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Trouble In The SkyCandemir, Guray Fehmi 01 October 2004 (has links) (PDF)
DNA supercoiling is an important determinant of variety
of molecular processes because of its influence on substrate
properties of DNA. Many proteins that bind DNA interact in
a negatively supercoil dependent manner. The higher free
energy associated with negative supercoiling is utilized for
binding and subsequent transactions. Protein components of
DNA replication, segregation, transcription and
recombination machinery interact with DNA in topology
dependent manner. Topoisomerases, thus play essential role
in DNA transaction processes. Owing to their influence on
diverse cellular functions, the enzymes are considered as
global regulators. Movement of macromolecular assemblies
along the DNA helix generates internal torsional strain
during replication and transcription. This strain manifests
itself as local domains of supercoils ahead and behind the
helix tracking machinery. If left unchecked, accumulation of
these supercoils could severely affect the survival of the
cells. Cellular systems thus employ more than one
topoisomerase, which act in concert to regulate DNA
topology and maintain a steady-state level of supercoiling
necessary for integrity and functionality of DNA molecules.
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Visegrad Group Facing The Nord Stream And South Stream Gas Pipeline ProjectsSenterzi, Zahide Tugba 01 August 2012 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis analyzes the Visegrad Group&rsquo / s stance toward the Russian-German Nord Stream and Russian-Italian South Stream gas pipeline projects, which aimed to circumvent the traditional energy routes situated in Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The level of the Visegrad Group&rsquo / s dependency on inherited Soviet gas pipeline routes is examined alongside the Visegrad Group&rsquo / s policy setting ability within the group itself and in the European Union. The thesis also traces the evolution of energy relations between Europe and Russia and Visegrad Group&rsquo / s adaptation to the new state of affairs after the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly with respect to energy issues. It is argued that despite all differences, Visegrad Group members are able to set a cooperation platform at times of crisis and develop common energy strategies. However, the thesis shows that the Visegrad Group&rsquo / s endeavor has encountered some setbacks at the national level and serious challenges at the European level, largely owing to the lack of a common European energy policy. The thesis concludes that the Visegrad Group&rsquo / s energy policy is both dependent on the stances of Russia and larger EU actors.
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The Making Of The Visegrad Initiative: Crises And Survivals, Dilemmas And ProspectsKuzum, Sinan 01 December 2004 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis aims to scrutinize the Visegrad Quadruple Initiative as a device of the Central European countries in the process of involving into the re-negotiations in Europe and in world politics. The thesis argues that the Visegrad group was built in order to respond the demands of changing Europe and Euro-Atlantic structures, and thus to overcome the double process of transition and integration. However that was not the only reason to launch the Visegrad regional cooperation. The group produced an affirmative discourse that its members are distinguished from the other countries in transition, so that they are constantly one step forward to &lsquo / return to Europe&rsquo / . In the aftermath of the eastern enlargements of NATO and the EU alike, the original mission of the group, integration with the West, was achieved. That created a profound discussion about the survival of the group. As it is argued in this thesis, the group, as a prosperous and substantial regional cooperation, should rather continue to work in order to have more words to say in the re-negotiations processes. Another argument of the thesis is that the Visegrad group, taking Benelux group as a model in its continuity, is beneficial to produce a common foreign policy tendency among its members as long as the interests of its members are overlapping, otherwise the group is just being a political platform in which its members can share their views in such areas as regional regulations.
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The making of the visegrad initiative: crises and survivals, dilemmas and prospectsSinan, Kuzum 01 December 2004 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis aims to scrutinize the Visegrad Quadruple Initiative as a device of the Central European countries in the process of involving into the re-negotiations in Europe and in world politics. The thesis argues that the Visegrad group was built in order to respond the demands of changing Europe and Euro-Atlantic structures, and thus to overcome the double process of transition and integration. However that was not the only reason to launch the Visegrad regional cooperation. The group produced an affirmative discourse that its members are distinguished from the other countries in transition, so that they are constantly one step forward to &lsquo / return to Europe&rsquo / . In the aftermath of the eastern enlargements of NATO and the EU alike, the original mission of the group, integration with the West, was achieved. That created a profound discussion about the survival of the group. As it is argued in this thesis, the group, as a prosperous and substantial regional cooperation, should rather continue to work in order to have more words to say in the re-negotiations processes. Another argument of the thesis is that the Visegrad group, taking Benelux group as a model in its continuity, is beneficial to produce a common foreign policy tendency among its members as long as the interests of its members are overlapping, otherwise the group is just being a political platform in which its members can share their views in such areas as regional regulations.
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