they reach an average live weight of 130.3 kg and average height of 110.2 cm. Average daily gains were observed as follows: from birth to 7 weeks 0.20 kg per day, from 7 weeks to 24 weeks 0.18 kg per day and from 24 to 72 weeks 0.13 kg per day. The second part of this thesis is devoted to alpacas, for which the same parameters as for the llamas were monitored. It was found that the average birth weight of alpacas in the Czech Republic is 6.5 kg. Once mature, they reach an average live weight of 65.6 kg and average height at 88.4 cm. Average daily gains are at the following levels: from birth to 7 weeks 0.1 kg per day, from 7 weeks to 24 weeks 0.09 kg per day and from 24 weeks to 72 weeks 0.08 kg per day. It was found that these two species reach final physical maturity later in the Czech Republic than stated by literature. Compared to the standard, most of the llamas and alpacas are up to their standards.

Manual del perfecto deportado (1974) es un monólogo satírico escrito por Luis Felipe Angell, Sofocleto, en donde el autor explica de manera cómica cómo es el proceso de la deportación latinoamericana de los gobiernos autoritarios y cómo debe afrontar el lector en esa situación. Sobre esto, postulo que la obra de Angell es una crítica social hacia todos los sujetos que participan en este proceso y que a su vez, reafirma la capacidad de agencia del narrador frente a esta sociedad para asegurar su superioridad. Mi metodología consiste en analizar los fragmentos cómicos del texto sobre la base de la teoría del humor y comicidad, así como la teoría sobre los manejos del poder. La tesis está dividida en tres capítulos, cada uno enfocado a un tipo de personaje distinto. El primer capítulo se centra en el personaje del Gobierno, en donde demuestro que el narrador tiene como intención transformarlo en un personaje deshumanizado y mecánico para demostrar su dominio frente a él. El segundo apartado está centrado en la sociedad y cómo evita revelar sus verdaderas intenciones a los deportados, y cómo el protagonista se aprovecha de ello. En el último capítulo analizo la figura del deportado mismo y propongo que esta es mostrada cómo un personaje débil en la narración para poder realzar la superioridad del narrador. Finalmente, en las conclusiones finales explico que la obra de Angell demuestra cómo el proceso de deportación ha perdido su poder de reforma y rebeldía y se ha convertido, más bien, en parte del sistema autoritario que realiza la acción. Así, la crítica y el chiste creado por esta situación es una forma de incentivar el cambio en estos sujetos para que asuman su individualidad. / Tesis